User Interface (UI) Design focuses on anticipating what users might need to do and ensuring that the interface

has elements that are easy to access, understand, and use to facilitate those actions. UI brings together concepts
from interaction design, visual design, and information architecture.
Choosing Interface Elements
Users have become familiar with interface elements acting in a certain way, so try to be consistent and
predictable in your choices and their layout. Doing so will help with task completion, efficiency, and
satisfaction.

Interface elements include but are not limited to:

 Input Controls: buttons, text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, dropdown lists, list boxes, toggles, date
field
 Navigational Components: breadcrumb, slider, search field, pagination, slider, tags, icons
 Informational Components: tooltips, icons, progress bar, notifications, message boxes, modal
windows
 Containers: accordion, tabs, cards, modals/dialogs

There are times when multiple elements might be appropriate for displaying content. When this happens, it’s
important to consider the trade-offs. For example, sometimes elements that can help save you space put more of
a burden on the user mentally by forcing them to guess what is within the dropdown or what the element might
be.

Best Practices for Designing an Interface

Understanding user goals, skills, preferences, and tendencies is crucial for creating effective and user-
friendly interfaces. Once you know about your user, make sure to consider the following when
designing your interface:

 Keep the interface simple. The best interfaces are almost invisible to the user. They avoid unnecessary
elements and are clear in the language they use on labels and in messaging.
 Create consistency and use common UI elements. By using common elements in your UI, users feel
more comfortable and are able to get things done more quickly. It is also important to create patterns in
language, layout and design throughout the site to help facilitate efficiency. Once a user learns how to
do something, they should be able to transfer that skill to other parts of the site.
 Be purposeful in page layout. Consider the spatial relationships between items on the page and
structure the page based on importance. Careful placement of items can help draw attention to the most
important pieces of information and can aid scanning and readability.
 Strategically use color and texture. You can direct attention toward or redirect attention away from
items using color, light, contrast, and texture to your advantage.
 Use typography to create hierarchy and clarity. Carefully consider how you use typeface. Different
sizes, fonts, and arrangement of the text to help increase scalability, legibility and readability.
 Make sure that the system communicates what’s happening. Always inform your users of location,
actions, changes in state, or errors. The use of various UI elements to communicate status and, if
necessary, next steps can reduce frustration for your user.
 Think about the defaults. By carefully thinking about and anticipating the goals people bring to your
site, you can create defaults that reduce the burden on the user. This becomes particularly important
when it comes to form design where you might have an opportunity to have some fields pre-chosen or
filled out.
Unit Testing
A unit test is a small piece of code that checks if a specific function or method in is an application works
correctly. It will work as the function inputs and verifying the outputs. These tests check that the code work
as expected based on the logic the developer intended.
In these multiple tests are written for a single function to cover different possible scenarios and these are
called test cases. While it is ideal to cover all expected behaviors, it is not always necessary to test every
scenario.
Unit tests should run one by one, it means that they do not depend on other system parts like databases or
networks. Instead, data stubs can be used to simulate these dependencies. Writing unit tests is easiest for
simple, self-contained code blocks. Integration testing is the process of testing the interface between two
software units or modules. It focuses on determining the correctness of the interface. The purpose of
integration testing is to expose faults in the interaction between integrated units.
Once all the modules have been unit-tested, integration testing is performed. Integration testing is a software
testing technique that focuses on verifying the interactions and data exchange between different components
or modules of a software application.
The goal of integration testing is to identify any problems or bugs that arise when different components are
combined and interact with each other. Integration testing is typically performed after unit testing and before
system testing. It helps to identify and resolve integration issues early in the development cycle, reducing the
risk of more severe and costly problems later on.
Integration testing is one of the basic type of software testing and there are many other basic and advance
software testing.

 Integration testing can be done by picking module by module. This can be done so that there should be a
proper sequence to be followed.
 And also if you don’t want to miss out on any integration scenarios then you have to follow the proper
sequence.
 Exposing the defects is the major focus of the integration testing and the time of interaction between the
integrated units.
System Testing is a type of software testing that is performed on a completely integrated system to evaluate
the compliance of the system with the corresponding requirements. In system testing, integration testing
passed components are taken as input.
 The goal of integration testing is to detect any irregularity between the units that are integrated. System
testing detects defects within both the integrated units and the whole system. The result of system testing
is the observed behavior of a component or a system when it is tested.
 System Testing is carried out on the whole system in the context of either system requirement
specifications or functional requirement specifications or the context of both. System testing tests the
design and behavior of the system and also the expectations of the customer.
 It is performed to test the system beyond the bounds mentioned in the software requirements specification
(SRS) . System Testing is performed by a testing team that is independent of the development team and
helps to test the quality of the system impartial.
 It has both functional and non-functional testing. System Testing is a black-box testing . System Testing
is performed after the integration testing and before the acceptance testing.
System Testing Process
System Testing is performed in the following steps:
 Test Environment Setup: Create testing environment for the better quality testing.
 Create Test Case: Generate test case for the testing process.
 Create Test Data: Generate the data that is to be tested.
 Execute Test Case: After the generation of the test case and the test data, test cases are executed.
 Defect Reporting: Defects in the system are detected.
 Regression Testing: It is carried out to test the side effects of the testing process.
 Log Defects: Defects are fixed in this step.
 Retest: If the test is not successful then again test is performed.