Vol-9 Issue-4 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

555 timer-based automatic water level sensor

and controller system
Dr. N.Sambasiva Rao
Dinesh Ramisetti Rama Krishna Bathula
Professor and Head of the Department
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
of Electrical and Electronics
Electronics Engineering(EEE).NRI Electronics Engineering(EEE).NRI
Engineering(EEE).NRI Institute of
Institute of Technology(Autonomous), Institute of Technology(Autonomous),
Technology(Autonomous),
Vijayawada,India, Vijayawada,India,
Vijayawada,India,
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

Poojitha Puvvadi Siva Karthikeya Gogula Meghana Eturu

Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering(EEE).NRI Electronics Engineering(EEE).NRI Electronics Engineering(EEE).NRI
Institute of Technology(Autonomous), Institute of Technology(Autonomous), Institute of Technology(Autonomous),
Vijayawada,India, Vijayawada,India, Vijayawada,India,
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract
The scarcity of water, which is vitally valuable to all living things, is steadily getting worse. A sizable chunk of
the district's and the world's urban populations are struggling withthis problem. One of the sources of
inspiration for the current work is to explain ways to conserve water and improve the environment, which will
guarantee that there will be water for future needs. Therefore, protecting and conserving water is of the utmost
importance. Water is wasted needlessly in many homes due to flooding from above-ground tanks and other
factors. The Programmed Water Level Regulator can provide a solution to this problem. An automatic water
control system offers a key answer to this problem. The system's methodology is entirely dependent on the
water's electrical conductivity and the signals it sends to various logic systems.This device stops the water pump
from overflowing and provides indicators for various water levels in the above tank.

Keywords—waterlevel,555timerIc,relay,overhead tank,comparators,waterpump,motordrivingcircuit

I. INTRODUCTION
A common problem is the loss of water due to overflowing from the above tank that is physically worked. If this
waste can be reduced through proper monitoring using a simple circuit, then scarcity and water shortages may be
prevented. The circuit will continuously check the high level and base level of the above tank's two water levels.
When the water level reaches a certain point, the engine will stop filling the tank from the source and stop the
stream of water. Up until it reaches the base level, the engine will remain in an off state. The engine will shut off
when the water level drops below the foreground base level.A regulator is anticipated to deal with the required
volume or level in underground and above-ground tanks of premises in order to regulate and utilize water.The
pumping engine, which uses transfer from the regulator, is a single-stage AC device. The current work uses
semiconductors and the clock IC555 instead of combining any microcontrollers. In order to fill the above tank to
the desired level or volume of water, it will subsequently turn ON and OFF the home-made water pump. This
water level regulator circuit's primary advantage is that it naturally controls the water level with essentially no
client connection .It uses simple electronic components. The NE555 IC serves as the circuit's central component.
By using the sensory test and circuit of the tank, the water level regulator creates a difference in controlling the
amount of water naturally. This system does not just simply monitor the water level in the tank; it also controls
the motor when the space above the tank is empty. When the expected amount in the above tank is achieved
accompanied Drove indicators, the motor is shut OFF. When subsurface water level is below the predetermined
limit, the pump motor is not turned on. By using this design, we can prevent water.
The automatic pump controller reduces the amount of manual switching and interference from people.System
operates in accordance with water conductivity.This system features a built-in power supply and a solar power
backup system that ensures a constant supply of electricity even during load shedding, which is typical in many

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nations.The water level regulator we intend to build in our project is based on two identification points in the
overhead tank. The water should be contested in these two locations. We use sensors to work with this.In our
situation, these sensors have three metallic contacts with space between them at each recognition site.When
water arrives at a sensor, a valid circuit must first be preseirted to the extent that the presence of water is
recognized; additionally, a signal is given. To get the desired result, this signal should be transmitted through
IC555 circuits. When water comes at another sensor, a similar action will occur. Our circuit employs the high
and low states of an IC555 to activate or deactivate the TRIAC.
Two circumstances are consistently essential for the engine to put on. If both of them isn't fulfilled the engine
will stay off. Various scientists have previously introduced the comparative work in view of microcontroller and
GSM network Others have likewise revealed for water level regulator Utilizing Multisim and 555 timer.The
objective of this paper is to add extra elements and limiting the expense for its execution [3].We accept that the
establishment of such a framework will upgrade legitimate administration and utilization of water in homegrown
houses,agricultural or modern regions through checking and control of the amount of use. Such frameworks
contribute towards the expect to save our normal assets and keep up with the manageability of the climate as
through monitoring,water utilization examples and shortcomings can be distinguished and decrease targets can
be arranged [5].

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.1.Blockdiagram of automatic water level controller

The designed model's block outline is shown in Fig1. The automatic water level regulator makes use of an
underground tank, an above tank, a pump, and a regulator circuit with level testing. Level testing should be set
up correctly in the above tank and the controlling device inside the house[1].The data concerning this specific
water level regulator is shown in fig.1.It consists of a BC 548 Semiconductor, a NE555 IC timer, a Transfer, an
IN4007 Diode, an Engine, and a Tank that may be used to refill the water.When data from 9v-12v is supplied
from the battery/power supply to the project, it starts working.This data is provided by the power supply, and the
semiconductor will dynamically provide power to the IC 555 timer via the hand-off.The transfer and diode are
connected to the result pin of the IC 555 timer.The hand-off is then maintained at a necessary level, and the
engine is started by turning on.When the motor is turned on, it is ready to fill the tank by detecting the sensors or
the water level in the tank.It is dependent on the amount of water.When the water tank is full, it is naturally shut
off.

III. LIST OF COMPONENTS AND OVERVIEW

The list of elements that are required to develop automatic water level controller circuit as shown in the below
table[I].
TABLEI.LIST OF ELEMENTS THAT ARE REQUIRED
Component Specification Quantity
Metallic Contacts 2
Transformer 230V/9V,50Hz 1
Diode 1N4001,50V 4
Voltage Regulator IC MC7805CT 1
Water Pump 5W, 230v 1
555 Timer IC (4.5V - l6 v) 1

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Triac IC BT136 2
LED 3-5V 1
Transistor BC 548 2
Capacitor 0.01 pF &470 pF 2
Resistor 100K&470K 3
Some of the main components required are transformer,diode,voltage regulator,water pump,555IC
timer,transistor,capacitor and resistor [4]. We will discuss briefly about the each and every component that is
listed in the above table[I].

A.Contacts made of Metal:

These are aluminum contacts that transmit power when the gap between them is filled by water. Two contacts at
the foot of the tank structure act as the indication for low level of order in our task. Two contacts in the upper
half of the tank indicate that water is about to flow.
B.Transformer:
A centre-tapped stepdown transformer is used to provide an acceptable voltage to the full-wave rectifier-We
particularly selected three transformer so that the device could be connected directly to the wall outlet. Similarly,
centre tapping allows us to generate a positive extremity voltage for the circuit. 230/9V AC, 50 Hz rating.

Fig.2.Centre tapped transformer

C.Full-Wave Rectifier:

The full wave rectifier comprises of four 1N4007 diodes and two 0.1pF capacitors. lt is utilized to convert the
AC supply of the power source to DC supply which will run greater part of the circuit components.It changes
over an AC voltage into a dc voltage utilizing both half patterns of the applied ac voltage. for this reason, it
utilizes two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the other conducts during the other half
pattern of the applied AC voltage.During the positive half pattern of the input voltage, the diode D2 becomes
forward one-sided and D4 becomes opposite one-sided. Consequently D2 conducts and D4 stays OFF. The load
current moves throughD2 and the voltage drop across the load will be equivalent to the input voltage. Presently
during the negative half pattern of the information voltage, diode D2 becomes reverse one-sided and D4
becomes forward one-sided. Consequently D2 stays OFF and D3 conducts. The load current courses through D3
and the voltage drop across the load will be equivalent to the input voltage [4].

Fig.3.Fullwave Rectifier
D.Voltage Regulator:
A voltage regulator is an integrated circuit (IC) that maintains a constant fixed output voltage regardless of load

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or input voltage changes. It can do this in a variety of ways depending on the topology of the circuit in them, but
for the sake of keeping this project simple, we will focus mostly on the linear regulator. A linear voltage
regulator operates by automatically changing the resistance through a feedback loop, allowing for variations in
both load and input while maintaining a constant output voltage.

Fig.4.Voltage Regulator

E.Water pump:
The centrifugal pump is commonly used in submersible fountain pumps and air conditioning equipment. Water
is drawn into one side of the pump as the impeller inside it revolves. The power and size of the impeller
determine the direction of water flow. More water can be pumped if the impeller is larger. As the impeller
rotates, centrifugal force propels water from the inlet (placed near the centre of rotation of the impeller) through
the surfaces of the impeller to the outer regions of the valve (thus the term centrifugal pump). This water is
directed to the outflow as it collects in the valve's outer regions. The water exiting the valve causes the water
pressure to drop. The pump pulls in new water at the input to match the pace at which the water flows out the
outlet.

Fig.5.Water Pump

F. 555 IC Timer:
In this case, we use a bi-stable version of the 555 timer as a flipflop component.A Schmitt Trigger, also known
as a Bistable Mode, has stable states of high and low. The circuit enters into high state by lowering the trigger
information. Circuit results enter the low state when the Reset input is made low.A synchronized circuit used in
oscillator and generation applications is the 555 timer integrated circuit. IC555 package is a silicon chip that
comes in an 8-pin dual inline package and contains 25 semiconductors, 2 diodes, and 15 resistors. The package
view IC555 timer is shown in the Fig.6.

Fig.6. IC555 package view

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The 555 timer is actually what controls everything. The timer, as shown in Fig.7, has two comparators and a flip flop
available inside. Pin 2 is maintained in the upper level of the above tank, and pin 6 is kept in the bottom level. Power
can transmit fairly well through water. Therefore, when Vcc is submerged in water, the water conveys the value of
Vcc [3].

Fig.7. IC555 timer internal structure

Explanation of IC555 pins:

Fig.8.IC555 pin diagram

The Pin diagram of 555IC is shown in the above Fig.8.It consists of 8 pins which are given below,we will
discuss the 8 pins that are mentioned above in a detailed manner.
Pin 1: Ground
Every voltage is evaluated in relation to this terminal.

Pin 2: Trigger
Two comparators are used by the IC 555. Three equal voltage make up the voltage divider. The voltage of the
comparator 2 non-inverting terminal is set at VCC/3 due to the voltage divider.The comparator 2 result
increases when the trigger information is somewhat off from VCC/3. The output is provided by the R-S flip-
flop's reset contribution. Therefore, a high comparator 2 result resets the flip-flop.

Pin 3: Result
The flip-flop's complementary signal result (Q̅) is transferred to pin 3, which is the final output. There are two
ways to connect the load. One is connected to pin 3 and ground, and the other is to pin 8.

Pin 4: Reset
This interferes with the timing device. When pin 4 is grounded, the device no longer functions and turns off. Pin
4 functions as the IC 555's on/off component in this way. When this reset input is instantly grounded, any
remaining capabilities inside the timer are revoked.

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Pin 5: Control voltage

The majority of applications do not make use of external control voltage input. This pin serves as Comparator 1's
inverting input terminal. The voltage divider maintains this input's voltage at 2/3 VCC This serves as the
comparator 1's reference level for comparing the threshold. Pin 5 must receive external input if the reference
level required for comparator 1 is greater than 2/3 VCC.The reference level for comparator 1 alternates between
being above and below 2/3 VCC if external input is applied to pin 5 on an alternating basis. This makes it
feasible to emit pulses with a configurable pulse width, This process, known as pulse width modulation, is made
feasible by pin 5.

Pin 6: Threshold
This is comparator 1 non-inverting input terminal. The pin 6 is subjected to the external voltage. The result of
comparator 1 turns high when this voltage is more than 2/3 of VCC. This is given to the R-S flip-flop's set
contribution. The flip-flop is set by the comparator 1 result, which was high. Flip-flop's Q is now both high and
low. As a result, the output of IC 555 at pin 3 becomes low.

Pin 7:Discharge
For bipolar timers, this pin is an open-collector (O.C.) output; for CMOS timers, it is an open-drain (O.D.)
output. When OUTPUT is low, this pin can be utilized to discharge a capacitor. This pin is unused in bistable
and Schmitt trigger modes, allowing it to be utilized as an alternate output.

Pin 8: Power supply

The supply voltage range for bipolar timers is commonly 4.5 to 16 volts (some are specified for up to 18 volts,
however most will run as low as 3 volts). The supply voltage range for CMOS timers is normally 2 to 15 volts
(some are specified for up to 18 volts, while others are specified as low as 1 volt).
G.Traic:
TRIACs are a type of thyristor that is tightly coupled with silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR).But whereas SCRS,
being unidirectional devices (that is, they can only carry current in one way), TRIACs are bidirectional and can carry
current in both directions [4].the ICBT136 traic is shown in Fig9.

Fig.9. ICBT136 Traic

H.Relay:
In general, all Relays are basic switches that can be operated both electrically and mechanically. Most high-end
industrial application devices feature relays for effective operation. The switching mechanism is carried out with
the help of electromagnets [1].the sample view of relay is shown in the Fig10.

Fig.10.Relay

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I. Indicating LEDs:
Three bright LEDs have been employed to demonstrate whether the 555 timer IC is in a high state or in a low
state. and also to know the pump's ON/OFF state.A resistance of 1000ohm should be connected in series with the
LED to protect it from high voltages [4].

Fig.11.LEDs
J. Resistors:
Various resistors are employed as needed in the circuit's construction.In general,all resistors are 1/4 watt rated
are used [1].

Fig.12.Resistors

K.Capacitor:

A capacitor is a device with two terminals that uses an electric charge to store energy. It is formed up of two
electrical conductors separated by a gap. The gap between the conductors can be filled by a vacuum or a
dielectric, which is an insulating substance.

Fig.13.Capacitor

IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND ITS OPERATION

Fig.14.Basic circuit diagram of automatic water level controller

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The circuit diagram of automatic water level controller using 555IC timer is shown in the Fig.14.This water
controller design is very effective and sensitive to any unexpected change in the water tank [2]. Initially, 230v
AC is fed to the input of the step-down transformer (230v/9v).This 9v AC is sent to a bridge circuit, which
produces a 9v DC output.The resulting DC is now sent into the input of a voltage-regulated IC7805, which
delivers output as 5volts.
The probe from the bottom level is attached to the 555 IC's trigger (2nd) pin. When the second pin is submerged
in water, the voltage at that pin is Vcc [4].When the water level drops, the second pin becomes separated from
the water, and the potential at the trigger pin falls below Vcc.Then the output of 555 rises. then The output of
the IC555 causes the gate to be trigger, causing the TRIAC to begin conduct.

Fig.15.Schematic circuit diagram of automatic water level controller

The schematic diagram of automatic water level controller using 555IC timer is shown in the Fig.15.As the water
level increases, the top level probe is submerged and the transistor turns on. Vce=0.2v is the collector
voltage.The IC is reset by a low voltage at the fourth pin. As a result, the output of the 555 becomes 0 volt.
Hence, the motor will shut off automatically.

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Design and development of the automatic water level controller have been accomplished [4].The suggested
water level controller's circuit diagram, shown in Fig.14, highlights a variety of components. The main
component is a step-down transformer that is intended to convert 230 volts AC to 9 volts AC, which is then
constrained to 5 volts DC by a voltage regulator. The integrated circuit of the water level controller system needs
5 volts of direct current to operate [2].Depending on the water level, the pump motor is turned on and off. The
automated water level controller outperforms other traditional techniques because to its dependable technology
and is also more affordable and long-lasting. In terms of system response in water level control with respect to
the non-linearity generated by pumps and sensors, the automatic water level controller is a promising controller.
The circuit schematic was followed for building the experimental model, and the outcomes were as anticipated.
When the overhead tank was about to get dry, the motor pump turned on, and when it was about to overflow, it
turned off.Whenever the volume of the water exceeds the level that was set, the monitoring system needs around
1/2 seconds for it to cease and restart the motor.The main issue we've encountered is establishing a stable output
voltage from the IC 555, which occasionally alternates at 1.5–2 V and makes it difficult for the motor to
electrically start. Therefore, it has a benefit over other kinds of water level controllers. The additional advantage
of our system is that it features a built-in, inexpensive continuous electricity supply system that delivers
affordable energy.
The above tank's volume of water as well as the levels in all the other tanks are easily detected and controlled by the
water level controller system. presently majority individuals and companies employ pumps for preserving water in
overhead tanks. Nobody is able to determine how much water is in the tank while it is empty, and few can predict
whether the tank will be full. As a result, the water in the tank overflows, losing both water and energy.By employing
a water level controller circuit with an IC 555, it is possible to manage the volume of water's spilling level and
address issue of this nature. The overhead water tanks, swimming pool heaters, etc., can all employ water level
controllers because their production costs are minimal. Circuits that control the level of water are employed in
manufacturing facilities, pharmaceutical plants as well as other conducting liquid storage systems.The amount of
water in a tank can be easily shown by using this straightforward IC555-based water level controller circuit. The
motor switches off when the tank is full. At this point we've constructed three levels (Common, Low, and High);
if additional levels are required, you are able to construct alerts or LEDs. After tanks are entirely filled, the
motor will Shut down.

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VI.CONCLUSIONS
During the present day, while the Earth's supply of drinking water diminishes by the minute, every drop of water
counts. Since water serves as a basic element for every living creature, water scarcity can be handled through diligent
tracking and minimizing excess water waste. The major goal of this study is to minimize and control water waste, as
well as avoid persistent use of electricity by the motor when there is no water at its source. Another goal of this effort
is to reduce the expense of its development and execution.A water level controller is a simple but efficient solution to
reduce water waste. Its cheap cost elements and simple design result in a great piece of technology for the average
person.

VII.ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is highly acknowledged that the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(EEE) at NRI Institute of
Technology,Agiripalli has provided assistance.

REFERENCES
[1] Hudedmani, Mallikarjun & N, Nagaraj & J, Shrikanth & sha, Ali & G,Pramod,“Flexible Automatic Water
Level Controller and Indicator,” World Journal of Technology, Engineering and Research(WITER),Vol
3,Number 1(2018),pp 359-366.
[2] Jamal, Hassan,“Logical Automatic Water Control System For Domestic Applications,” International
Journal of Advancements in Electronics and Electrical Engineering(IJAEEE), Volume 6,Number 1(2017),pp
2319-7498.
[3] N K.Kaphungkui, “Design of Low Cost and Efficient Water Level
Controller,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering
(IJARECE),Volume 3, Number 6(2014),pp 2278 – 909x.
[4] Central Institute Of Technology Kokrajhar,India, A Projet Report On Automatic Water Level Controller
Using 555 Timer2015. Available athttp://centrallibrary.cit.ac.in/dir/Project%20Report/2015/Degree/IE/
Automatic%20Water%20Level%20Controller%20using%20555%20 Timer.pdf
[5] B. N. Getu and H. A. Attia, “ Automatic water level sensor and controller system,” 5th International
Conference on Electronic Devices, Systems and Applications (ICEDSA), Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab
Emirates, 2016, pp. 1-4.
[6] Wikipedia. 555 timer IC. Available athttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=555_timer_IC&oldid=11
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