Unit II Digital Modulation-I (07 Hrs.

)
Baseband Signal Receiver: Probability of Error, Optimal Receiver Design.
Digital Modulation: Generation, Reception, Signal Space Representation and
Probability of Error Calculation for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK),
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK), M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK).
CO2: Understand and explain various digital modulation techniques used in
digital communication systems and analyze their performance in presence of
AWGN noise.
Learning Resources

Text Books:
1. Taub, Schilling and Saha, “Principles of Communication Systems”, McGraw-Hill, 4 th Edition,
2. B.P. Lathi, Zhi Ding , “Modern Analog and Digital Communication System”, Oxford University
Press, 4th Edition.

Reference Books:
1. Bernard Sklar, Prabitra Kumar Ray, “Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications”,
Pearson Education, 2nd Edition
2. Wayne Tomasi, “Electronic Communications System”, Pearson Education, 5th Edition
3. A.B Carlson, P B Crully, J C Rutledge, “Communication Systems”, Tata McGraw Hill Publication, 5t
h Edition
4. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition 5. Simon Haykin,
“Digital Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 4 th Edition.

MOOC / NPTEL Courses:

1. NPTEL Course on “Digital Communications” Link of the Course: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/102/108102096/
Objectives
• To understand base band receiver design and analysis of performance parameter
probability of error.
• To study generation and reception of digital modulation methods of BPSK, BFSK,
QPSK and M-ary PSK.
• To study signal space representation and its significance for various digital
modulation techniques.
• Derive mathematical expression for Probability of digital modulation techniques
BPSK, BFSK, QPSK and M-ary PSK.
Outcomes
[Contributing to Placement, Higher Education, Entrepreneurship]

Students Will
•Able to analyze baseband receiver for digital communication system.
•Compute probability of error for optimum filter
•Appraise the concept of generation and reception of different digital modulation
techniques such as BPSK, BFSK, QPSK, MPSK.
•Understand significance of signal space representation and power spectral density of
BPSK, BFSK, QPSK, MPSK.
•Compute probability of error for digital modulation techniques.
Hierarchy of Digital Modulation Techniques
 Depending on whether the receiver does phase-recovery or not, the
modulation techniques are divided into:
 Coherent
 Non-coherent

 Phase recovery circuit - ensures synchronization of locally generated

carrier wave (both frequency and phase), with the incoming data stream
from the Tx.

 Binary versus M-ary schemes

 binary – use only two symbol levels;
 M-ary schemes – M-ary ASK, M-ary PSK and M-ary FSK, using more then one level in the
modulation process;
 Hybrid M-ary schemes – quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM); preferred over band-pass
transmissions when the requirement is to preserve bandwidth at the expense of increased
power.
Digital Modulation
 Given an information signal which is digital and a carrier signal represented
as follow :

 A digitally modulated signal is produced as follow :

 If the amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal, ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is produced.
 If the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal, FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) is produced.
 If the phase (θ) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal, PSK (Phase Shift Keying) is produced.
 If both amplitude and phase are varied proportional to the information
signal, QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is produced.
Digital-to-analog modulation

Types of digital-to-analog modulation

Phase Shift Keying
 waveforms for the three basic forms of signaling binary information. (a)
Amplitude-shift keying. (b) Phase-shift keying. (c) Frequency-shift keying
with continuous phase.
BPSK- Binary Phase Shift Keying

 Pass band transmission model, Signal space diagram, Generation and

detection, Error Probability derivation and Power spectra of coherent
BPSK
BPSK Transmitter (Generation)
LINE b(t) Balanced Binary PSK wave
Input binary CODER / Product VBpsk = b(t ) 2 P cos w t
data modulator s 0

VBpsk =  2 Ps cos w0 t
Carrier wave
2 Ps cos w0 t
Where
√2Ps cos(2π f0t) b(t) = +1 for binary one
Rectangular b(t) = -1 for binary zero
pulse
 BPSK Transmitter (Generation)

2ES
V Bpsk =  2 Ps cos w0 t =  cos w0 t
TS

Where Es is symbol Energy & Ts is symbol duration

Where In BPSK there are only Two symbol 1 & 0 thus Es = Eb is bit Energy & Ts = Tb is bit duration
2 Eb
Thus BPSK equation is V Bpsk =  2 Ps cos w0 t =  cos w0 t
Tb

• Where In BPSK the phase angle can be calculated as follows

360 360 360
Phase angle between two symbol = -------------- = ----------- = ------ = 1800
M 2N 2

Where M is the number of symbols & N is the number of group bits

• Thus BPSK has two phase shifts for carrier signal for symbols 1& 0
 BPSK (Receiver /Detection)

Received V Bpsk =  2 Ps cos( w0 t +  )

Decision O/p 1 if V0(kTb) > γ0

Device 0 if V0(kTb) < γ0

Transmitter
Reference
Voltage γ0

Receiver
 BPSK (Receiver /Detection)

BPSK receiver consist Two signal Processing parts

1. Carrier regeneration
2. Demodulation & Detection

Let us consider first part: Carrier regeneration

Let receiver received the signal with delay θ i.e. VBpsk =  2 Ps cos( w0 t +  ) Will be
connected as input to the square law device. So output of square law device is

(V Bpsk ) 2 = ( 2 Ps cos( w0 t +  )) 2 = 2 Ps cos 2 ( wo t +  )

1
(V Bpsk ) 2 = 2 Ps  (1 + cos 2( wo t +  ) = Ps + Ps cos 2( wo t +  )
2
BPSK
 Output of square law will be connected as a input to band pass filter whose cut
off frequency is 2f0 so output of filter is (it neglects the dc component)

= Ps cos 2( wo t +  )

 Output of filter will be connected as input to frequency divider network

(divided by 2 network) so the output is

= Ps cos( wo t +  )

 So here carrier is regenerated & it utilized for demodulation that’s why this
technique is called coherent demodulation/detection process
BPSK
 Let us consider second part: demodulation & detection
 In this part regenerated carrier is multiplied with received BPSK signal in
synchronous demodulator, so the output of demodulator is
=  2 Ps cos( w0 t +  )  cos( w0 t +  )
=  2 Ps cos 2 ( w0 t +  )
1 + cos 2( w0 t +  )
= b(t ) 2 Ps cos 2 ( w0 t +  ) = b(t ) 2 Ps ( )
2
b(t ) 2 Ps b(t ) 2 Ps cos 2( w0 t +  )
= +
2 2
 Output of demodulator will be connected as a input to integrator & dump filter
as well as to bit synchronizer. Integrator will integrate signal over one bit
interval (0 to Tb ).
 It is also called dump filter because it contain capacitor ,whose charging &
discharging will control by bit synchronizer .
BPSK
 Output of integrator is
kTb kTb
b(kTb ) 2 Ps b(kTb ) 2 Ps
Vo (kTb ) =
2  dt +
( k −1)Tb
2  cos 2( w t +  )dt
( k −1)Tb
0

Ps
Vo (kTb ) = b(kTb ) Tb
2

 Output of integrator will be sampled for one-bit time interval & will be
connected as input to decision device, decision will be taken with reference to
Voltage γ0.
Ps P
Vo (kTb ) = b(kTb ) Tb =  s Tb
2 2

 if V0(kTb) > γ0 then decision is in favor of 1 & if V0(kTb) < γ0 then decision is
in favor of 0. In this way original information is detected/received.
Spectrum of BPSK
 The waveform b(t) is a NRZ binary waveform whose power spectral density
Xb(t) = A rect(t/Tb)  A Tb sinc(fTb) = 2𝑃𝑠 Tb sinc(fTb)
2
BPSK signal is represented by
Xb (f)
S(f)= 𝑇𝑏
= 2𝑃𝑠 Tb sinc2(fTb) OR S ( f ) = A 2Tb sin c 2 ( fTb ) 𝑋𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑏(𝑡) 2𝑃𝑠 cos (2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
Here b(t) = +1 or -1
can be written as
2 A rectangular pulse of duration
 sin fTb 
S ( f ) = 2 Ps Tb   Tb and amplitude ‘A’ is represented as A
 fTb  rect(t/Tb)
thus BPSK waveform is the NRZ waveform multiplied by 2 cos w0 t
b(t) is a rectangular pulse of
thus PSD of BPSK is by taking reference of amplitude +1 or -1

PT 
 sin  ( f − f 0 )Tb 
2
 sin  ( f + f 0 )Tb 
2


S Bpsk ( f ) = s b   +   
  ( f − f 0 )Tb   ( f + f 0 )Tb 
  
2

Spectrum of BPSK

Spectrum of binary pulse

Bandwidth of Bpsk is = (f + fb) - (f - fb)

= 2 fb

Where fb is the bit frequency

 Geometrical representation 0f BPSK
 In a coherent binary PSK the pair of signals used to represent binary 0 and 1 are
defined as:
2ES 2 2 Es=Eb & Ts=Tb For Bpsk
V Bpsk =  2 Ps cos w0 t =  cos w0 t =  E S cos w0 t =  E b cos w0 t
TS TS Tb

2
S1 (t ) = Eb cos w0 t = E b 1 (t ) For binary 1
Tb
2 For binary 0
S 2 (t ) = Eb cos( w0 t +  ) = − E b 1 (t )
Tb

•The equations s1(t)and s2(t) represent antipodal signals – sinusoidal signals that differ
only in a relative phase shift of 180 degrees.

•In BPSK there is only one basis function of unit energy expressed as
2
1 (t ) = cos w0 t
Tb
 So the transmitted signals can be expressed as:

 A coherent BPSK system can be characterized by having a signal space that is one
dimensional (N= 1), with signal constellation consisting of two message points (M = 2)
 The coordinates of the message points are:
message point message point
corresponding to s2 corresponding to s1

nc is an integer such that

Tsymbol = nc/Tbit
Figure
Signal-space diagram for coherent binary PSK system. The waveforms depicting the
transmitted signals s1(t) and s2(t), displayed in the inserts, assume nc = 2.
Note that the frequency f0 is chosen to ensure that each transmitted bit contains an
integer number of cycles.
BPSK

 The distance between two signal points is d = Eb − (− Eb ) = 2 Eb

 It is also called Euclidean distance.

BPSK
 Advantages:
1. It has minimum value Pe
2. It has very good noise immunity
3. Good BER performance for low SNR → power efficient

 Disadvantages:
1. Requires reference of Tx signal in order to properly determine phase
 carrier must be transmitted along with signal.
2. It has Synchronous or “Coherent” detection.
 complex & costly Rx circuitry.
QPSK-Quadrature Phase Shift keying
 QPSK is an expanded version from binary PSK where symbol consists of two bits and
two orthonormal basis functions are used.

 A group of two bits is often called a ‘dibit’. So, four dibits are possible. Each symbol
carries same energy.

 So one symbol contain two bits with symbol duration Ts = 2Tb along with symbol
energy Es= 2Eb

• In QPSK the phase angle can be calculated as follows

360 360 360
 Phase angle between two symbol = -------------- = ----------- = ------ = 900 = π/2 rad

M 2N 4

 Where M is number of symbol & N is the number of group bits.

• Thus QPSK has four phase shift for carrier signal for symbol 11,10,01& 00
 Mathematical Representation of QPSK


QPSK Waveforms
QPSK Transmitter

V (t ) qpsk = s e (t ) + s 0 (t ) =  2 Ps cos( w0 t )  2 Ps sin( w0 t

  Output of multiplier 1 is s e (t ) = be (t ) 2 Ps cos( w0 t )
 Output of multiplier 2 is s 0 (t ) = b0 (t ) 2 Ps sin( w0 t )
 Output of the adder is

V (t ) qpsk = s e (t ) + s 0 (t ) = be (t ) 2 Ps cos( w0 t ) + b0 (t ) 2 Ps sin( w0 t )

V (t ) qpsk = s e (t ) + s 0 (t ) =  2 Ps cos( w0 t )  2 Ps sin( w0 t )

V (t ) qpsk = + 2 Ps cos( w0 t ) + 2 Ps sin( w0 t ) Q

=+ 2 Ps cos( w0 t ) − 2 Ps sin( w0 t )
=− 2 Ps cos( w0 t ) − 2 Ps sin( w0 t ) 3/4 /4

=− 2 Ps cos( w0 t ) + 2 Ps sin( w0 t )  3 5 7 
M2 =  , , ,  Es I
4 4 4 4 

5/4 7/4
Input binary data

odd binary data

Sinusoidal carrier signal

odd BPSK

Even binary data

Cosine carrier signal

Even BPSK

QPSK signal
QPSK Receiver
 QPSK (Receiver /Detection)

BPSK receiver consists of two processing parts:

1. Carrier regeneration
2. Demodulation & Detection

Let consider first part: Carrier regeneration

Let receiver received the signal with delay θ i.e. V (t ) qpsk = be (t ) 2 Ps cos( w0 t ) + b0 (t ) 2 Ps sin( w0 t )
Will be connected as input to the 4th power raiser circuit. So output of 4th power raiser is

[V (t ) qpsk ] 4 = [be (t ) 2 Ps cos( w0 t ) + b0 (t ) 2 Ps sin( w0 t )]4

Now it will be pass through bandpass filter whose cut off frequency is 4f0 & it also
eliminate dc component from the signal.
Then the output of band pass filter will be connected as input to frequency divider ,where
the frequency get divided by 4. so the out put of frequency divider is the desired carrier
frequency.
QPSK
 Carrier is regenerated & it utilized for demodulation that’s why this technique
is called coherent demodulation/detection process.

 Let consider second part: demodulation & detection

 It will contain two demodulators one is for odd & other is for even
 Let us consider even demodulation & detection process
 In this part regenerated carrier is get multiplied with received QPSK signal in
synchronous demodulator, so the out put of demodulator 1 is

= s(t )  sin w0 t
= be (t ) 2 Ps sin 2 ( w0 t ) + b0 (t ) 2 Ps sin ( w0 t ) cos( w0 t )
 Output of modulator will be connected as input to integrator & dump filter as well
as to the bit synchronizer.
 It is also called dump filter because it contain capacitor ,whose charging &
discharging will control by bit synchronizer .
QPSK
 Output of integrator 1 is
( 2 k +1)Tb ( 2 k +1)Tb

Ve (kTb ) = b0 (kTb ) 2 Ps  cos( w t ) sin( w t )dt + b (kT )  sin

2
o o e b 2 Ps ( w0 t )dt
( 2 k −1)Tb ( 2 k −1)Tb

 By using some relation in above equation

1 − cos(2 wo t ) sin( 2 wo t )
sin 2 ( wo t ) = & cos( wo t ) sin( wo t ) =
2 2

 We can write above equation as

( 2 k +1)Tb ( 2 k +1)T
sin( 2 wo t ) b
(1 − cos(2 w0 t ))
Ve (kTb ) = b0 (kTb ) 2 Ps  dt + be (kTb ) 2 Ps  dt
( 2 k −1)Tb
2 ( 2 k −1)Tb
2

( 2 k +1)Tb b ( 2 k +1)T b ( 2 k +1)T

sin( 2 wo t ) 1 cos(2 w0 t ))
Ve (kTb ) = b0 (kTb ) 2 Ps  dt + be (kTb ) 2 Ps  dt − be (kTb ) 2 Ps  dt
( 2 k −1)Tb
2 ( 2 k −1)Tb
2 ( 2 k −1)Tb
2
QPSK

 We can write & after solving above equation

Ve (kTb ) = be (kTb ) 2 Ps Tb

 Similarly for second integrator we get the out put is

V0 (kTb ) = b0 (kTb ) 2 Ps Tb
QPSK
 Output of each integrator is connected as input to sampling switch , where the
sampling will be done at two bit intervals & held in latch for the bit time. After
that we get the reconstructed data at the output of latch.
 Spectrum of QPSK
 The waveform b(t) is a NRZ binary waveform whose power spectral density

Xb(t) = A rect(t/Tb)  A Tb sinc(fTb) = 2𝑃𝑠 Tb sinc(fTb)

Xb (f) 2
S(f)= 𝑇𝑏
= 2𝑃𝑠 Tb sinc2(fTb) OR S ( f ) = A 2Tb sin c 2 ( fTb )

can be written as for symbol 2 2

 sin fTb   sin fTb 
S ( f ) = 2 Ps Tb   = Ps Ts  
 fTb   fTb 

thus PSD of two Bpsk is

2 2
 sin f 0Ts   sin f 0Ts 
S e ( f ) = Ps Ts   & S 0 ( f ) = Ps Ts  
 f o Ts   f o Ts 

Thus the PSD of QPSK is

2
 sin f 0Ts 
S B ( f ) = S e ( f ) + S 0 ( f ) = 2 Ps Ts  
 f o Ts 
Spectrum of QPSK

2PSTS Spectrum of binary QPSK

pulse

-2fS -fS fS 2fS

Where fs is the symbol frequency
fs= 1/Ts = 1/2Tb = fb/2

Bandwidth of Qpsk is = (fc + fs) - (fc + fs)

= 2 fs
= fb

-fc fc -fs fc fc +fs

Geometrical representation 0f QPSK
 QPSK signal is mathematically represented as
V (t ) qpsk = s e (t ) + s 0 (t ) = be (t ) 2 Ps cos( w0 t ) + b0 (t ) 2 Ps sin( w0 t )

 Es=2Eb & Ts=2Tb For QPSK

Vqpsk = 2 Ps cos[ w0 t + (2m + 1) ] where m = 0,1,2,3
4

 By substituting the value of m, we can get the sinusoidal signals with different phase
shifts. By using standard trigonometric rule cos (A+B) = cos A cos B.- sin A sin B
 We can write above equation
 
Vqpsk = 2 Ps {[cos w0 t  cos(2m + 1) ] − [sin w0 t  sin( 2m + 1) ]}
4 4
By multiplying & dividing by √Ts & rearranging above equation we get

 2  2
Vqpsk = { Ps Ts [cos(2m + 1) ]  cos w0 t} − { Ps Ts [sin(2m + 1) ]  sin w0 t}
4 Ts 4 Ts
  
let assume be (t ) = 2[cos(2m + 1) ] & b0 (t ) = − 2[sin(2m + 1) ]
4 4
2 2
let 1 (t ) = u1 (t ) = cos w0 t &  2 (t ) = u 2 (t ) = sin w0 t
Ts Ts

So the equation of QPSK become

1 1
Vqpsk = Ps Ts be (t )  1 (t ) + Ps Ts b0 (t )   2 (t )
2 2

1 1
Vqpsk = E s be (t )  1 (t ) + E s b0 (t )   2 (t )
2 2
Where ϕ1(t) & ϕ2(t) are the two orthogonal basis function. In QPSK this
two orthogonal basis function are used as a carrier signal.

Now by using Es= 2Eb & Ts= 2Tb & Es= Ps Ts , we can write

Vqpsk = Eb be (t )  1 (t ) + Eb b0 (t )   2 (t )
 By using above equation we can plot the signal space representation by using
two basic function

1 1
Vqpsk = E s be (t )  1 (t ) + E s b0 (t )   2 (t )
2 2

The distance between two signal point is 2√Eb

QPSK
 Advantage
1. Bandwidth of QPSK is less as compared to BPSK
2. Information transmission rate is higher
3. Very good noise immunity

Disadvantage
1. The generation & detection process is quite complex
M-ary Modulation Techniques

▪ Binary data transmission send only one of two possible signals during each bit
interval Tb
▪ M-ary data transmission send one of M possible signals during each signaling
interval Ts.
▪ In almost all applications, M = 2N and Ts = nTb, where n is an integer
▪ Each of the M signals is called a symbol
▪ These signals are generated by changing the amplitude, phase or frequency of a
carrier in M discrete steps.
▪ Thus, we have M-ary ASK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary FSK digital modulation
schemes
M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (M-PSK)

▪ The phase of the carrier takes on M possible values:

▪ The Phase angle between M symbol = 2π / M rad
▪ Thus M ary PSK waveform used to identify the symbol is

VM − ary psk = 2 Ps cos( w0 t +  m ) where m = 0,1,2,.........M − 1

With the symbol phase angle
V
given by
= 2 P {[cos w t  cos  ] − [sin w0 t  sin  m ]}
Mpsk s 0 m


 m = (2m + 1)
M
Now apply rule of cos(A+B)= cosA cos(B) - sin(A) sin(B).The above equation
become
M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (M-PSK)
Now multiply & divide by √TS so equation become
TS
VMpsk = 2 Ps {[cos w0 t  cos  m ] − [sin w0 t  sin  m ]}
TS
Where
2
VMpsk = Ps TS {[cos w0 t  cos  m ] − [sin w0 t  sin  m ]} 
TS  m = (2m + 1)
M
2 2
VMpsk = E S cos  m cos w0 t − E S sin  m sin w0 t
TS TS

From above equation we can get the signal space with co-ordinate axes are the
orthonormal waveforms
2 2
let 1 (t ) = u1 (t ) = cos w0 t &  2 (t ) = u 2 (t ) = sin w0 t
Ts Ts
 VM − ary psk = E S cos  m u1 (t ) − E S sin  m u 2 (t )

 Let above equation gives even & odd signal

Pe = cos  m
P0 = sin  m
 Thus above equation of M ary PSK become

VM − ary psk = E S Pe u1 (t ) − E S Po u 2 (t )
Geometrical representation of M-ary PSK Signals
 PSK & QPSK are the special case of M-ary PSK. The symbol duration for M-
ary PSK is given as
Ts= NTb
Where N is the number of input sequence bit combined .
 From PSD of QPSK
2
 sin  f 0Ts 
S B ( f ) = S e ( f ) + S 0 ( f ) = 2 Ps Ts  
  f o Ts 

 we can write PSD of M-ary PSK

2
 sin( f 0 NTb ) 
S B ( f ) = 2 Ps NTb  
 ( f 0 NTb ) 
2
 sin( f 0 NTb ) 
S B ( f ) = 2 NE b  
 ( f 0 NTb ) 
 Both Pe & P0 can change every Ts=NTb & can assume any of M possible
values.
 The quantities Pe ,P0 & ϕm are random processes.
 The Bandwidth of M-ary PSK is

 The distance between two signal point is

OR
 2 
d = 4 E s sin ( ) = 4 NE b sin ( N )
2

M 2
 The probability of error for M ary PSK is

 NE  2 
or = erfc b 
 N o 22N 
 
MPSK Transmitter
MPSK Receiver
Power Spectral Density of MPSK

2 fb
BW =
log 2 M
PSD of MPSK
 Advantages

Bandwidth reduces with increases in the number of bit per symbol

 Disadvantage
1. Pe is increases with increase in the number of bit N per symbol, as the
distance d decreases with increases in N.
2.Transmitter & receiver of M-ary PSK is complex.
Binary Frequency Shift keying (BFSK)
 In BFSK carrier signal is shifted according to binary symbol.
 In BFSK phase of carrier is unaffected.
 Let there be a frequency shift by Ω, thus we can write the following equation

 If b(t) = 1/1 then V H (t ) = 2 Ps cos( w0 + )t = 2 Ps cos wH t

 If b(t) = -1/0 then V L (t ) = 2 Ps cos( w0 − )t = 2 Ps cos wL

 Hence there is increase or decrease in carrier frequency by Ω

 Thus the combine equation for BFSK can be written as

vfsk (t ) = 2 Ps cos[ w0 + d (t )t ]

 In BFSK two balanced modulators are used, one with carrier wH & other with wL
 The voltage value of PH(t) & PL(t) are related to the voltage values of d(t) in
following manner

 Thus when d(t) changes from +1 to -1, PH changes from 1 to 0 and PL from 0 to
1. at any time either PH or PL is 1 but not both so that the generated signal is
either at angular frequency wH or at wL.
BFSK Transmitter
 Eb 2
V H (t ) = 2 Ps cos( w0 + )t = 2 Ps cos wH t = 2 cos wH t = cos wH t Where Eb=1
Tb Tb
 Let oscillator 1 will generate frequency fH for binary symbol 1 is

2 2
= cos wH t = cos( 2f H t )
Tb Tb

 Let oscillator 2 will generate frequency fL for binary symbol 0 is

2 2
= cos wL t = cos( 2f L t )
Tb Tb
 Output of multiplier 1 is
= 2 Ps PH (t ) cos wH t

 Output of multiplier 2 is= 2 Ps PL (t ) cos wL t

 Output of adder is
𝑉𝐵𝐹𝑆𝐾 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑃𝐻 𝑡 2𝑃𝑠 cos 𝑤𝐻𝑡 + 𝑃𝐿 (𝑡) 2𝑃𝑠 cos(𝑤𝐿 𝑡)
 Binary FSK Transmitter

On-off signalling form

1
0
 Spectrum of BFSK
 Let the BFSK signal is represented by

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑃𝐻 𝑡 2𝑃𝑠 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 𝑃𝐿 (𝑡) 2𝑃𝑠 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡)

 PH & PL are unipolar signal ,to make bipolar signal use following relation
1 1
 Here 𝑃𝐻 𝑡 = + 𝑃𝐻 ′ 𝑡 where 𝑃𝐻 ′ 𝑡 = +1/-1
2 2
1 1
 𝑃𝐿 𝑡 = + 𝑃𝐿 ′ 𝑡 where 𝑃𝐿 ′ 𝑡 = -1/+1
2 2

 Thus the final equation can be written as in bipolar form is

𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑠
VBFSK(t)= cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡 + 𝑃𝐻 ′ 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 𝑃𝐿 ′ 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡
2 2 2 2

 Its Power spectral density equation is

𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏
𝑆𝑠 𝑓 = δ f − 𝑓𝐻 𝑇𝑏 + δ f − 𝑓𝐿 𝑇𝑏 + sinc 2 𝑓 − 𝑓𝐻 )𝑇𝑏 + sinc 2 𝑓 − 𝑓𝐿 )𝑇𝑏
2 2 2 2
Psd of BFSK

Bandwidth BFSK is = 4fb

BFSK
 Advantages
1. BFSK is relatively easy to implement
2. It has better noise immunity than ASK
3. It has Constant envelope technique that's why its become More efficient.
4. It require less costly power amplifiers.

Disadvantages
1. It required high bandwidth.
2. FSK is extensively used in low speed modem having bit rate below1200
bits/seconds.
Applications

 QPSK is used in various cellular wireless standards such as GSM,

CDMA, LTE, 802.11 WLAN, 802.16 fixed and mobile WiMAX,
Satellite and CABLE TV applications.
 BPSK modulation is a very basic technique used in various
wireless standards such as CDMA, WiMAX (16d, 16e), WLAN
11a, 11b, 11g, 11n, Satellite, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),
Cable modem etc.
 Telephone line modem use FSK to transmit 300 bits/sec at
two frequencies 1070Hz & 1270 Hz
Error Probability of BPSK

 Let 𝑆1 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 cos(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡) for binary 1

𝑆2 𝑡 = − 2𝑃𝑠 cos(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 for binary 0
 Now from the equation of probability of error of optimum filter

1 𝑠1 𝑇 − 𝑠2 𝑇
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
2 2 2𝜎

 2
𝑠1 𝑇 −𝑠2 𝑇 2 1
S / N = s 0 (T ) /  = 
2 2
The maximum value for = S ( f ) df
𝜎
S (f)
−  ni

2 𝑇 2
= ‫𝑆 ׬‬
𝑁0 0
𝑇 𝑑𝑡 According to Parseval’s theorem
  T

 S ( f ) df =  s (t ) dt = 
2 2 2
s (t ) dt
− − 0
 s(T)= 2𝑃𝑠 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 + 2𝑃𝑠 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡)

s(T)= 2 2𝑃𝑠 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡

𝑠1 𝑇 −𝑠2 𝑇 2 2 𝑇𝑏 2
= ‫𝑠 ׬‬ 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 ------------(A)
From A 𝜎 𝑁0 0

2 𝑇𝑏 2 2 𝑇𝑏
න 𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 8𝑃𝑠 cos 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑁0 0 𝑁0 0

16𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 2
= ‫׬‬ cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑁0 0

16𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 1+cos 4𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡

= ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑡
𝑁0 0 2

8𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏
= ‫ ׬‬1 + cos(4𝜋𝑓𝑂 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑁0 0
 8𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏
= න 1 + cos(4𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑁0 0
8𝑃𝑠 8𝑃 𝑇
 = [𝑇𝑏] + 𝑠 ‫׬‬0 cos(4𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑁0 𝑁0

8𝑃𝑠
 = [𝑇𝑏] + 0 (between limits 0 and Tb)
𝑁0

8𝑃𝑠
 = [𝑇𝑏]
𝑁0

𝑠01 𝑇 −𝑠02 𝑇 8𝑃𝑠 𝐸𝑏

 = [𝑇𝑏] =2 2
𝜎 𝑁0 𝑁0

 So
𝐸
2 2 𝑁𝑏
1 0 1 𝐸𝑏
 𝑃𝑒 = 2 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 2 2
=
2
𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
𝑁0
 Probability of error for variable phase shift is
1 𝐴2𝑇𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠2∅
 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 for variable phase shift ϕ
2 2𝑁0

 Probability of error for imperfect bit synchronization

1 𝐸𝑏 2𝜏 2
 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 1−
2 𝑁0 𝑇

 Probability of error for variable phase shift & imperfect bit

synchronization
1 𝐸𝑏 2𝜏
 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠2∅ 1− 2
2 𝑁0 𝑇

 Probability of error in terms of distance between two signal point

1 𝑑2
 𝑃𝑒 = 2
𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
4𝑁0