Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337

Multi-Protocol Communication and Security

System Using ESP8266/32
Akash Kumar¹; Balwant Yadav²; Aniket Jopre³; Dr. Monika Deshmukh⁴
¹²³Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sandip University, Nashik, India
⁴Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sandip University, Nashik, India

Publication Date: 2025/03/20

Abstract: In the rapidly evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats, multi-protocol communication devices play a crucial
role in penetration testing and security research. This paper presents a Multi-Protocol Communication and Security System
using ESP8266/32, designed to explore cybersecurity vulnerabilities across different communication protocols, including
WiFi, RF, and RFID. The project encompasses four distinct tools: Cyberduck (WiFi Rubber Ducky), Signal Spy (RF Signal
Scanning and Replay), ZapTag (RFID Reading, Writing, and Cloning), and ARP Spoofer (Network Scanning and ARP
Spoofing). Each tool is developed for ethical hacking, security testing, and research purposes. This paper discusses the
hardware and software implementation, security implications, and future improvements.

Keywords: ESP8266, ESP32, Cybersecurity, Penetration Testing, WiFi Rubber Ducky, RFID Cloning, RF Signal Replay, ARP
Spoofing.

How to Cite: Akash Kumar; Balwant Yadav; Aniket Jopre; Dr. Monika Deshmukh (2025). Multi-Protocol Communication and
Security System Using ESP8266/32. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 10(3), 471-480.
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337

I. INTRODUCTION research. These tools are built using ESP8266/32 and other
compatible hardware components to facilitate the exploration
In today’s digital age, cybersecurity threats are evolving of security vulnerabilities in various communication
at an unprecedented pace, making it increasingly difficult to protocols. The system includes multiple components, such as
secure wireless and network communication systems from Cyberduck (a WiFi-based HID injection tool), Signal Spy (an
sophisticated attacks. Malicious actors continuously develop RF signal scanning and replay tool), ZapTag (an RFID reading
new techniques to exploit vulnerabilities in communication and cloning device), and ARP Spoofer (a network scanning
protocols, emphasizing the need for robust security measures and spoofing tool). Each of these devices serves a unique
and proactive threat detection. As a result, security function, allowing security professionals to analyze security
professionals and researchers require advanced tools to weaknesses in WiFi, RF, RFID, and Ethernet networks.
analyze, identify, and mitigate potential risks before they can
be exploited in real-world scenarios. By leveraging the capabilities of ESP8266/32
microcontrollers, this research aims to provide a cost-effective
Microcontrollers such as the ESP8266 and ESP32 have and practical approach to penetration testing. The proposed
gained popularity due to their affordability, low power system is designed to help security professionals and ethical
consumption, and extensive networking capabilities. These hackers identify weaknesses, simulate attacks, and develop
devices support various wireless communication protocols, countermeasures to enhance overall cybersecurity.
making them highly suitable for cybersecurity applications. Furthermore, this work underscores the importance of using
The ESP8266 and ESP32 integrate WiFi functionality and can open-source hardware and software for security research,
be programmed to perform tasks such as wireless penetration fostering innovation and collaboration in the field of
testing, packet sniffing, and network spoofing, making them cybersecurity.
valuable tools for security researchers. Additionally, their
ability to interface with external modules, including RF II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
transceivers, RFID readers, and Ethernet adapters, further
enhances their capabilities in testing vulnerabilities across The Multi-Protocol Communication and Security
multiple communication technologies. System is designed to support various penetration testing and
security research tasks, leveraging ESP8266/ESP32
This paper introduces a Multi-Protocol Communication microcontrollers and other compatible hardware. Each tool
and Security System, which comprises a suite of cybersecurity within the system is specialized for analyzing vulnerabilities
tools specifically designed for penetration testing and security in WiFi, RF, and RFID communication channels. The

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 471

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
architecture consists of two key components: hardware and  Used in ZapTag to read, write, and clone RFID cards,
software. The hardware layer includes microcontrollers, exposing weaknesses in physical security mechanisms.
transceivers, RFID readers, and display modules that facilitate  Supports MIFARE and ISO14443A standard tags,
real-time interaction with target systems. The software commonly used in access control and authentication
framework comprises firmware, automation scripts, and systems.
analytical tools that process security data, visualize results,
and automate attacks.  CC1101 RF Module for Signal Scanning and Replay:

By combining low-cost microcontrollers with advanced  A sub-GHz RF transceiver capable of capturing and
software-based testing techniques, this system provides a replaying wireless signals in the 315MHz, 433MHz, and
cost-effective and scalable approach to penetration testing, 868MHz frequency bands.
security analysis, and ethical hacking. Each tool is designed  Used in Signal Spy to analyze, record, and transmit RF
to be modular, allowing it to function independently or as part signals, which can be used for wireless security testing and
of a larger security assessment workflow. Below is a detailed replay attacks.
breakdown of the hardware and software components used in  Supports frequency hopping detection, making it useful for
this system. identifying vulnerabilities in wireless key fobs, IoT
devices, and remote-controlled systems.
A. Hardware Components
The hardware used in this system is carefully selected to B. Software Framework
ensure high performance, versatility, and compatibility with The software architecture is designed to streamline
multiple communication protocols. These components enable security testing, automate attack execution, and provide in-
the system to interact with WiFi networks, RFID-based depth analysis of vulnerabilities. The system integrates
security systems, and RF-based devices for security testing multiple development tools and analysis platforms to
and exploitation research. facilitate firmware development, scripting, and real-time
monitoring.
 ESP8266/ESP32 Microcontrollers:
 Arduino IDE and PlatformIO for Firmware Development:
 These WiFi-enabled microcontrollers serve as the core
processing units of the system.  Arduino IDE is used for writing and uploading firmware
 They provide wireless connectivity, real-time processing, to ESP8266/ESP32.
and automation capabilities.  PlatformIO provides an advanced environment with better
 ESP32, with its dual-core processor and Bluetooth library management, debugging tools, and multi-platform
support, offers enhanced performance over ESP8266. support.
 Used for executing security scripts, controlling connected  These tools allow the creation of custom penetration
modules, and performing real-time security testing. testing scripts for WiFi, RFID, and RF-based security
assessments.
 ATmega32u4 for USB HID Emulation:
 Python and Bash Scripts for Automation:
 ATmega32u4 is a microcontroller with native USB
capabilities, allowing it to function as a keyboard or  Python is used for automating security tasks, such as
mouse. packet analysis, brute force attacks, and data parsing.
 Used in Cyberduck for HID injection attacks, where pre-  Bash scripts enable command-line execution of
programmed keystrokes can be executed remotely. penetration testing tools, improving workflow efficiency.
 Helps simulate keylogging, automated script execution,  These scripts allow seamless integration with third-party
and phishing attack simulations. tools like Wireshark and RF analyzers for deeper
inspection of captured data.
 W5500 Ethernet Module for Network Spoofing:
 Wireshark and RF Analyzers for Testing:
 The W5500 Ethernet controller enables wired network
interactions for advanced penetration testing.  Wireshark, a powerful network protocol analyzer, is used
 Used in ARP Spoofer to perform network packet analysis, for monitoring network traffic and detecting
ARP poisoning, and Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks. vulnerabilities.
 Provides stable and high-speed network communication  RF analyzers help decode and analyze RF signals, making
for active and passive network security assessments. them essential for Signal Spy's RF signal scanning and
replay functionality.
 RC522 RFID Module for Reading, Writing, and Cloning  These tools are instrumental in performing deep packet
Tags: inspection (DPI), protocol reverse engineering, and
forensic analysis of wireless communication.
 The RC522 RFID reader/writer allows interaction with
NFC and RFID access control systems.

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 472

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
 Web UI for Visualization (Used in Cyberduck and Signal device is highly versatile, allowing testers to simulate real-
Spy): world attack scenarios in a controlled and ethical manner.

 A web-based user interface provides an intuitive way to  Features:

interact with the tools.
 Used in Cyberduck to remotely deploy and execute  Wireless Payload Delivery via ESP8266
keystroke payloads over a web interface.
 Used in Signal Spy for graphical representation of  The ESP8266 microcontroller enables WiFi-based
captured RF signals, replay settings, and frequency communication, allowing users to remotely control and
analysis. execute keystroke injection scripts.
 The Web UI enhances user experience by providing real-  Unlike traditional USB-based attack devices, Cyberduck
time monitoring, customizable settings, and interactive can be triggered from any device connected to the same
control panels. WiFi network, eliminating the need for direct USB access.
 The web interface provides an easy way to select and
III. PROJECT COMPONENTS deploy payloads, making it convenient for security
professionals.
A. Cyberduck – WiFi Rubber Ducky
Cyberduck is a WiFi-enabled keystroke injection tool,  Remote Script Execution via a Web Interface
inspired by the traditional USB Rubber Ducky but enhanced
with wireless capabilities. Unlike conventional USB-based  Cyberduck includes a built-in web server, allowing users
keystroke injection devices that require physical access, to upload, edit, and execute scripts remotely.
Cyberduck allows security researchers and penetration testers  The web interface provides an intuitive dashboard where
to remotely execute pre-programmed keystrokes over a WiFi users can:
network. This capability makes it a powerful tool for testing
keystroke injection vulnerabilities, assessing endpoint  Select from predefined payloads.
security, and demonstrating the risks of unauthorized input  Create custom scripts in real-time.
device emulation.  Monitor keystroke execution status.

Cyberduck operates using a combination of ESP8266 The web interface eliminates the need for external
(for WiFi communication) and ATmega32u4 (for HID software or a command-line interface, making Cyberduck
emulation). It features a web-based user interface, enabling user-friendly and accessibleas as shown in the figure no 1.
users to deploy, edit, and execute payloads remotely. The

Fig 1 Web UI of Cyberduck

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 473

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
 HID Emulation using ATmega32u4  Adjustable frequency tuning, making it easy to scan
specific RF bands.
 Cyberduck utilizes an ATmega32u4 microcontroller,
which is known for its native USB HID (Human Interface Users can capture and analyze live RF transmissions
Device) support. from nearby devices, providing insights into how wireless
 This enables the device to function as a keyboard, allowing communication works and identifying potential security
it to inject keystrokes into a target system just like a real weaknesses.
keyboard would.
 Keystroke injection is fast and stealthy, making it effective  Signal Recording and Playback
for testing automated script execution, command injection,
and social engineering attack simulations.  One of the most powerful capabilities of Signal Spy is the
ability to record and replay RF signals, mimicking
 Web UI for Visualization and Control legitimate transmissions.
 The tool can:
 Cyberduck’s web-based user interface provides a real-time
dashboard for managing payload execution.  Capture raw RF data from a remote control or wireless
 The UI allows users to: sensor.
 Store the recorded signals for later analysis.
 Select and execute payloads with a single click.  Replay the signals at will, effectively performing signal
 Edit keystroke scripts directly from the browser. injection attacks or security tests.
 Monitor execution logs to track script activity.
 This feature is useful for:
The graphical interface simplifies testing, making it
accessible even for non-technical users conducting  Testing the security of keyless entry systems and garage
penetration testing. door openers.
 Assessing the vulnerability of smart home devices to
B. Signal Spy – RF Signal Scanning and Replay replay attacks.
Signal Spy is an advanced radio frequency (RF) security  Conducting forensic analysis of intercepted RF
research tool designed to capture, analyze, and replay sub- communications.
GHz signals. It enables penetration testers, security
researchers, and radio enthusiasts to assess vulnerabilities in  Frequency Hopping Detection
wireless devices that operate on common RF frequencies
such as 315MHz, 433MHz, and 868MHz. These frequencies  Many modern RF-based security systems use frequency
are widely used in applications such as wireless remote hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) to prevent
controls, keyless entry systems, smart home devices, and eavesdropping and replay attacks.
industrial automation.  Signal Spy incorporates a frequency hopping detection
algorithm, which:
By utilizing a CC1101 RF transceiver module, Signal
Spy can scan, record, and replay RF signals, making it a  Monitors signal patterns over time to detect shifting
powerful tool for testing the security of wireless frequencies.
communications. Additionally, its ability to detect frequency  Logs detected hop sequences, allowing researchers to
hopping mechanisms helps in analyzing advanced security analyze complex transmission methods.
protocols that attempt to evade interception. The built-in web-  Identifies predictable hopping patterns, which could reveal
based user interface (UI) provides an intuitive way to potential weaknesses in encryption or security protocols.
visualize captured signals, control playback, and configure
scanning parameters. This feature helps penetration testers evaluate whether
an RF system’s hopping mechanism is truly random or if it
 Features: can be exploited for signal interception and manipulation.

 RF Signal Scanning with CC1101  Web UI for Visualization and Control

 Signal Spy is built around the CC1101 RF  Signal Spy features a web-based user interface that allows
 transceiver, a highly flexible low-power module capable researchers to visualize captured signals, control playback,
of tuning into multiple frequency bands. and configure settings in real time.
 The CC1101 allows for:  The Web UI provides:

 Wideband signal reception, covering popular sub-GHz  A real-time RF spectrum analyzer, displaying live signals.
frequencies (315MHz, 433MHz, 868MHz).  Playback controls, allowing users to replay recorded
 Demodulation of ASK, FSK, and OOK signals, which are signals with precise timing.
commonly used in key fobs, garage door openers, alarm  Configuration options for setting custom scanning
systems, and IoT devices. frequencies, modulation types, and recording durations.

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 474

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
 Signal analysis tools, helping users inspect waveform The graphical interface eliminates the need for complex
characteristics. command-line interactions, making it more accessible for
researchers and ethical hackers as shown in the figure no 2 and
3.

Fig 2 Web UI of Signal Spy

Fig 3 Record Feature of Signal Spy

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 475

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
 Workflow & Execution Process security risks associated with clonable and weakly protected
RFID credentials.
 Initialization & Configuration
 Features:
 When powered on, the ESP8266/ESP32 initializes and
connects to WiFi.  Read and Clone MIFARE & NFC Tags
 The CC1101 transceiver is configured for scanning a
predefined frequency range.  ZapTag supports multiple RFID technologies, including:
 The web interface becomes accessible, allowing users to
configure scanning and playback settings.  MIFARE Classic (1K & 4K) – Commonly used in access
control, transit cards, and hotel keycards.
 RF Signal Capture  MIFARE Ultralight & NTAG – Used in event tickets,
contactless payments, and authentication.
 The CC1101 module begins scanning for active RF  NFC (Type 1, 2, 3, and 4) – Found in modern smartphones
transmissions. and smart cards.
 Incoming signals are analyzed, demodulated, and
displayed on the web interface.  The PN53 module enables reading data from RFID tags
 Users can select signals of interest and initiate recording. within a proximity range of 2–5 cm.
 Users can extract tag UID (Unique Identifier), sector data,
 Signal Recording & Analysis and stored credentials.
 Once a valid RFID credential is read, ZapTag can create
 Captured signals are stored in raw binary format. an exact digital copy, allowing for emulation and cloning
 Users can analyze recorded signals using integrated tools onto blank RFID tags.
in the web UI.
 Advanced users can export data to RF analyzers like  This feature is valuable for:
Universal Radio Hacker for deeper analysis.
 Assessing security vulnerabilities in physical access
 Signal Replay & Testing control systems.
 Testing RFID authentication mechanisms for weaknesses.
 Selected signals can be transmitted back using the CC1101  Identifying insecure implementations of RFID-based
module. security.
 Replay timing and frequency parameters can be adjusted.
 The system logs replay attempts, allowing researchers to  Store Multiple RFID Credentials
fine-tune signal injection tests.
 ZapTag is capable of storing multiple RFID tag dumps,
 Frequency Hopping Detection allowing for easy management of cloned credentials.
 Stored credentials can be retrieved and emulated on
 If a target system uses frequency hopping, Signal Spy will demand, enabling users to switch between different RFID
track changes in frequency over time. identities.
 Logged hopping patterns can be used to predict and replay  This feature is useful for:
multi-frequency transmissions.
 Carrying multiple cloned credentials for security audits.
C. ZapTag – RFID Reading, Writing, and Cloning  Emulating various access control cards without needing
ZapTag is an advanced RFID cloning and testing tool the original physical card.
designed for penetration testers, security researchers, and  Comparing different RFID tag formats and data
hardware hackers. It is built around the RC522 NFC module, structures.
a widely used RFID reader/writer capable of interacting with
a broad range of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and  Write Custom Data to RFID Tags
NFC (Near Field Communication) tags.
 ZapTag allows users to modify RFID tag data by writing
This tool enables users to read, clone, store, and write new information onto writable tags.
custom data onto RFID tags, allowing for security  This includes:
assessments of RFID-based access control systems. By
simulating legitimate RFID credentials, ZapTag can help  Writing a cloned UID to a blank tag, effectively
identify vulnerabilities in keycard-based entry systems, duplicating an existing access card.
payment terminals, smart locks, and other RFID-enabled  Customizing data sectors to create personalized RFID
devices. credentials.
 Manipulating RFID tag contents for security testing and
ZapTag is a powerful addition to any RFID penetration research purposes.
testing toolkit, allowing researchers to evaluate real-world

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 476

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
 The writing process supports:  Manipulate network traffic by spoofing ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) responses.
 Standard MIFARE Classic (1K/4K) reprogramming.  Intercept, modify, and relay packets between network
 NTAG / Ultralight modifications for custom NFC devices.
applications.  Simulate real-world cyber threats, such as Man-in-the-
 Brute-force and key recovery techniques to unlock Middle (MitM) attacks, to assess network resilience.
secured MIFARE sectors.
This tool is crucial for evaluating network security,
 Workflow & Execution Process helping administrators and researchers detect and mitigate
potential attack vectors before they can be exploited by
 Initialize the ZapTag Device malicious actors.

 The RC522 module is powered on and initializes  Features:

communication with the host system.
 If using an ESP32-based version, the web interface  ARP Spoofing for Network Traffic Interception
becomes accessible, allowing for remote control.
 Allows attackers to impersonate another device on the
 Read & Dump RFID Tag Data network by sending falsified ARP messages.
 Redirects traffic meant for a legitimate device (e.g., a
 The user places an RFID card near the RC522 scanner. router or server) to the attacker’s machine.
 ZapTag extracts the tag UID, sector data, and access keys.  Enables Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks, where an
 If necessary, ZapTag attempts to brute-force or recover attacker can:
sector keys for locked MIFARE Classic tags.  Monitor network traffic (e.g., HTTP, FTP, Telnet, and
 The extracted RFID tag data is stored in memory for later other unencrypted protocols).
use.  Capture login credentials from insecure connections.
 Inject malicious payloads into network streams.
 Analyze & Modify Tag Data  Can be used to redirect traffic between clients and
gateways, exposing weaknesses in network security
 Users can inspect the stored tag data, including: policies.

 UID (Unique Identifier).  Passive and Active Network Scanning

 Sector and block contents.
 Authentication keys (if recovered).  Passive Scanning:

 The stored RFID data can be modified or rewritten with  The ARP Spoofer can operate in stealth mode, monitoring
new values. all broadcasted ARP requests in the network.
 It helps identify active hosts, open ports, and live
 Clone or Emulate RFID Tags connections without directly interacting with devices.
 Useful for network reconnaissance without triggering
 ZapTag allows users to write the stored data onto blank security alerts.
RFID tags, creating fully functional duplicates.
 If supported by the hardware, the tool can also emulate a  Active Scanning:
cloned RFID credential, allowing for:
 Sends custom ARP requests to map the network topology.
 Virtual access card emulation on NFC-capable devices.  Identifies connected devices, MAC addresses, and IP
 Testing access control systems without physical addresses.
duplication.  Can detect security misconfigurations and unpatched
vulnerabilities in networked devices.
D. ARP Spoofer – Network Scanning and ARP Spoofing  Helps assess the effectiveness of Intrusion Detection
The ARP Spoofer is a powerful network security testing Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS).
device designed for penetration testers, ethical hackers, and
security researchers. It enables users to identify vulnerabilities  DoS Attack Simulation for Research Purposes
in network infrastructures by performing ARP poisoning
attacks, passive network scanning, and DoS (Denial-of-  Simulates Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks to test network
Service) attack simulations. robustness.
 Overwhelms targets by flooding them with ARP requests,
Built using an ATmega32u4 microcontroller and a causing network disruption.
W5500 Ethernet module, the ARP Spoofer allows researchers  Helps security teams evaluate:
to:  How well their firewalls and security appliances handle
ARP-based attacks.

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 477

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
 Whether network segmentation strategies can mitigate Each device runs a lightweight HTTP server to facilitate
ARP-based threats. remote access and automation. Cyberduck, for example,
 The effectiveness of dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) and processes keystroke injection payloads remotely via web
MAC address filtering in preventing spoofing attacks. requests, while Signal Spy captures and replays RF signals via
a user-friendly dashboard.
 Attack Workflow & Execution Process
 Hardware Integration
 Initializing the Device
 Cyberduck: Uses ESP8266 for WiFi-based HID
 The ARP Spoofer is powered on and connected to the emulation, sending keystrokes wirelessly.
target network via Ethernet.  Signal Spy: Uses the CC1101 RF module for capturing
 The ATmega32u4 microcontroller initializes network and replaying RF signals, connected via SPI.
parameters, preparing for packet manipulation.  ZapTag: Integrates the RC522 RFID module to read and
write NFC/MIFARE tags.
 Passive Network Scanning  ARP Spoofer: Uses an ATmega32u4 with the W5500
Ethernet module for ARP spoofing and network scanning.
 The tool monitors ARP requests within the local network.
 It builds a network map, identifying connected hosts, their  Wireless Control and Automation
MAC addresses, and IP assignments. ESP8266/32’s built-in WiFi capabilities enable remote
 The collected data is stored for further attack execution. control of security tests. A web-based UI provides:

 Active ARP Spoofing  Live status monitoring of tests.

 Real-time logs and captured data visualization.
 The ARP Spoofer sends forged ARP responses, falsely  Configuration options for different security tests.
associating its MAC address with the IP of another device
(e.g., the router). Signal Spy, for instance, allows users to select frequency
 This causes network traffic meant for the original device bands for scanning, replay captured signals, and analyze raw
to be redirected to the attacker. RF data through a web-based interface.
 The attacker can now:
 Security Considerations in Implementation
 Intercept and log all network packets (e.g., browsing To ensure ethical usage and prevent unintended harm,
activity, login credentials). security measures were incorporated:
 Modify traffic in real time, injecting malicious content.
 Drop packets, effectively denying access to network  Access Control: Web UIs require authentication to prevent
services. unauthorized access.
 Data Encryption: Communications between devices and
 DoS Attack Execution control interfaces use HTTPS where possible.
 Logging and Auditing: All actions performed through the
 The tool can send massive amounts of ARP requests, system are logged for review and accountability.
overwhelming the network.
 This disrupts communication between devices, leading to V. RESULTS & PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
a Denial-of-Service (DoS) condition.
 Used for stress-testing network resilience against ARP- Each tool was tested in controlled environments to
based attacks. evaluate performance. The results indicate that the
ESP8266/32 provides sufficient processing power and
IV. IMPLEMENTATION flexibility for multi-protocol security testing. Performance
benchmarks:
Each of the tools in the Multi-Protocol Communication
and Security System was implemented with specific firmware
 Cyberduck achieved keystroke injection speeds
and hardware configurations. The integration of ESP8266/32 comparable to traditional HID devices.
allows for wireless control and automation of security tests.
 Signal Spy successfully captured and replayed RF signals
with high accuracy.
Firmware for each tool was developed using Arduino
IDE and PlatformIO, with custom scripts written in C and  ZapTag cloned RFID tags within seconds, demonstrating
Python. The firmware is designed to: vulnerabilities in common access control systems.
 ARP Spoofer effectively intercepted network traffic,
highlighting the risks of unsecured LANs.
 Handle communication protocols efficiently (WiFi, RF,
and RFID).
 Process and analyze security test data in real-time.
 Provide a user-friendly interface via a web-based control
panel.

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 478

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
VI. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK  Train machine learning models to detect:

This research highlights the effectiveness of using  Unusual packet transmission patterns (e.g., ARP
ESP8266 and ESP32 microcontrollers for cybersecurity poisoning, deauthentication floods).
testing across multiple communication protocols. These low-  Anomalous RF signals that indicate replay attacks or
cost, highly versatile devices provide a powerful platform for unauthorized transmissions.
security researchers, ethical hackers, and penetration testers to  Deviations in RFID/NFC authentication patterns that may
evaluate and analyze wireless and network vulnerabilities in signal cloning attempts.
real-world scenarios.
 Implement edge AI on ESP32, allowing real-time
By leveraging ESP8266/32’s capabilities, we processing of network traffic and RF signals without
successfully conducted tests across Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, reliance on external servers.
and sub-GHz RF communication protocols. These
microcontrollers have proven to be valuable tools for:  Expanding Support for Additional RF Bands &
Communication Protocols
 Identifying weaknesses in wireless security
implementations.  Extend RF signal analysis and attack capabilities to
 Simulating real-world cyberattacks to test the resilience of include LoRa, Zigbee, and Z-Wave communication
various security protocols. protocols.
 Developing and deploying security countermeasures to  Develop support for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands to enhance
strengthen network and IoT device security. Wi-Fi security testing capabilities.
 Implement Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) attack tools,
Through practical experiments, we demonstrated that including:
ESP-based security tools can perform advanced attacks such
as Wi-Fi deauthentication, ARP spoofing, RFID cloning, RF  Passive scanning and device fingerprinting.
signal analysis, and replay attacks, making them indispensable  BLE packet injection and spoofing.
for modern cybersecurity research.  Exploring vulnerabilities in BLE pairing mechanisms.

However, as new threats emerge, there is an increasing  Improve RF replay attack functionality to include more
need to enhance the effectiveness of these tools by integrating precise signal modulation and frequency hopping
automated threat detection, AI-based analysis, and expanded techniques, increasing effectiveness against modern
protocol support. rolling code security systems.

A. Future Work & Enhancements TESTING AND RESULTS

While the current implementation provides a robust
framework for penetration testing and wireless security Each security testing tool was thoroughly evaluated in
analysis, future improvements will focus on enhancing controlled environments to measure its effectiveness in
security measures, increasing automation, and expanding identifying vulnerabilities and conducting penetration testing.
functionality to cover a broader range of attack vectors. The tests focused on assessing attack feasibility, detection
rates, and real-world applicability across various
 Enhancing Security Countermeasures for Detected communication protocols.
Vulnerabilities
 Cyberduck – WiFi Rubber Ducky
 Implement real-time security monitoring to detect ongoing Cyberduck was tested on multiple operating systems,
cyberattacks and trigger automated defenses.f including Windows, macOS, and Linux, to evaluate its
 Develop adaptive countermeasure techniques that keystroke injection capabilities. The results demonstrated:
dynamically respond to detected threats, such as blocking
rogue Wi-Fi access points, preventing RFID cloning  Successful remote execution of scripted payloads via
attempts, and mitigating ARP spoofing attacks. WiFi, bypassing traditional USB-based security measures.
 Explore hardware-based security features (e.g., Secure  Seamless emulation of human keyboard input, allowing
Boot, encrypted firmware) to protect ESP8266/32-based credential theft and remote command execution.
tools from unauthorized modifications.  Minimal detection by endpoint security solutions,
 Improve logging and reporting functionalities to provide highlighting the risks of wireless HID attacks in open and
security teams with actionable insights from detected enterprise networks.
vulnerabilities.
These findings confirm the importance of implementing
 Integrating Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection USB device whitelisting and behavioral anomaly detection in
secure environments.
 Develop an AI-driven intrusion detection system (IDS)
capable of identifying suspicious network activity and
wireless communication anomalies.

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 479

Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar337
 Signal Spy – RF Signal Analyzer & Replay Tool REFERENCES
Signal Spy was tested against wireless security systems,
IoT devices, and remote controls operating at 315 MHz, 433 [1]. E. Espina and R. Santamarta, “Exploiting
MHz, and 868 MHz. Key results include: vulnerabilities in IoT communication protocols,”
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Cybersecurity, vol. 5, pp. 45-58,
 Captured and replayed RF signals from unencrypted March 2020.
communication protocols, allowing unauthorized device [2]. R. F. Medina and L. S. Cooper, “WiFi security testing
activation. using ESP8266 and ESP32,” in IoT Security
 Detected frequency hopping mechanisms in modern RF Research, vol. II, P. Harris and J. Wilson, Eds.
devices but showed limited success in breaking secured Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021, pp. 89-103.
transmissions without additional cryptanalysis. [3]. D. Garcia and M. Lang, “Pentesting embedded
 Confirmed the vulnerability of legacy RF-based security systems with low-cost microcontrollers,” IEEE
systems, demonstrating the need for encryption and rolling Internet Things J., vol. 4, pp. 195-209, July 2019.
code implementations. [4]. T. Johnson, “Development of an open-source IoT
security assessment toolkit,” unpublished.
These results reinforce the necessity of upgrading legacy [5]. B. Patel, “ESP32-based network penetration testing
RF security systems and adopting dynamic key exchange framework,” J. Cyber Threat Intell., in press.
protocols for critical wireless applications. [6]. Y. Nakamura, H. Fujimoto, and K. Tanaka, “Analysis
of wireless hacking techniques using ESP32,” IEEE
 ZapTag – RFID Reading, Writing, and Cloning Transl. J. Cybersecurity Japan, vol. 3, pp. 567-573,
ZapTag was tested on various RFID/NFC-based access November 2021 [Digests 12th Annual Conf.
control systems, including MIFARE Classic and modern NFC Cybersecurity Japan, p. 98, 2020].
tags. The tests revealed: [7]. M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill
Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
 Successful cloning of MIFARE Classic tags, exposing
weaknesses in legacy RFID authentication.
 Ability to modify tag data, enabling unauthorized access
to buildings, transit systems, and payment terminals that
rely on outdated RFID security.
 Limited success with encrypted NFC tags, requiring
additional cryptographic analysis for cloning newer secure
implementations.

The findings emphasize the importance of migrating

from legacy RFID systems to AES-encrypted smart cards for
secure authentication.

 ARP Spoofer – Network Scanning and ARP Spoofing

The ARP Spoofer was deployed in local network
environments to evaluate its ability to intercept traffic and
conduct MITM attacks. The results include:

 Successfully performed ARP poisoning to redirect

network traffic, demonstrating the risk of MITM attacks in
unsecured networks.
 Detected by modern intrusion detection systems (IDS)
within enterprise environments, highlighting the
effectiveness of real-time ARP anomaly detection.
 Simulated DoS attacks on target devices, showcasing the
potential for disrupting network availability with excessive
ARP flooding.

These results confirm the need for ARP spoofing

countermeasures, such as static ARP tables, encrypted
network communication, and anomaly-based intrusion
detection.

IJISRT25MAR337 www.ijisrt.com 480