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 Mutuallhy exclusive events or cases: Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if the
occurrence of one ofthemexcludes the possibility ofthe occurrence of the other in a single
The occurrence of one event prevents the occurrence of the other observation
event. As such, mutually exclusjve
events are those events, the occurrence of which prevents the
simple events are mutuall exclusive. Thus, if a coin is tossed, possibility of the other to occur. 4l
can be up; but both cannot be up at the same either the head can be up or tailI
time.
Similarly, in one throw of adie, an even and odd number
Thus two or more events are cannot come up at the same time.
considered mutually exclusive if the events cannot occur
Equally likely events: The outcomes are said to be together.
more often than the others. equally likely when one does not occur
That is, two or more events are said to be
is equal. Thus,in a throw of adie equally likely if the chance of their
head and tail are equally likely the coming up of 1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is equally happening
events in tossing an unbiased likely. For example,
coin.
 affects
the put For of of ss of soare erhaustive tossing a head is more Thus can
one one th em on. 4 di e . equal
back; a be
ability example, Dependent coin ie . th e and tw Í
the event event Independent does Thus, 2" coin, a
Exhaustive n Similarlv, up:
That ofteEguall
th en twice, outcomes events. tailThus, is,
(2), th an
or but
outcome affects
in not, in the
the a
are inwolikely more both
in
of the any
Events: the in throw i.e., equally a the
probability
drawing Events: possible
are events: The throw or events onecannot
result any events:
probability the
of irial moreothers.
HH, 1,group throw
the happening way, of 2, The likely of are
second a
affects Two of A nHT outcome 3, events a The of be
the set TH of
total die considered up
king of of events affect coin, 4,events events a
drawing drawing the second of and 5 th e die, at
event of and are number aroutcomes
e
is are events
the the
4/52 probability the
coming said an
toss exhaustive
TT. head is
6. in even
and a other a occurrence
said In
exhaustive, tossing mutuaily
is In
and king king to will said case or of upto are
they case possible
of be said and
be tail;
is again fromevents, of in to
anare of of an
equally1, exCIUSive odd
dependent, the no of numberbe exhaustive 3 2, to
way any as
unbiased
pendent coins, two outcomes 3, benumber
dependent. is athenother independent,
3/51. pack coins, there 4, equally
be
other likely
they ofthe 5
of affected
if case is coin. and f
cannot
Thussubsequent the events noof if the
52are in possible the 6the likely
ever But the other a is events
thecardsoccurrence if is
possible random
if said byset. are equallychance Come
the 2". when
the
outcome the outcomes possible two. cannot
istrials.to occurrence For up
card 4/52,; be result number experiment likely. of one
or
instance, Similarly at
dependent
is of If their does occur the
the the of are outcome.
put thenon-occurrence the of
For same
back, first card
occurrence of 2 happening not
together
frst when any outcomes throwing isexample
events.
is 8 Thuscallea oceur time
then event toss. weone and
not
Obability
place, the probability of its happening
Simple and Compound Events; When a:singleevent take
not happening isknown as simple event. known as compound
occurrence is
simultaneously, their
When two or more events take place throwing a die.
probability); for instance, non-occurrence of Aand is
aent (compound event A, means
Complemnentary Events: The complement of an
do not belong to 4. For instance
contains those points of the sample space which event of B and vice versa, if A
denoted by A. A
A
called the complementary
there be two events A and B. Ais
let and exhaustive. of a desired event
are mutually exclusive result in the happening
andB outcomes which the
Favourable Cases: The number of card from a pack of cards,
a
cases to the event. For example, in drawing ace of spade" is only one. Take
are called favourable diamond" are 13 and to "getting an getting an odd number
favourable to "getting a favourable cases of
cases
single throw of a dice the number of
another example, in a
the theory of probability dates
are three - 1,3 and 5. development of
The origin and
Measurement of Probability:Ordinarily probability of an event denotes the
speaking the and 1. Different
seventeenth century. number ranges between 0
back to the value of theprobability is a schools of thought
likelihood of its happening. A differently. The various
have defined the term probability
schools of thought are discussed briefly. the oldest method of
probability approach is
which have defined (Priori Probability): The classical According to this approach,
1. Classical Approach gambling games.
and has its origin in equally likely events.
 40

WI he
3. When Statistics Theory and Practice
outcomes of a
applied, random exDeriment are not equally
4. It is ditticult to likely, this method cannot be
subdivide the possible
and cqually likely in most outcome ofofexperiment into mutually exclusive,
lustration 18. 21:
cases. ,exhaustive
What is the chance off getting a king in a draw from a pack of 52
Solution: The total number of cases that can happen cards?
= 52 (52 cards are there).
Total number of kings are 4: hence favourable cases = 4
Therefore probability of drawing a king
4 1
52 13
Ilustration 18.22: Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of geting
ahead and a tail?
Solution: The possible combinations of the two coins turning up with head (H} or tail ()
all these
are HH, HT, TH, TT. The favourable ways are two out of these four possible ways2 and1
and a tail is =
are equally likely to happen. Hence the probability of getting head
pack of 52 cards. What
Illustration 18.23: One card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled
is the probability that it will be (a) a diamond (b) aqueen?
The number of ways in which
Solution: (a)There are 13 diamond cards in apack of 52 cards.
number favourable to the event happening is 13.
acard can be drawn from that pack is 52. The
Hence probability of drawing a diamond
13 1
52 4
and so the number of ways favourable to the event
(b) There are 4 queens in the rack:
4 1
The probability =5213 probab1liy
Two cards are drawn from a pack of cards at random. What is the
Illustration 18.24: kings?