IBPS RRB PO/ Clerk

Mains 2024
Computer Awareness
Computer Network
By : Kavita Negi
1
 Computer Network
• Network : A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources
(such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
• Networking : Networking is the process of making connections and building relationships.
• Resource Sharing : Printer (1st device )
• Founder of Network : Vint Cerf and Bob Khan
• Networking Model (Framework/Way of doing Networking)
1) TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
2) OSI Model : Open System Interconnection Model

• TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

• Year : 1970 (1970 -1983)
• 1983 : Standard Model
• Layer Old version : 5 years
• Layers New version : 4 years
• Founder : Department of Defense (DOD)
• DOD / Defense Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA)
• DARPA launched the 1st Network known as ARPANET
• ARPANET : Advance Research Project Agency Network
 Computer Network
• OSI : Open System Interconnection Model
• Year : 1984 (with improvement in TCP/IP model)
• Layers : 7 years (Non practical layers / Theoretical layers)
• Conceptual Model
• Launched by : ISO (International Standard for Organization)
Layers

TCP/IP : Model OSI Model

➢ Network Layer ➢ Application Layer
➢ Internet Layer ➢ Presentation Layer
➢ Transport Layer ➢ Session Layer
➢ Application Layer ➢ Transport Layer
➢ Network Layer
• Absent layer in TCP/IP Model : Presentation Layer and ➢ Data Link Layer
Session Layer ➢ Physical Layer
• Internet Layer includes : Data Link Layer & Physical Layer
 OSI Model
Physical Layer : Includes cables : Twisted Pair cables , Coaxial cables and Fiber Optic cables etc.
• Topologies : Bus, Ring, Mesh, Tree, Star, hybrid etc
• Devices : Hub, Repeater (initially modem).
• Technology : wired , wireless (wifi)
• Presentation Data Unit (PDU): Bits (0,1)
• Protocols : No Protocols used here
• Address : No address is used in this layer.

Data Link Layer : Error Control / Data flow control

• Devices : Switch, Bridge, Modem
• Presentation Data Unit (PDU): Frames
• Protocols : MAC Protocol
• Address : MAC Address (Media Access Control) / Physical Address
• MAC Address / Physical Address presented in NIC Card (Network Interface Card)
• MAC Address is of how many bits : 48 bits (bytes = ?)
• MAC address form: Hexa-Decimal
• Other names of MAC Address : Ethernet Address / Burned in Address
• Can we change MAC address = ?
 OSI Model
Data Link Layer :
• Sub layer :
1. LLC ( Logic Link control ) – Upper sub layer
2. MAC Layer ( Media Access Control Layer) – Lower sub layer

Network Layer :
• Address : IP address (Internet Protocol ) / Logical Address
• IP address types :
• IPv4 : Version 4 : 32 Bits = 4 byte
• IPv6 : Version 6 : 128 Bits : 16 byte
• IPv4 form : Decimal ( Range : 0-255) Q: 148. 189.45.24 is valid IPv4 address or not ?
• IPv6 form : Hexa Decimal
• Can we change IP address = ?
• Device : Router
• Presentation Data Unit (PDU): Packets
• Protocols : Internet Protocol
 OSI Model
Transport Layer : It provides End to End Communication
• Also known as Heart of OSI Model
• Protocols : TCP and UDP
• TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
▪ Connection Oriented (Acknowledgement )
▪ No Data Loss
▪ Reliable
▪ Slow
▪ Cables
▪ Example : WhatsApp

• UDP : User Datagram Protocol

▪ Connection Less (No Acknowledgement )
▪ Data Loss
▪ Non Reliable
▪ Fast
▪ Wifi
▪ Example : Video call, Audio call
 OSI Model
Transport Layer :
• Name the Connection Less Protocol : UDP and IP
• Device : Gateway
• Presentation Data Unit (PDU): Segment
• Security : SSL and TLS
• SSL : Secured Socket Layer
▪ Websites : https//
▪ https : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol secured

• TLS : Transport Layer Security

▪ Advance layer security of SSL.

Session Layer : It session create, manage and close.

• It provide security using Token management and Synchronization.
• Presentation Data Unit (PDU) : Data
• Device : Gateway
 OSI Model
Presentation Layer : Provides high level security
• It provides security in a form of :
▪ Encryption
▪ Decryption Cryptography : Example : Facebook, Telegram, WhatsApp
▪ Translation
▪ Compression

• Device : Gateway
• Presentation Data Unit (PDU): Data

Application Layer : 7th layer of OSI Model (last Layer))

• FTP : File Transfer Protocol
• Used for uploading/ downloading of a file/document.
• HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• By default protocol of the internet / Communication Protocol
• SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer protocol
• Used for sending a mail.
• Mail can be send only in the Text format (No attachment: image , Video, pdf )
 OSI Model
• MIME : Multi-purpose Internet mail extension (Advance version SMTP)
• Attachment can be sent (PDF, Word file , Image etc)

• POP3 : Post Office Protocol Version 3 : Mail receive protocol / Mail Access Protocol
• Used with out internet : Example : Outlook
• Work on Single Device
• Software is needed

• IMAP : Internet Message Access Protocol : Mail receive protocol / Mail Access Protocol
• Used with internet
• Work on Multiple Device : Example : Gmail, Zoho, Yahoo.
• Website (login )

• Mails Protocol : 4 – SMTP, MIME, POP3 and IMAP

• Device : Gateway
• Presentation Data Unit (PDU): Data
 Networking Device :
Bridge (Data Link Layer)
• It connect same network/ same protocol/ same topology.
• LAN to LAN connectivity

Modem (Data Link Layer) : Modulator/ Demodulator

• Address : MAC address
• Converts signals from Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog

Router (Network Layer) (Advance level of bridge)

• It connect same network/ same protocol/ same topology.
• LAN to LAN connectivity
• Address : IP Address

Gateway (Transport/ Session/ Presentation/Application Layer)

• It connect different network/ protocol/ topology.
• LAN to MAN connectivity
 Networking Device :
Switch (Data Link Layer)
• It connects multiple Router.

HUB (Physical Layer)

• It is a broadcasting device.
• We also called it a dumb device.
• It doesn’t use Mac or IP address.
• Also known as Passive Hub.

Repeater (Physical Layer)

• It increase the length of signals (Network)
• It prevents signals from degrading.
• Also known as Active Hub.

Firewall
• Collection of Hardware and Software
• Provide protection from unauthorized access.
 Topology
• Topology : A network topology is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes (Computer / Devices) in
a network .

• Bus Topology : • Star Topology :

• Cables : Co-Axial Cables

• Device : Node (Computer, Printer , server etc) • It works on HUB.(Easily replaceable)
• End : Terminator • Affordable
• Used in Govt sector
 Topology
• Ring Topology : • Mesh Topology :

• Message : Token form • Reliable , Complex , Best

• All Computers are connected . • All nodes are connected with each
• Message travel : Uni-directional (Clockwise other
/anti clockwise)
 Topology
• Tree Topology : • Hybrid Topology :

• It’s a parent child relation show. • Combination of 2 or more topology.

• Expensive topology
• Use multiple Hub ( Parent act as hub
and all act as parent)
 Types of Cables
Twisted Pair Cable : (Double Quoted cables)
• Also known as Ethernet Cable, Cat Cable (Category Cable)
• Used for LAN Connection.
• Speed : Slow (Less speed but are reliable in nature).
• Connector used for Twisted Pair Cable : RJ 45 (Registered Jack)

Coaxial cables
• Used for TV, DTH Services
• Connector : BNC Connector (Bayonet Neill–Concelman)

Fiber Optic Cable :

• Speed : High / Light speed
• Used in Broadband
• Free of Cost (Govt bear the cost)
• Under the sea cable : Submarine Cable (Country to country connection / Tier connection)
• Connector : SC Connector (Subscriber connector / ST Connector( Straight tip connector).
 Types of Cables
Fiber Optic Cable :
 Key Points
• Protocol used to find MAC Address : Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Protocol used to find IP Address : Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

Telnet Protocol : (Remote Protocol)

• This protocol is used to establish Remote connection.
• Example : Team Viewer

DNS Protocol : (Domain Name System)

• It assign IP address automatically.
• Convert - Domain name => IP Address
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