Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Chapter 8
Friction

BMED205, LIU
MENG250
Contents
8.0 Objectives
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Frictions
8.3 Problems Involving Dry Friction

2
8.0- Objectives
➢ Introduce the concept of dry friction, explaining its role in mechanical systems.
➢ Demonstrate how dry friction affects the equilibrium of rigid bodies.
➢ Explain the techniques used to analyze the equilibrium of rigid bodies under the
influence of dry friction.

fr

3
8.1- Characteristics of Dry Frictions
➢ Friction is a force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces sliding relative
to each other.
➢ This force acts tangent to the surface at the points of contact.
➢ Friction is directed to oppose the possible or existing motion between the surfaces.
➢ This chapter focuses on dry friction, which occurs between contacting surfaces of
bodies when there is no lubricating fluid.

4
❑ Friction Versus Applied Load
➢ The variation of the frictional force fr versus the applied load P is categorized in three
ways.
1- The system is at equilibrium
fr < Fs static frictional force
2- The system is in impending motion (Verge of motion)
fr=Fs which is the limiting static friction the system can maintain in equilibrium
3- The system is in motion
fr=Fk which is the kinetic friction where the system slides over the contact surface

fr

fr=P
P
P
fr 5
❑ Theory of Dry Friction
➢ The theory of dry friction can be explained by pulling horizontally on a block of
uniform weight W resting on a rough, nonrigid horizontal surface.
➢ The upper portion of the block is considered rigid, while the lower surface interacts
with the deformable floor.
➢ The free-body diagram shows that the floor exerts an uneven distribution of normal and
frictional forces along the contacting surface.
➢ For equilibrium, the normal forces must balance the block’s weight W, while the
frictional force fr prevents the applied force P from moving the block to the right.
➢ Microscopic irregularities between the floor and block’s surfaces lead to reactive forces
at each point of contact, with each reactive force contributing both a frictional and a
normal component.

fr

6
1- Equilibrium
➢ The distributed normal and frictional loadings are represented by resultants N and fr on the free-
body diagram.
➢ N acts a distance x to the right of the line of action of W.
➢ This location (distance x) coincides with the centroid or geometric center of the normal force
distribution.
➢ The position of N is necessary to balance the "tipping effect" caused by P.
➢ If P is applied at a height of h from the surface, then moment equilibrium about point O is
satisfied if W.x=P.h.

fr

7
2- Impending Motion
➢ As P increases, fr increases until it reaches the maximum value, Fs, known as the limiting static
frictional force.
➢ When Fs is reached, the block is in unstable equilibrium, as any further increase in P will cause
the block to move.
➢ Experimentally, the limiting static frictional force (Fs) is directly proportional to the resultant
normal force (N).

𝐹𝑠
𝐹𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 𝜙𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝜇𝑠
𝑁
μs: Coefficient of static friction ϕs: Angle of static friction

8
3- Motion
➢ When fr exceeds the limiting static frictional force (Fs), the frictional force drops to the kinetic
frictional force (Fk), and the block begins to slide with increasing speed.
➢ As the block slides, it "rides" on top of surface peaks, with the surface breakdown being the
primary mechanism creating kinetic friction.
➢ Experiments show that the kinetic friction force (Fk) is directly proportional to the resultant
normal force (N).

𝐹𝑘
𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 𝜙𝑘 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝜇𝑘
𝑁
μk: Coefficient of static friction ϕk: Angle of static friction

9
8.2- Problems Involving Dry Frictions
➢ For a rigid body in equilibrium under forces including friction, the force system must
satisfy the equations of equilibrium and the laws governing frictional forces.
➢ Mechanics problems involving dry friction can be classified into three types based on
free-body diagrams and the number of unknowns.
➢ The classification depends on comparing the total number of unknowns with the
available equilibrium equations.

1- No Apparent Impending Motion

𝐹𝐴 ≤ 𝜇𝐴 𝑁𝐴 and 𝐹𝐶 ≤ 𝜇𝐶 𝑁𝐶

10
2- Impending Motion at All Points of Contact
➢ In this case the total number of unknowns will equal the total number of available equilibrium
equations plus the total number of available frictional equations, (FA=μANA and FB=μBNB).
➢ When motion is impending at the points of contact, then Fs=μsN whereas if the body is slipping,
then Fk=μkN.
➢ Consider the problem of finding the smallest angle θ at which the 100-N bar can be placed
against the wall without slipping. The free-body diagram is shown below.
➢ The five unknowns are determined from the three equilibrium equations and two static frictional
equations which apply at both points of contact; so that FA=μANA and FB=μBNB

11
3- Impending Motion at Some Points of Contact.
➢ The number of unknowns is fewer than the sum of available equilibrium and frictional or tipping
equations which leads to multiple possible motion scenarios.
➢ Example: Consider a two-member frame (each member weighs 100 N) where the goal is to
determine the horizontal force 𝑃 needed to cause movement.
➢ To find a unique solution, six equilibrium equations (three for each member) must be satisfied,
along with one of two possible static frictional equations.
➢ This means that as P increases it will either cause slipping at A and no slipping at C so that
FA=μANA and FC ≤ μCNC; or slipping occurs at C and no slipping at A, in which case FC=μCNC and
FA ≤ μANA.
➢ The actual situation can be determined by calculating P for each case and then choosing the case
for which P is smaller.

12
❑ Sliding and Tipping of a Crate
➢ When a uniform crate with weight 𝑊 is pushed on a rough surface if the applied force 𝑃 is small,
the crate remains in equilibrium.
➢ As 𝑃 increases, the crate may be on the verge of slipping or tipping, depending on surface
roughness.
➢ For a rougher surface, the normal force shifts to the corner, and tipping occurs when this force
reaches a critical point.
➢ The crate is more likely to tip if the applied force 𝑃 is higher above the surface or if the crate's
width 𝑏 is smaller.

13
❑ Conditions for Sliding and Tipping of a Rigid Rod and Crate
𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝐴 = 𝐹𝑆𝐴 = μsANA B NB
𝐼𝑓: 𝑁𝐵 ≥ 0 → 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 θ

Smooth wall
𝐼𝑓: 𝑁𝐵 < 0 → 𝑇𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝐴 ≠ 𝐹𝑆𝐴 F
𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑁𝐵 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
W
NA
In case no force F is applied on the rigid rod and to determine
the minimum angle α or maximum angle θ to place the rigid
α
rod against the wall without causing sliding, set FrA=μSANA FrA A
and find the angle α or θ. Rough ground

𝒃ൗ 𝒃ൗ
𝟐 𝟐 To determine the minimum force F needed to cause motion
(Sliding or Tipping) of the crate:

F 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑟 = 𝐹𝑆 = μsN
W 𝑏
𝐼𝑓: 𝑥 ≤ → 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦
2
h N 𝑏
𝐼𝑓: 𝑥 > → 𝑇𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑟 ≠ 𝐹𝑆
2
Fr 𝑏
𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹
2
x 14
 Problems: 8.1-8.2

The crate has a mass of 50 kg and the coefficient of static friction between the crate and the plane is
µs = 0.25.
a-Determine the minimum horizontal force P required to hold the crate from sliding down the plane.
b-Determine the minimum force P required to push the crate up the plane.

Solution
a)

15
b)

16
 Problem: 8.8

The uniform pole has a weight of 30 lb and a length of 26 ft. Determine the maximum distance d it
can be placed from the smooth wall and not slip. The coefficient of static friction between the floor
and the pole is µs = 0.3.

Solution

17
Problem: 8.11

The uniform 20-lb ladder rests on the rough floor for which the coefficient of static friction is µs =
0.4 and against the smooth wall at B. Determine the horizontal force P the man must exert on the
ladder in order to cause it to move

Solution

18
Problem: 8.24

The drum weights 100 lb and rests on the floor for which the coefficient of static friction is µs = 0.6.
If a = 2ft and b = 3ft, determine the smallest magnitude of the force P that will cause the impending
motion of the drum.

Solution

19