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1 BAHRIA UNIVERSITY, (Karachi Campus)

Department of Computer Engineering
Assignment # 1 – Spring 2025

COURSE TITLE: Engineering Ethics

COURSE CODE: HSS-422
CLO #: Interpret the fundamental concepts of ethics, professionalism, moral reasoning, and
moral frameworks.

Name: Arooba Aqeel

Enrollment: 02-132212-019
Class: BCE 8 Shift: Morning
Course Instructor: Engr. Dr. Sohail Imran Saeed Time Allowed: 1 Week
Max. Marks: 2.5 Marks

Assignment No. 1

Question No. 1

Explain the significance of engineering ethics in professional practice. How does the distinction
between preventive ethics and aspirational ethics influence ethical decision-making in
engineering?

Answer:

Significance of Engineering Ethics in Professional Practice:

Engineers produce and invent various goods, facilities, and technological know-how to make an
impact on the lives of people, hence ethics is an important factor in decision-making. The
Significance of Engineering Ethics in Professional practice is all about to do responsible
decision-making, guaranteeing fairness and results, clarity and responsibility in their efforts.

Key Reasons Why Engineering Ethics is Important:

1. Designing systems is the duty of engineers, structures and technologies that humans use
every day. When engineers make an ethical choice, accidents and failures that can harm
users and the public will not happen.

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2. Engineers must present true data, avoid false representations, and disclose foreseeable
consequences. Engineers must not misinform using incorrect data or results nor fabricate
reports or exaggerate product capabilities.
3. Being ethical means ensuring all of their engineering practice is within the acceptable
limits of law, codes and the best interest of the public.
4. All engineers must ensure that their designs and practices do not harm the environment.

Example:

The Green Line BRT Project in Karachi shows engineering ethics in Pakistan. Engineers made
sure transportation services were safe, green and inclusive for all. The engineers followed the
rules, made sure that everything was fair and right, and take the blame for delays and issues.

Preventive Ethics Vs Aspirational Ethics in Engineering:

Ethical decision making in engineering can be categorized into two broad approaches:
Preventive Ethics and Aspirational Ethics. Although both are necessary, they affect engineer's
actions differently.

1. Preventive Ethics:

Preventive ethics ensures compliance with laws, safety standards, and quality control
to avoid harm and unethical conduct. It is a reactive approach aimed at avoiding disasters,
misconduct, and violations.

Example:

The Mangla and Tarbela Dams, providing electricity and water to millions of Pakistanis, need
stringent adherence to preventive ethics. Engineers designing these dams ensure that there is
adherence to structural integrity, safety standards, and maintenance protocols to avoid failure.
Negligence in maintenance of any dam can result in massive flooding, displacement of
populations, and death.

2. Aspirational Ethics:

Aspirational ethics calls for engineers to do more than just comply, seeking excellence,
sustainability, and the advancement of society. It is a forward-looking approach to excellence
and long-term progress.

Example:

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2 The Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park at Bahawalpur is one of Pakistan’s largest solar energy projects is
aspirational ethics.Engineers who worked on this project not only complied with the rules but
who also managed to go the extra mile to promote renewable energy, reduce the dependence of
Pakistan on fossil fuels, and also reduce carbon emissions.

Impact on Ethical Decision-Making in Engineering:

Both preventive and aspirational ethics profoundly shapes ethical decision-making in

engineering. Engineers must strive to maintain a healthy balance between compliance and
innovation, which involves making sure their practices are in accordance with any established
regulatory standards.

How Preventive Ethics Influences Decision-Making:

• Engineers are careful to conform to failure because of safety standards, legislative rules
and codes of ethics.
• They take precautionary measures in constructions, industries, and energy projects to
prevent accidents, structural failures, and impact on nature.

How Aspirational Ethics Influences Decision-Making:

• Engineers attempt to go beyond minimum requirements through projects that allow long-
term growth.
• Their focus on enhancing society, innovation, and ecology manifests as more efficient
infrastructure, energy technology, and benefits to the people.

Example of Both Ethics in Action:

The Lahore Metro Bus System has been designed keeping preventive ethics in mind with the
aim of effective traffic management, safety features, and sustainable infrastructure. The scheme
might have also included aspirational ethics by keeping in view the application of renewable
energy systems, intelligent traffic management systems, and green city planning.

Conclusion:
Engineering ethics has a key role to play in providing safe, sustainable, and responsible
engineering practice. In Pakistan, where infrastructure and energy are key issues, ethical
engineering can avoid disasters, minimize corruption, and promote innovation.

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Question no. 2

Describe the role of codes of ethics in guiding engineers' professional responsibilities. What are
some limitations of these codes, and how can engineers overcome these limitations in practice?

Answer:

Role of Codes of Ethics in Engineering:

IEEE, NSPE, or other professional organizations codes of ethics are broad principles that
determine the responsibilities of an engineer, which could include honesty, integrity, fairness,
and the fundamental benefits to the common good. The presence of these codes may allow the
engineer to make ethical decisions in a situation, therefore it will also contribute more to the
professional integrity. The principal functions of these codes are:

1. The engineers have to create and manufacture designs that will not endanger lives or the
environment.
2. Ethics guidelines promote openness and avoid conflict of interest.
3. The engineers need to enhance their competence continuously and undertake only such
projects that are within their capability.
4. These codes make engineers responsible for their actions and follow legal and
professional standards.
5. Engineers can seek advice from the code in making ethical decisions.

Limitations of Codes of Ethics: Despite their importance, codes of ethics have certain
limitations:

-Generalization: While ethical codes generally provide principle guidelines, they hardly cover
the complexities of their specific dilemmas.
-Ambiguity: Most of these principles are subject to interpretation, thus leading to varying points
of views regarding their application.
-Enforcement Challenges: Adherence to ethical codes generally depends on the personal
integrity of the member and hence might lack strict enforcement by a regulatory body.
-Conflict of Interest: When business interests collide with employer needs and public good,
most of these codes do not draw a clear line regarding ethical resolution.

Overcoming These Limitations: Engineers can breach ethical problems by breaking these
barriers.

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1. An engineer is expected to apply ethical reasoning in case of any decision in the absence
of the code.
2. When engineers face ethical dilemmas, they should seek advisors from their peers,
professional bodies, or ethics committees.
3. It is important to be aware of your professional codes. Also stay current with the
regulations and case examples.
4. Being open and ethical in companies will reduce conflict.
5. Urging the construction of more comprehensive ethical rules and regulatory measures in
their profession.

Example:

 Margalla Towers fell down due to gross violations of engineering, which resulted in
their falling during the earthquake of 2005 Pakistan. This example stresses adherence to
ethical standards in the greater public interest in order for it to be a success.
 Tezgam Train Fire (2019) Over 70 people died when a fire broke out due to a gas
cylinder carried illegally. Engineers and officials ignored safety protocols.

Conclusion:

Engineers are guided by a code of ethics to safety. Codes will be practically effective if their
technical implementation is backed up by ethical consciousness and training.

Question No. 3

Differentiate between self-interest and self-deception as impediments to responsible ethical

decision-making in engineering. Provide a real-world or hypothetical example to illustrate how
these factors might impact professional conduct.

Answer:

Self-Interest vs. Self-Deception in Ethical Decision-Making:

Ethical engineering decision-making is guided by several factors, self-deception and self-interest
being of greatest importance, both of which have the potential for making unethical decisions.
While both these words are similar, they impact the decisions and judgments of an engineer
differently.

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Self-Interest:

This is the concept that arises when an engineer places personal or organizational benefit profit,
career success, or business success over ethical responsibility. When professional ethics are
placed secondary to personal interest, it can result in choices that compromise environmental
sustainability, justice, and public safety.

Self-Deception:

This is a tendency where an engineer will rationalize to themselves that an unethical choice is
appropriate. This is typically regarding excusing bad behavior, minimizing risks, or blaming
others inappropriately in an attempt to eliminate feelings of guilt. This self-delusion leads
engineers to be unable to perceive the real outcome of their actions.

Example: Nandipur Power Project

The Nandipur Power Project in Pakistan was adversely impacted by mismanagement and poor
management:

• Self-Interest: Hiring an inexperienced managing director, a Grade 19 Parks Horticulture

Authority employee with no experience, indicates that political or personal interests and
not the success of the project were driving the decision-making process.
• Self-Deception: The project’s leaders may have deceived themselves that putting a
favourite person to lead the project would not hurt it. It is important to note that complex
engineering projects need experienced leadership. These reasons cause operational
inefficiency and monetary loss which reflect how self-interest and self-deception impact
ethics and sabotage project outcome.

Effect on Professional Practice & Solving Ethical Challenges:

Acting in one’s own interest and lying to oneself can cause engineers to act unethically, if not
illegally. To prevent this, engineers must.

• Adhere to professional moral codes and use ethical reasoning.

• Talk to experts, ethics committees, or mentors.
• Stay open-minded and reduce biases in decision-making.
• It is important to regularly reflect on values to identify self-deception and overcome it.

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Conclusion:

Engineers must be mindful of threats of self-interest and self-deception since they have the
potential to compromise ethical decisions and public safety. Integrity with ethical sensitivity and
accountability is at the heart of responsible professional practice.

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