ale80571_ch05_175-214.

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202 Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers

Problems
Section 5.2 Operational Amplifiers +
741 vo
5.1 The equivalent model of a certain op amp is shown −
in Fig. 5.43. Determine:
+−
(a) the input resistance
1 mV
(b) the output resistance
Figure 5.45
(c) the voltage gain in dB For Prob. 5.6.

60 Ω 5.7 The op amp in Fig. 5.46 has Ri ! 100 k",

− Ro ! 100 ", A ! 100,000. Find the differential
vd + 8 × 104v d voltage vd and the output voltage vo.
1.5 MΩ −
+

Figure 5.43
For Prob. 5.1. − +
vd
+
−
5.2 The open-loop gain of an op amp is 100,000. Calculate 10 kΩ 100 kΩ
the output voltage when there are inputs of #10 !V
on the inverting terminal and #20 !V on the +
1 mV + vo
noninverting terminal. −
−
5.3 Determine the output voltage when $20 !V is
applied to the inverting terminal of an op amp and
#30 !V to its noninverting terminal. Assume that Figure 5.46
the op amp has an open-loop gain of 200,000. For Prob. 5.7.
5.4 The output voltage of an op amp is $4 V when the
noninverting input is 1 mV. If the open-loop gain
of the op amp is 2 % 106, what is the inverting Section 5.3 Ideal Op Amp
input?
5.8 Obtain vo for each of the op amp circuits in Fig. 5.47.
5.5 For the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.44, the op amp has
an open-loop gain of 100,000, an input resistance of
10 k", and an output resistance of 100 ". Find the
voltage gain vo!vi using the nonideal model of the 10 kΩ
op amp.
2 kΩ
−
2V +

− −
− + +
+ + +
+ vo
1 mA vo 1V + 2 kΩ
+ vo − −
vi − −
−

(a) (b)
Figure 5.44
For Prob. 5.5. Figure 5.47
For Prob. 5.8.

5.6 Using the same parameters for the 741 op amp in

Example 5.1, find vo in the op amp circuit of 5.9 Determine vo for each of the op amp circuits in
Fig. 5.45. Fig. 5.48.
ale80571_ch05_175-214.qxd 11/30/11 12:57 PM Page 203

Problems 203

2 kΩ 25 kΩ

5 kΩ
− −
+ +
+ +
vs +
1 mA − 10 kΩ vo
+ 4V vo
− −
−

Figure 5.51
For Prob. 5.12.
+
− 5.13 Find vo and io in the circuit of Fig. 5.52.
+ 1V +
3V +
− − 2 kΩ vo 10 kΩ
−
+ io
−
1V +
− 100 kΩ +
Figure 5.48 90 kΩ 10 kΩ vo
For Prob. 5.9. −
50 kΩ

5.10 Find the gain vo!vs of the circuit in Fig. 5.49.

Figure 5.52
20 kΩ For Prob. 5.13.
+
− 5.14 Determine the output voltage vo in the circuit of
+ Fig. 5.53.
10 kΩ
10 kΩ
vs +
− vo

10 kΩ 10 kΩ
− 20 kΩ
−
+
+
Figure 5.49 2 mA 5 kΩ vo
For Prob. 5.10. −

5.11 Using Fig. 5.50, design a problem to help other

students better understand how ideal op amps work.
Figure 5.53
For Prob. 5.14.
Section 5.4 Inverting Amplifier
R2
5.15 (a) Determine the ratio vo!is in the op amp circuit of
Fig. 5.54.
R1
io (b) Evaluate the ratio for R1 ! 20 k", R2 ! 25 k",
−
R3 ! 40 k".
+
R3 + R1 R3
+ R4 R5 vo
V − −
R2

−
Figure 5.50 +
For Prob. 5.11. +
is vo
−
5.12 Calculate the voltage ratio vo!vs for the op amp
circuit of Fig. 5.51. Assume that the op amp is Figure 5.54
ideal. For Prob. 5.15.
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204 Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers

5.16 Using Fig. 5.55, design a problem to help students 5.19 Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 5.58.
better understand inverting op amps.
2 kΩ 4 kΩ 10 kΩ
R3
io
−
ix 750 mV +
− 4 kΩ +
R1 iy
– 2 kΩ
+

+ R4
Figure 5.58
V −
For Prob. 5.19.
R2
5.20 In the circuit of Fig. 5.59, calculate vo of vs ! 2 V.

8 kΩ
Figure 5.55
For Prob. 5.16. 2 kΩ
4 kΩ 4 kΩ
−
5.17 Calculate the gain vo!vi when the switch in Fig. 5.56 +
+
is in: 9V + +
− vs − vo
(a) position 1 (b) position 2 (c) position 3. −

12 kΩ
Figure 5.59
1 For Prob. 5.20.
80 kΩ
2 5.21 Calculate vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.60.
2 MΩ 3 10 kΩ
5 kΩ
− 4 kΩ
+ −
+
vi +
− 10 kΩ vo + +
−
3V + 1V + vo
− −
−

Figure 5.56
For Prob. 5.17.
Figure 5.60
For Prob. 5.21.
*5.18 For the circuit shown in Figure 5.57, solve for the
Thevenin equivalent circuit looking into terminals A 5.22 Design an inverting amplifier with a gain of $15.
and B.

10 kΩ 5.23 For the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.61, find the voltage
gain vo!vs.
10 kΩ Rf
−
+
7.5 V +
− 2.5 Ω
R1
–
+ +
vs +
−
R2
vo
Figure 5.57 −
For Prob. 5.18.

Figure 5.61
* An asterisk indicates a challenging problem. For Prob. 5.23.
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Problems 205

5.24 In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.62, find k in the voltage 5.28 Find io in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.66.
transfer function vo ! kvs.
50 kΩ
Rf

R1 −
R2 +
vs io
−
−+ 10 kΩ + 0.4 V 20 kΩ
+ + −

R3 R4 vo

−
Figure 5.66
For Prob. 5.28.
Figure 5.62
For Prob. 5.24. 5.29 Determine the voltage gain vo!vi of the op amp
circuit in Fig. 5.67.
Section 5.5 Noninverting Amplifier
R1
5.25 Calculate vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.63.
+
− +

12 kΩ vi + R2
− − R2 vo
+
+ R1
–
3.7 V +
−
20 kΩ vo
−
Figure 5.67
For Prob. 5.29.
Figure 5.63
For Prob. 5.25. 5.30 In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.68, find ix and the
power absorbed by the 20-k" resistor.
5.26 Using Fig. 5.64, design a problem to help other
students better understand noninverting op amps.
60 kΩ
−
+ + ix
− io
1.2 V +
−
30 kΩ 20 kΩ
V +
− R2 R3
R1

Figure 5.68
For Prob. 5.30.
Figure 5.64
For Prob. 5.26.
5.31 For the circuit in Fig. 5.69, find ix.

5.27 Find vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.65. 12 kΩ

6 kΩ
16 Ω
v1 − v2 8 Ω +
+ ix −
+
+
+ 4 mA 3 kΩ
7.5 V − 24 Ω 12 Ω vo 6 kΩ vo
−
−

Figure 5.65 Figure 5.69

For Prob. 5.27. For Prob. 5.31.
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206 Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers

5.32 Calculate ix and vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.70. Find +

− a
the power dissipated by the 60-k" resistor.

vs +
− R2
ix R1
+ 20 kΩ
− b

+ Figure 5.73
4 mV + 50 kΩ vo For Prob. 5.36.
− 60 kΩ 30 kΩ
−
10 kΩ Section 5.6 Summing Amplifier
5.37 Determine the output of the summing amplifier in
Fig. 5.74.
Figure 5.70
For Prob. 5.32. 2V
10 kΩ
−+ 30 kΩ
5.33 Refer to the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.71. Calculate ix −2 V
and the power absorbed by the 3-k" resistor. 20 kΩ
−+ −
+ +
4.5 V vo
30 kΩ −
1 kΩ +−

ix Figure 5.74
+
− For Prob. 5.37.

1 mA 4 kΩ 3 kΩ 5.38 Using Fig. 5.75, design a problem to help other

2 kΩ
students better understand summing amplifiers.

V1 R1
Figure 5.71
For Prob. 5.33. −+

+
V2 R2
−
+− +
5.34 Given the op amp circuit shown in Fig. 5.72, express vo
vo in terms of v1 and v2. V3 R3 −
−+ R5

V4
R1 R4
v in +−
v1 +
v2 −
R4 + Figure 5.75
R2
vo For Prob. 5.38.
R3
– 5.39 For the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.76, determine the
value of v2 in order to make vo ! $16.5 V.

Figure 5.72 10 kΩ 50 kΩ
For Prob. 5.34. +2 V
20 kΩ
v2 −
+ vo
5.35 Design a noninverting amplifier with a gain of 7.5. 50 kΩ
–1 V
5.36 For the circuit shown in Fig. 5.73, find the Thevenin
equivalent at terminals a-b. (Hint: To find RTh, apply Figure 5.76
a current source io and calculate vo.) For Prob. 5.39.
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Problems 207

5.40 Referring to the circuit shown in Fig. 5.77, 5.46 Using only two op amps, design a circuit to solve
determine Vo in terms of V1 and V2.
v1 $ v2 v3
$vout ! #
3 2
100 kΩ 200 kΩ

100 kΩ
−
Section 5.7 Difference Amplifier
10 Ω
V1 + + 5.47 The circuit in Fig. 5.79 is for a difference amplifier.
− +
V2 + Find vo given that v1 ! 1 V and v2 ! 2 V.
−
40 Ω Vo
−

30 kΩ
Figure 5.77
For Prob. 5.40. 2 kΩ
−
2 kΩ
5.41 An averaging amplifier is a summer that provides + +
an output equal to the average of the inputs. By v1 +
−
v2 + vo
using proper input and feedback resistor values, − 20 kΩ
one can get −
1
$vout ! 4 (v1 # v2 # v3 # v4)
Using a feedback resistor of 10 k", design an Figure 5.79
averaging amplifier with four inputs. For Prob. 5.47.

5.42 A three-input summing amplifier has input resistors

with R1 ! R2 ! R3 ! 75 k". To produce an
averaging amplifier, what value of feedback resistor 5.48 The circuit in Fig. 5.80 is a differential amplifier
is needed? driven by a bridge. Find vo.
5.43 A four-input summing amplifier has R1 ! R2 !
R3 ! R4 ! 80 k". What value of feedback resistor
is needed to make it an averaging amplifier?
20 kΩ 80 kΩ
5.44 Show that the output voltage vo of the circuit in
Fig. 5.78 is 10 kΩ 30 kΩ

(R3 # R4) −
vo ! (R2v1 # R1v2) + 10 mV vo
R3(R1 # R2) +

40 kΩ 60 kΩ
R4
20 kΩ
80 kΩ
R3
−
vo
R1
v1 +
Figure 5.80
For Prob. 5.48.
R2
v2

Figure 5.78
For Prob. 5.44. 5.49 Design a difference amplifier to have a gain of 4 and
a common-mode input resistance of 20 k" at each
input.
5.45 Design an op amp circuit to perform the following 5.50 Design a circuit to amplify the difference between
operation: two inputs by 2.5.
vo ! 3v1 $ 2v2 (a) Use only one op amp.
All resistances must be & 100 k". (b) Use two op amps.
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208 Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers

5.51 Using two op amps, design a subtractor. R2 R2

2 2

*5.52 Design an op amp circuit such that R1

− RG
+
vo ! 4v1 # 6v2 $ 3v3 $ 5v4 vi
− +
Let all the resistors be in the range of 20 to 200 k". +
R1 vo
*5.53 The ordinary difference amplifier for fixed-gain R2 R2
operation is shown in Fig. 5.81(a). It is simple and 2 2 −
reliable unless gain is made variable. One way of
providing gain adjustment without losing simplicity
and accuracy is to use the circuit in Fig. 5.81(b). (c)
Another way is to use the circuit in Fig. 5.81(c). Figure 5.81
Show that: For Prob. 5.53.
(a) for the circuit in Fig. 5.81(a),
vo R2 Section 5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits
!
vi R1
5.54 Determine the voltage transfer ratio vo!vs in the op
(b) for the circuit in Fig. 5.81(b), amp circuit of Fig. 5.82, where R ! 10 k".
vo R2 1
!
vi R1 R1 R
1#
2RG
R
(c) for the circuit in Fig. 5.81(c),
R
vo R2 R2 −
! a1 # b + + +
vi R1 2RG −
+
vs
R vo
R
R2
− −
R1
−
−
vi
Figure 5.82
+ + For Prob. 5.54.
+
R1 vo
R2 5.55 In a certain electronic device, a three-stage amplifier
− is desired, whose overall voltage gain is 42 dB. The
individual voltage gains of the first two stages are to
be equal, while the gain of the third is to be one-
(a) fourth of each of the first two. Calculate the voltage
gain of each.
R2
R1 R1 5.56 Using Fig. 5.83, design a problem to help other
2 2 students better understand cascaded op amps.
− −
vi RG
+ + R2 R4
+
R1 R1 R1
vo R3
2 2 + −
R2 + −
vi +
− −

Figure 5.83
(b) For Prob. 5.56.