4.

Visualization with Matplotlib: Simple Line Plots, Simple Scatter Plots, Visualizing Errors, Density
and Contour Plots, Histograms, Binnings, and Density, Customizing Plot Legends, Customizing Color
bars, Multiple Subplots, Text and Annotation, Customizing Tick s, Customizing Matplotlib:
Configurations and Stylesheets, Three- Dimensional Plotting in Matplotlib, Geographic Data with
Basemap, Visualization with Seaborn

1. Simple Line Plots with Matplotlib

Theory:

Line plots are one of the most commonly used plots for visualizing the relationship between
two continuous variables. In Matplotlib, you can create line plots using the plot() function,
where the x-axis represents one variable and the y-axis represents the other.

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data for plotting

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

# Create a simple line plot

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Simple Line Plot")
plt.xlabel("X-Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-Axis")
plt.show()

Explanation:

 The plt.plot(x, y) function creates the line plot.

 title(), xlabel(), and ylabel() are used to add a title and labels to the axes.
 show() displays the plot.

Output: A simple line plot with points (1, 2), (2, 4), etc., connected by a line.

2. Simple Scatter Plots

Theory:

A scatter plot is used to show the relationship between two continuous variables by plotting
individual data points on a 2D graph. In Matplotlib, you can create scatter plots using
scatter().

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data for scatter plot
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [5, 7, 9, 11, 13]

# Create a scatter plot

plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.title("Simple Scatter Plot")
plt.xlabel("X-Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-Axis")
plt.show()

Explanation:

 plt.scatter(x, y) creates a scatter plot with points at the coordinates (x, y).
 The title(), xlabel(), and ylabel() functions are used to add a title and axis
labels.

Output: A scatter plot with individual points at the coordinates (1, 5), (2, 7), etc.

3. Visualizing Errors with Error Bars

Theory:

Error bars represent the uncertainty in the data, showing the range within which the true
values might lie. You can add error bars to your plots in Matplotlib using the errorbar()
function.

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data with errors

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
yerr = [0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.3, 0.2] # Error values

# Create a plot with error bars

plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr=yerr, fmt='o', color='blue', ecolor='red')
plt.title("Error Bars in Plot")
plt.xlabel("X-Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-Axis")
plt.show()

Explanation:

 The yerr parameter represents the vertical error for each point.
 fmt='o' specifies the format of the plot (in this case, circle markers).

Output: A plot with blue points and red error bars showing uncertainty for each data point.
4. Density and Contour Plots

Theory:

Density plots visualize the distribution of data over a continuous interval. Contour plots show
the 2D density of data by drawing lines where the density is the same.

Code Example for Contour Plot:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Generate some random data

x = np.random.randn(1000)
y = np.random.randn(1000)

# Create a contour plot

plt.hexbin(x, y, gridsize=30, cmap='Blues')
plt.colorbar()
plt.title("Density Plot (Hexbin)")
plt.show()

Explanation:

 hexbin() is used to create a hexagonal binning plot, which is a type of 2D density

plot.
 gridsize specifies the number of bins.
 colorbar() adds a color scale.

Output: A hexagonal grid representing the density of the points.

5. Histograms, Binnings, and Density

Theory:

Histograms are used to represent the distribution of a dataset. The x-axis represents data
intervals (bins), while the y-axis shows the frequency of values within each bin.

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

# Generate random data

data = np.random.randn(1000)

# Create a histogram
plt.hist(data, bins=30, density=True, alpha=0.6, color='g')
plt.title("Histogram with Density")
plt.xlabel("Data Values")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")
plt.show()
Explanation:

 bins=30 defines the number of bins in the histogram.

 density=True normalizes the histogram.
 alpha=0.6 controls the transparency of the histogram bars.

Output: A histogram representing the distribution of the randomly generated data.

6. Customizing Plot Legends

Theory:

Legends help identify what different plot elements represent. In Matplotlib, legends can be
customized using the legend() function.

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y1 = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
y2 = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

# Create two line plots

plt.plot(x, y1, label='Line 1', color='blue')
plt.plot(x, y2, label='Line 2', color='red')

# Add a legend
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.title("Custom Legend")
plt.show()

Explanation:

 label assigns names to the lines.

 legend() is used to display the legend, with loc='best' automatically placing it in
the best position.

Output: Two lines with a legend that labels them "Line 1" and "Line 2."

7. Customizing Color Bars

Theory:

Color bars are used to indicate the scale of values in a plot, especially for heatmaps or density
plots. You can customize the color bar to suit the plot's style.
Code Example:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data for heatmap

data = np.random.randn(10, 10)

# Create heatmap
plt.imshow(data, cmap='viridis')

# Add color bar

plt.colorbar(label="Value")
plt.title("Customized Color Bar")
plt.show()

Explanation:

 imshow() is used to create a heatmap.

 colorbar() adds a color bar to the plot.

Output: A heatmap with a color bar indicating values.

8. Multiple Subplots

Theory:

Multiple subplots allow you to display different plots in the same figure. You can use
subplot() or subplots() to arrange multiple plots.

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Create multiple subplots

fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2)

# Plot on the first subplot

axs[0].plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 4, 9, 16])
axs[0].set_title("Plot 1")

# Plot on the second subplot

axs[1].scatter([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])
axs[1].set_title("Plot 2")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Explanation:

 subplots() creates a grid of subplots.

 axs[0] and axs[1] refer to the first and second subplots, respectively.
Output: Two different plots (line plot and scatter plot) displayed side by side.

9. Text and Annotation

Theory:

You can add custom text and annotations to your plots using text() and annotate(). These
allow you to highlight specific data points or provide additional information.

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

# Create plot
plt.plot(x, y)

# Annotate a specific point

plt.annotate("Max point", xy=(5, 10), xytext=(3, 8),
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black'))

plt.show()

Explanation:

 annotate() adds a text annotation with an optional arrow pointing to a specific

location on the plot.

Output: A plot with an annotation pointing to the max point (5, 10).

10. Customizing Ticks

Theory:

Ticks on the axes can be customized in terms of their positions, labels, and appearance using
xticks() and yticks() functions.

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

# Create a plot
plt.plot(x, y)

# Customize x-axis ticks

plt.xticks([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'])

plt.show()

Explanation:

 xticks() customizes the x-axis ticks by changing their positions and labels.

Output: A line plot where the x-axis has custom labels A, B, C, D, and E.

11. Customizing Matplotlib: Configurations and Stylesheets

Theory:

Matplotlib allows you to customize the appearance of your plots using stylesheets or by
modifying the rcParams. You can choose from predefined styles or create your own.

Code Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Use the 'ggplot' style

plt.style.use('ggplot')

# Data for plotting

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

# Create a plot with the 'ggplot' style

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Plot with ggplot Style")
plt.show()

Explanation:

 style.use() applies a predefined style to the plot, such as 'ggplot', which changes
the color scheme and grid.

Output: A plot with a grid and a specific color scheme from the 'ggplot' style.

12. Three-Dimensional Plotting in Matplotlib

Theory:

Matplotlib supports 3D plotting using the Axes3D module. You can create 3D scatter plots,
surface plots, and wireframe plots.
Code Example:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

# Data
x = np.linspace(-5, 5, 100)
y = np.linspace(-5, 5, 100)
x, y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
z = np.sin(np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2))

# Create 3D plot
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, cmap='viridis')

plt.show()

Explanation:

 Axes3D allows creating 3D plots.

 plot_surface() creates a 3D surface plot.

Output: A 3D surface plot showing the function sin(sqrt(x^2 + y^2)).

13. Geographic Data with Basemap

Theory:

Basemap is a Matplotlib toolkit for plotting geographic data on a map. It provides tools for
creating maps with projections, coastlines, and other geographic features.

Code Example:

from mpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemap

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Create a Basemap instance

m = Basemap(projection='merc', llcrnrlat=-80, urcrnrlat=80, llcrnrlon=-180,
urcrnrlon=180)

# Draw coastlines
m.drawcoastlines()

plt.show()

Explanation:

 Basemap is used to create a map with a specified projection.

 drawcoastlines() draws coastlines on the map.
Output: A world map with coastlines drawn.

14. Visualization with Seaborn

Theory:

Seaborn is built on top of Matplotlib and provides a high-level interface for creating
informative and attractive statistical graphics. It integrates well with pandas DataFrames and
simplifies tasks like plotting distributions, regression lines, and categorical plots.

Code Example:

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Load an example dataset

data = sns.load_dataset('iris')

# Create a boxplot
sns.boxplot(x='species', y='sepal_length', data=data)

plt.show()

Explanation:

 sns.boxplot() creates a box plot of the sepal_length for each species in the iris
dataset.

Output: A box plot showing the distribution of sepal lengths for each species in the Iris
dataset.

Questions:

1. What is Matplotlib, and how does it help in data visualization?

 Define Matplotlib and explain its role in visualizing data in Python.

 Discuss the most commonly used features of Matplotlib.

2. Describe the difference between a line plot and a scatter plot. In which
scenarios would each be used?

 Explain when to use a line plot versus a scatter plot.

 Discuss the type of data best suited for each plot.
3. What is a density plot? How does it differ from a histogram?

 Explain what a density plot is and how it is used to represent data distributions.
 Compare it to a histogram and discuss when each visualization is useful.

4. What is the purpose of using error bars in a plot, and how can they be
implemented in Matplotlib?

 Define error bars and their significance in data visualization.

 Explain how to add error bars using Matplotlib.

5. What are histograms, and what does binning mean in the context of
histograms?

 Define histograms and explain their importance in displaying data distributions.

 Describe binning and its role in histogram creation.

6. How do you add legends to a plot in Matplotlib, and why are they
important?

 Explain the purpose of legends in plots.

 Describe how to add and customize legends in Matplotlib.