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Credit Card Fraud Detection Model Based on LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks

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DOI: 10.12720/jait.12.2.113-118

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 Journal of Advances in Information Technology Vol. 12, No. 2, May 2021

Credit Card Fraud Detection Model Based on

LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks
Ibtissam Benchaji, Samira Douzi, and Bouabid El Ouahidi
Faculty of Sciences IPSS, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
Email: [email protected], {samiradouzi8, Bouabid.ouahidi}@gmail.com

Abstract—With the increasing use of credit cards in  Machine learning models that are never updated are
electronic payments, financial institutions and service inadequate as they do not adapt to new fraud
providers are vulnerable to fraud, costing huge losses every strategies.
year. The design and the implementation of efficient fraud
 Static machine learning models do not take account
detection system is essential to reduce such losses. However,
machine learning techniques used to detect automatically of changes and trends in consumer spending
card fraud do not consider fraud sequences or behavior behavior, for example during holiday seasons and
changes which may lead to false alarms. In this paper, we geographical regions.
develop a credit card fraud detection system that employs In these situations, the implementation of an accurate
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks as a sequence fraud detection system that adapts to new fraud behaviors
learner to include transaction sequences. The proposed and evolves continuously is of crucial importance for
approach aims to capture the historic purchase behavior of financial institutions in order to prevent fraud before it
credit card holders with the goal of improving fraud
occurs, protect consumers’ interests and reduce the
detection accuracy on new incoming transactions.
Experiments show that our proposed model gives strong
damages caused by fraud [2], [3].
results and its accuracy is quite high. In this paper, we propose a new credit card fraud
detection system based on Long Short-Term Memory
Index Terms—credit card, fraud detection, sequence learning, (LSTM) networks to predict the fraudulent behavior of
recurrent neural networks, LSTM credit card transactions and deliver good fraud detection

performance. We provide the experimental results to
validate the effectiveness of our approach.
I. INTRODUCTION The structure of this work is as follows. Section II gives
In recent years, credit card transactions have been set as a general introduction to sequence classification. Section
the most popular payment mode thanks to the improvement III presents a review of credit card fraud literature. In
of technology and the emergence of new e-service payment Section IV, the structure of our proposed method is
solutions, such as e-commerce and mobile payments. described. Section V details the dataset used in this study
However, credit card fraud has also increased with the and discusses the results obtained. Finally, the paper is
advent of these new technologies. concluded in Section VI and suggested ideas for future
The security of card payments and the trust of research.
consumers in making card payments is a matter of concern
for any bank in the world. According to the statistics II. SEQUENCE CLASSIFICATION FOR CREDIT CARD
published by the Nilson Report site in 2017 [1], the FRAUD DETECTION
financial losses caused by credit card fraud were amounted In credit card fraud detection, traditional fraud detection
to $24.71 billion in 2016 and $27.69 billion in 2017. It is systems aim to identify transactions with a high probability
also reported that the actual amount of losses will increase of being fraud, based only on individual transaction
by 2020. information such as amount, time and transaction location.
Despite developing advanced technologies to prevent Such systems are inadequate, since they do not consider the
fraud, such as the use of chip and pin verification, 3-D consumer spending behavior, which is useful to discover
Secure for online transactions and security questions for relevant fraud patterns [4].
internet banking, traditional machine learning models used A fraud is not just a property of the transaction itself, but
to automate detection of fraud are inadequate, as they fail a property of both the transaction and the particular context
to predict whether a transaction is fraudulent or not for the in which it occurred i.e. the account and the merchant.
following raisons: Therefore, identical buying behaviors may at the same time
 Fraudsters invent new fraud patterns and represent either entirely legitimate behavior in the context
continuously change their strategies to avoid being of some customers or obvious anomalies in the context of
detected. others [5].
To construct such a context that defines consumers’
Manuscript received August 1, 2020; revised February 8, 2021. profile, it is very important to summarize the history of

© 2021 J. Adv. Inf. Technol. 113

doi: 10.12720/jait.12.2.113-118
 Journal of Advances in Information Technology Vol. 12, No. 2, May 2021

consumer spending patterns, in order to capture the networks to model long term dependencies within
sequential dependency between consecutive credit card transaction sequences.
transactions. The objective is to allow a classifier to better
detect very dissimilar transactions within the purchases of IV. PROPOSED MODEL
a consumer.
In this section, we describe our proposed model based
Therefore, in the following section, we construct such a
on LSTM architecture for credit card fraud detection. The
context by using the sequence learner LSTM recurrent
steps of this model are detailed below.
neural networks as a dynamic pattern recognition classifier
to model long term dependencies within transaction A. Data Preparation
sequences. The values and types of the dataset’s features that will
ultimately be used as input to neural networks are different.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW Such differences can vary widely, affecting the
Credit card fraud detection is a challenging problem that performance of the classifier. Data normalization is then
attracts the attention of machine learning and artificial done by fine-tuning the input features to align the entire
intelligence communities for several reasons. For instance, probability distribution of values. In addition, all
credit card fraud data sets are highly imbalanced since the categorical features must be converted to numerical values
number of fraudulent transactions is much lower than the in order to use neural networks and other classifier
legitimate ones. Thus, many of traditional classifiers fail to algorithms that deal only with numerical data. Thus, each
detect minority class objects for these skewed data sets [4], input data is normalized to the range values [0, 1]. We
[6], [7]. On the other hand, credit card fraud detection choose the Min-Max normalization technique because it
system has to respond in very short times to become useful reduces noise effects and ensures that neural networks
in real scenarios. Another critical aspect is the data efficiently update parameters and accelerate network
conditional distribution that evolves over time because of training [28]. We use the following formula (1):
seasonality and new attack strategies [8].  x(t )  x(t ) min 
Therefore, many modern techniques based on x(t )'   

(1)
supervised learning, unsupervised learning, anomaly  x(t ) max  x(t ) min 
detection and ensemble learning have been devoted to
payment card fraud detection [9]. In particular, supervised where x(t )' is the normalized value of x(t ) and x(t )max
classification techniques demonstrated to be extremely and x(t ) min are the maximum and minimum values of the
effective for facing this challenge, where pre-classified
whole sequence respectively.
datasets containing labeled historical transactions are used
The neural network is trained by using the historical
for training a classifier that builds a detection model
credit card data that includes details about the card holder’s
capable to predict whether a new transaction is fraudulent
purchases. Using these data, the neural network compares
or genuine. Some of these algorithms are support vector
the transaction information with the previously stored
machines [10], [11], hidden Markov models [11], [12],
information. If the data fits the pattern, then the card is
logistic regression algorithms [10], [13], decision trees
definitely used by its owner. If there is no match, the
[14], [15], random forests [10], [16]-[19], and k-nearest
probability of fraud is then high.
neighbors [20], [21].
In order to group the observations and transform them
Unsupervised classification methods are used to detect
into sequences that are appropriate for network
unusual behavior of a system and to identify transactions
presentation and classification, we follow the steps below:
that do not conform to the model as potential fraudulent
cases [22]-[24]. It can help to detect some new patterns of  Group the transactions by account and count the
fraud that have not been detected before. number of transactions for each account.
However, most of these approaches handle each  Split the accounts into different sets according to
transaction as a single object and neglect the relationship their transaction counts.
between them. This sequential information between  Order the transactions by time for each account in
transactions may have major impact on the outcome of each set.
credit card fraud detection model. Therefore, each transaction i at time t can be then
Recently, deep learning methods based on Recurrent extended into a sequential vector
Neural Networks (RNN) have been used in fraud detection  
X i  xi1 , xi 2 , xi 3 ,..., xi (t 1) , xit .
field given their reputation as one of the most accurate
learning algorithms in sequence analysis work [25]-[27]. B. Long Short Term Memory Networks
RNN is a dynamic machine learning approach capable of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a special type of
analyzing the dynamic temporal behaviors of various bank artificial Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture
accounts by modeling the sequential dependency between used to model time series information in the field of deep
consecutive transactions of credit card holders. learning (Fig. 1).
In this paper, we propose a novel sequence learner for In contrast to standard feedforward neural networks,
credit card fraud detection by using LSTM recurrent neural LSTM has feedback connections between hidden units that

© 2021 J. Adv. Inf. Technol. 114

 Journal of Advances in Information Technology Vol. 12, No. 2, May 2021

are associated with discrete time steps, which allow matrix, b f is the bias. The equation for the forget
long-term sequence dependencies to be learned and a
transaction label to be predicted given the sequence of past gate is given by (4):
transactions. LSTMs were developed to overcome the f t   W ht 1, xt  b f  (4)
problem of vanishing and exploding gradient that can be  f 
observed during the training of traditional RNNs [29].  Calculate the value of the current moment memory
cell ct , and ct 1 is the state value of the last LSTM
unit. We use the following Eq. (5):

ct  f t c f  it  c~t (5)

Here dot product is represented by “*”.

Figure 1. An unrolled recurrent neural network. The memory cell update depends on the state value of
the last cell and the candidate cell and is controlled by the
LSTM unit consists of a memory cell that stores input gate and the forget gate.
information which is updated by three special gates: the
 Calculate the value of the output gate ot , the output
input gate, the forget gate and the output gate. The cell
remembers values over arbitrary time intervals and the gate controls the output of the memory cell’s state
three gates regulate the flow of information into and out of value, Wo is the weight matrix, bo is the bias. The
the cell. Fig. 2 depicts the LSTM unit structure. equation for the output gate is given by (6):
 ht 1, xt  bo 
ot   W 
o
(6)

 Finally, calculate the output of LSTM unit ht

according to Eq. (7).

ht  o  tanh(c )
(7)
t t

Benefit from three control gates and memory cell,

LSTM can easily retain, read, reset and update information
over long periods of time.
In this paper, we employed long short term memory
Figure 2. LSTM unit structure.
networks to model the sequential dependency between
consecutive transactions of credit card holders. The hidden
At time t, xt is the input data of the LSTM cell, ht 1 is state architecture of LSTM allows establishing connections
the output of the LSTM cell at the previous moment, ct is between neural networks’ nodes across time steps.
Therefore, the model can retain information from past
the value of the memory cell, ht is the output of the LSTM inputs, allowing it to identify temporal associations
cell. between events that may be dispersed in the input sequence.
The LSTM unit calculation method can be divided into LSTM is an adequate model of succession patterns in
the steps below: sequential data points where the occurrence of one event
 The first step according to Eq. (2) is to calculate the may depend further back in time on the presence of several
candidate’s memory cell value ct , Wc is the weight other events.

matrix, bc is the bias. V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS


c~t  tanh W 
c ht 1, xt  bc  (2) This section describes the dataset and provides the
evaluation metrics used in this work. The results of the
 Calculate the value of the input gate it , the input experiments of the proposed method are then presented.
gate controls the update of the current input data to A. Dataset Description
the state value of the memory cell, σ is sigmoid
Datasets provide a way to train and validate the efficacy
function, Wi is the weight matrix, bi is the bias. of the proposed methods, hence playing an important role
The equation for the input gate is given by (3): in motivating research. One of the challenges with studying
 ht 1, xt  bi 
it   W 
i
(3) credit card fraud detection systems is that it is considered
highly confidential and not publicly disclosed [30], [31].
Researchers have therefore suggested using synthetic data
 Calculate the value of the forget gate f t , the forget
that is modeled after a real data set to contain similar
gate controls the update of the historical data to the patterns. For this work, we use BankSim software, a
state value of the memory cell, W f is the weight simulation tool specifically designed to emulate fraud data

© 2021 J. Adv. Inf. Technol. 115

 Journal of Advances in Information Technology Vol. 12, No. 2, May 2021

[32]. BankSim generated data is obtained from the Kaggle A categorical variable indicating what type of
Category purchase
website. good or service was purchased
BankSim uses a multi-agent-based simulation Amount of purchase The total amount that the transaction cost
methodology based on a sample of aggregated real A binary variable indicating if the transaction
Fraud status
transaction data that a bank in Spain offers. The original was fraudulent of not
bank data is made up of thousands of transactional data
records from November 2012 to April 2013. BankSim uses B. Building the Model
multiple agents of three different categories to mimic this We build a pattern recognition LSTM networks with 9
original bank data: traders, customers, and fraudsters. input neurons since each input feature present in our
These agents communicate with each other over a dataset will be represented by its input neuron. Feature
sequence of simulated days, resulting in a purchase 'Fraud status' is used as output neuron. One hidden layer
transaction log closely resembling the original bank data. with 15 neurons was used to analyze the structure of the
The data set used in these experiments contains details networks. Table II presents the parameter values used in
of 594,643 different transactions across a six-month time the proposed LSTM model.
period. There is a significant class imbalance problem
associated with our dataset. Only 7,200 transactions TABLE II. LSTM TRAINING PARAMETERS
(≈1,2%) are labeled as “Fraud”, while the remaining Parameters LSTM values
587,443 transactions are labeled as “Genuine”. Fig. 3 Number of features 9
illustrates the class distribution of the dataset used in our LSTM memory size 15
experiments. Epoch number 100
The dataset used in this work contains transactions Learning rate [0.1, 0.4]
corresponding to card purchases made during 180 Loss function Cross Entropy
simulated days and consists of 594,643 different Optimiser Adam Optimiser
transactions, among which 7,200 (≈1,2%) are labeled as
“Fraud”, while the remaining 587,443 are labeled as
This model is based on Keras deep learning framework.
“Genuine”. Raw data provides information about
The implementation steps of the proposed model are
transaction and account details. Each transaction message
detailed below:
is represented as a feature vector composed of 10 features
 Reshape dataset into three-dimensional tensor
described in Table I.
(samples, number of timesteps, number of features).
 Define learning parameters (memory size, learning
rate, batch size and epochs).
 Define LSTM cell.
 Set tensor variables for weight and bias vectors.
 Divide dataset into training, validation, and testing.
 Compute the output based on softmax activation
function.
 Define cross entropy loss function.
 Add Adam optimization function to minimize the
cross-entropy loss function.
 Repeat:
Compute training error.
Figure 3. Class distribution of credit card DataSet.
Compute validation error.
Update weights and biases using back propagation.
TABLE I. FEATURE VECTORS DESCRIPTION  Predict for testing dataset using trained LSTM.
Name Description
The day the transaction took place from 1 to
Step
180
A number identifying the customer account
Customer ID
involved in the transaction
A categorical value putting the customer into
Age Category
one of 8 different age groups
A categorical variable indicating the gender of
Gender
the customer
Zip Code of account The zip code associated with the customer
A number identifying the merchant involved
Merchant ID
in the transaction
Zip Code of
The zip code of the merchant
Merchant Figure 4. LSTM loss function.

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 Journal of Advances in Information Technology Vol. 12, No. 2, May 2021

The loss function used for the pattern recognition dedicated to the study of other variants of RNN and
network is Cross-entropy. Fig. 4 shows the performance compare their performances with our approach.
plot of train and validation data subsets. In our case the
network is well trained since that the loss function CONFLICT OF INTEREST
decreases for both training and validating data.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
C. Performance Metrics
In this study, we trained the feedforward networks with AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
our dataset divided into three sets. The first subset 70% of Ibtissam Benchaji conducted the research and wrote the
data is the training set, the second subset 15% of data is the paper, Samira Douzi and Bouabid El Ouahidi directed,
validation set and the last test subset 15% of data is used to guided, and provided suggestions for each stage of
test the network generalization. research. All authors had approved the final version.
To assess the performance of our model with more
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Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1035-1039, Sciences of Tangier, Morocco in 2009. She is
June 2012. currently a predoctoral researcher at the
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using a meta-classification strategy,” International Journal of of Sciences Rabat Agdal at the University
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2015. of Sciences Rabat Agdal. Since 2016 she is a
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