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1.5 SMAs

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are materials that can return to their original shape when heated, exhibiting unique properties such as shape memory and superelasticity. They undergo phase transformations between martensite and austenite, allowing them to act as actuators in various applications, including medical devices and structural reinforcements. Smart materials, including self-assembled nanostructures and magnetostrictive materials, also play a significant role in advanced technology and energy harvesting.

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12 views23 pages

1.5 SMAs

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are materials that can return to their original shape when heated, exhibiting unique properties such as shape memory and superelasticity. They undergo phase transformations between martensite and austenite, allowing them to act as actuators in various applications, including medical devices and structural reinforcements. Smart materials, including self-assembled nanostructures and magnetostrictive materials, also play a significant role in advanced technology and energy harvesting.

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n9hep38kll
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

5 Shape memory alloys: Principle, properties,


super elasticity-one way and two-way shape
memory effect,
Austenite and martensite transformations,
applications.
1.6 Smart materials: Self assembled
nanostructure, Energy harvesting materials,
Intelligent materials
Magnetostrictive materials.
A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory
metal, memory alloy, smart alloy) is an alloy that
“remembers” its original, cold-forged shape by
returning to that pre-deformed shape when heated.
This material is an extremely lightweight, solid-state
alternative to many traditional materials having
excellent physical properties
unique property of SMA s
Shape memory and Superelasticity
Also known as pseudoelasticity, this property
allows SMAs to regain their shape without
deforming when trained at a specific
temperature.
SMAs can be trained to memorize a specific shape by
subjecting them to a thermal treatment. For example,
a wire can be trained to memorize the shape of a coil
spring
EXAMPLES OF SMA s are

1. the copper-zinc-aluminum-nickel

2. copper-aluminum-nickel

3. and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys


NITILON is the alloy widely used for fabrications of
SMAs
There are two phases, which occur in SMAs, are
martensite and austenite.

Martensite is a relatively soft and easily deformed


phase of SMAs which exist at lower temperatures.

Austenite, the stronger phase of SMAs occurs at


higher temperatures
• In most SMAs, a temperature change of only about
10°C is necessary to initiate this phase change.

• Direct current (DC) passed through SMA heats the


material, contracting the SMA and hence reducing
reconfigurable application

• Stimulation to the SMA can be given in the form


of stress ,heat ,pressure etc.
STRUCTURE OF AUSTENITE & MARTENSITE
PRINCIPLE OF SMA
SMA s are operated as ACTUATORS
An actuator works like a machine in man-made control devices
that receives signals from a controller and carries out corrective
processes to reduce system disturbances caused by external
factors.

SMAs can recover their original shape due to phase


transformations between a high-temperature austenite phase
and a low-temperature martensite phase.This is called shape
memory effect
https://youtu.be/uMHvyJft2Lo
• SMA s how they work

• SMA has thermo-mechanical characteristics due to


phase transition in the material. This is related to
the temperature and internal stress of the
material, and a shape memory effect (SME)
occurs under certain conditions.
SMA s how they work?
At a certain temperature between the austenite and
martensite phases, when stress is applied, the
austenite phase transforms into a deformed
martensite phase, while it will have a
residual stress. This process is called forward
transformation.
At this point, when temperature is applied,

during the austenite phase, in what way


deformation occurring during the forward
transformation is destroyed and the material
returns to its original shape, which is called
reverse transformation
Diagramatrically this can be represented
During this process, a large amount of stress is derived,
and through this process, SMA can be used as an
actuator.
Another property of SMA is Pseudo-elasticity
Pseudo-elasticity occurs due to stress induced
phase transformation without a change in
temperature. The load on the shape memory
alloy changes austenite phase into martensite.

As soon as the loading decreases the matensite


begins to transform to austenite and results in
shape recovery.
PHASE TRANSITION OCCUR IN TWO WAYS
There are two types of shape memory alloys

(i) One way shape memory alloy

(ii) Two way shape memory alloy

A material which exhibits shape memory effect only upon


heating is known as one-way shape memory. A material which
shows a shape memory effect during both heating and cooling is
called two-way shape memory.
APPLICATIONS OF SMAs
The strain or displacement experienced by the
SMA upon thermal excitation is associated with
a good amount of force that can be utilized to do
some work thus making SMA suitably used as
an actuator.
APPLICATIONS OF SMA s
1.Shape memory alloy as an internal, external and near
surface mounted strengthening element of concrete
structures.

2.A hydrostatic robot designed using the SMA which can


maneuver itself in areas that cannot be accessed by the
conventional devices inside the ocean
APPLICATIONS OF SMA s
3.Due to the excellent elastic property of the SMAs,
springs can be made which have varied industrial
applications. Some of them are listed here.

• Engine micro valves


• Medical stents
• Firesafety valves and
• Aerospace latching mechanisms
Medical field
Blood clot filters:
(i) Blood clot filters are SMAS, properly shaped
and inserted into veins to stop the passing blood
clots.
When the SMA is in contact with the clot at a
lower temperature, it expands and stops the clot
and blood passes through the veins.
1.6 Smart materials: Self assembled
nanostructure, Energy harvesting materials,
Intelligent materials
Magnetostrictive materials
SELF ASSEMBELED NANO STRUCTURES

Self-assembled nanostructures (SANs) are


structures that form spontaneously when atoms,
molecules, or nanoscale building blocks organize
into ordered patterns without human
intervention.

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