2023 International Conference in Advances in Power, Signal, and Information Technology

Generation Scheduling of Grid Connected

Microgrid using GAMS
Indurekha Shial Rajat Kanti Samal Chinmaya Bhuyan
2023 International Conference in Advances in Power, Signal, and Information Technology (APSIT) | 979-8-3503-3936-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/APSIT58554.2023.10201791

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Veer Surendra Sai Veer Surendra Sai Veer Surendra Sai
University of Technology University of Technology University of Technology
Burla, India Burla, India Burla, India
[email protected] rksamal [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—The integrated form of distributed energy resources various DERs.Some researchers have taken specialist Energy
make a small-scale power grid called microgrid. Based on the Management System for optimal operation [1].Here a multi-
production of electrical energy renewable energy sources are objective EEMS is proposed to develop the microgrid behavior
integrated especially wind energy which gives various features to
the power system.Here a grid-connected mode of microgrid with as follows the total cost of performance and the network emis-
wind energy resources is used which offers a positive impact on sion are reduced at the same time. The optimum operation of
quality of life, climate change and energy efficiency.In this paper microgrid having a fuel cell MT, PV array, WT, FC, hydrogen
an integrated scheduling model is used to find an optimal solution tank, boiler, reformer and electrical ,thermal load evaluate
of distributed energy resource network and depository devices in power generation with a profit [2].Here the power generation
such a way that both cost and emission are reduced by using
General Algebraic Modelling System(GAMS). The results show by wind turbine depends on the natural condition, as a result
that this system can efficiently synchronize the power generation it fluctuates. Due to fluctuation the operation of microgrids is
of distributed energy system and the fluctuations of wind power desired to take uncertainties of renewable power generation.In
production is reduced due to the presence of Energy Storage some paper Microgrid with the integration of wind energy
System (ESS). Such that the system is handling uncertainties system explains both the static and dynamic issues [3]. A
correctly in electrical microgrid.
Index Terms—GAMS, Microgrid, Renewable sources, Optimal, real-time dynamic optimal energy management (OEM) is used
Scheduling. for the formulation of the Markove decision process which is
based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm [4].An
I. I NTRODUCTION optimal energy management strategy (EMS) is used for DC
In power systems generally distributed energy resources microgrids where it is based on salp swarm algorithm and con-
(DERs) are established to increase the efficiency and secu- trol power sharing [5]. Many researchers study on unreliability
rity of energy supply with the usage of renewable energies. in wind generation.Due to unpredictability in wind generation
Optimal scheduling of different distributed energy resources power system operation faces many complications.In paper [6]
(DERs) such as MT, FC, PV, WT, etc. is key to the prof- to limit the unreliability of power,the wind speed correlation
itable operation of any microgrid that reduces both cost and is modeled using gaussian copula and Weibull distribution.A
emission where as the use of thermal energy gives more novel metric that is a high adaption capability adjusts the
cost emission.Microgrid provides a favourable and systematic system due to the intrinsic unreliability of wind energy which
solution by integrating various distributed renewable energy is based on compromise programming [7]. For energy con-
sources,energy storage system. Microgrids are self-ruling sys- sumers that is industrial, commercial and public sector organi-
tems that generate, diffuse, reserve, manage energy and bear a zations Energy management system (EMS) is used to improve
flexible and efficient electric grid by enabling the integration energy-saving technologies for the energy consumers.Mostly
of a growing classification of distributed energy resources. EMS is used for the optimization of microgrid operation.To
Microgrids exchange power with the external grid to maintain minimize the operational cost of microgrid smart EMS is
the electric supply in the local grid in case of grid-connected applied for power optimization of DG sources and ESS [8].
mode.The recommendations of grid connected microgrid can Grid-connected renewable energy resources have many control
provides the economic benefits to owners through many issues which is vertically integrated or regulated the power
activities such as demand response,high shaving. Nowadays system [9].In paper [11] due to uncertainties in load demand a
wind energy is very dominant in microgrids but due to the self-adaptive gravitational search algorithm is applied to find
alternation of wind power, the optimal solution gives many out the accurate distribution of the total energy and cost of
troubles. microgrid operation. To house the requirement of renewable
To optimize the scheduling operation of microgrids, many energy at a big amount,the micro source generator operation
researchers have taken non-identical objective functions with and planning has studied [12].Here the total use of renewable
energy and emission reduced the total carbon emission. In [10]
979-8-3503-3936-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE a distributed model of a microgrid is explained. The working

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481
operation of a microgrid in stand-alone mode, a microgrid unit and the jth battery, respectively, are Bgi (t) and Bsj (t).
with a grid-tied and microgrid network is reproduced with The DG unit’s active power generation is denoted by Pgi (t).
a multiagent infrastructure.Due to multiple microgrids in a The power to charge or discharge the jth storage at hour t is
network,the distribution of power affects on the performance Psj (t). The state vector ugi (t) shows the ON or OFF states
of the microgrid. The uncertain nature of renewable DER in of all units at hour t, Sgi is the cost to start or stop the ith DG
microgrid has introduced and optimal scheduling has done by unit, and The utility’s active power at hour t is represented by
using the state -of -the -ant information gap decision theory Pgrid (t), and its bid is represented by Bgrid (t).
(IGDT) [13]. It improves voltage profile ,minimizes power
losses and also boosts the system performance.In [14] Grid Ng N Es
X X
connected microgrid having renewable generator i.e. wind Pgi (t) + Psj (t) + Pgrid = Pd (t) (2)
generator and PV generator has taken for optimal scheduling i=1 j=1
using the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) method
The above equation shows the equality constraint i.e the power
and problem has solved by general algebraic modeling system
balance equation. It ensures that the total amount of power
(GAMS).Their reactive power capacity is considered for the
produced across all units, the power drawn from energy storage
characterization of problem optimization,wind speed and de-
systems, and the power exchanged with the grid all correspond
mand curves has been considered for the optimal placement
to the hourly demand that is currently in place.
and wind turbine sizing [15]. Here optimization problem has
been solved by using GAMS. The microgrid system with re- min max
Y Pgi (t) ≤ Pgi (t) ≤ Pgi (t) (3)
newable sources of wind and hydro has modeled and simulated max
|Pgrid | ≤ Pexch (4)
to find out the different issues technically [16]. Here for moni-
toring the microgrid system, a control coordinator is required.
The optimization problem in microgrid including renewable The power flow must stay within the minimum and maximum
sources has been solved by using guaranteed convergence max
ranges set by inequality constraints. Here Pexch is the maxi-
PSO with Gaussian Mutation [17]. It results in high power mum exchanging active power between utility and micro-grid.
quality and low costs. Non-dispatchable renewable energy
sources has considered in microgrids for optimization and the Psj (t) = Esj (t) − Esj (t − 1) t = 1, 2, 3...T (5)
problem has been solved by using GAMS [19]. With demand max
Psj (t)/ηD ≤ Pdech (6)
side participation in energy and reserve scheduling has been −ηC Psj (t) ≤ Pchmax
(7)
presented by a model for distribution [21]. In [18] microgrid
systems with wind energy generators, solar photovoltaics, EVs,
Battery energy storage (BES) , and demand response (DR) Here Esj (t) represents the state of the charge of the jth
has optimized. BES minimized the system fluctuation.The battery at t hour. For discharging Psj (t) > 0 and for charging
optimization solution has been implemented by using GAMS Psj (t) < 0.
software.
T
In this study, optimization scheduling of a grid-connected X
microgrid is considering for generation to achieve demand Esmin − Es (0) ≤ Ps (t) ≤ Esmax − Es (0) (8)
t=1
response for 24 hours using GAMS software.
II. P ROBLEM F ORMULATION The output power of energy storage device (charging and
The goal of the proposed work is to optimally schedule discharging) is within its permissible minimum and maximum
the DERs, the ESS and the grid in the 24 hours duration. limits.
The unit commitment of DERs as well as the scheduling of T T
1 X X
the ESS is calculated for the charging and discharging. The Ps (t) + ηC Ps (t) = 0 (9)
power exchange between the grid and the microgrid is also ηD
Ps (t)>0,t=1 Ps (t)<0,t=1
determined. As a generalized formulation the following can
The starting and final states of charge of the storage system
be used to determine the optimal scheduling
must be same (ES(0) = ES(T)) in order to optimise the
Minimize microgrid’s overall energy output throughout a T-hour period.
T nX Ng
X
ugi (t)Pgi (t)Bgi (t) + Sgi |ui (t) − ui (t − 1)| A. Test system
 
Cost =
t=1 i=1 In grid-connected system ,in which the energy is con-
N
XEs
  o trollable,this system can be considered by the grid as a
+ usj (t)Psj (t)Bsj (t) + Pgrid (t)Bgrid (t) small plant,not only as a negative load. For the smart grid
i=1 development more distributed energy resources (DERS) like
(1) wind,solar etc sources of units.
where Ng is the overall number of generators and NEs is the The power generation by wind turbines (WTs) strongly de-
total number of energy storage devices The bids for the ith DG pends on natural conditions,due to which fluctuation increases.

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Similarly microturbines are small version of gas-turbines TABLE II
used for distributed generation of electricity.Integrating fuel E MISSION FACTORS
cells (FCs) into microgrids has been denoted to be a fa- Emission factors (kg/MW)
vorable solution to provide cost-aggressive,highly reliable, Emission type
MT FC Grid
systematic,clean and flexible energies. Energy Storage System N Ox 0.2 0.0136 2.295
(ESS) have an important and diverse role in microgrid which CO2 724 489 922
improve reliability,resilience,integrate generation sources and SO2 0.0036 0.0027 3.583
minimizes the total environmental impact and operating cost
as well as consumer money.During disruptions ESS provides
back up power to the grid and reduces the fluctuation of power.
For the optimization problem, a test system is taken into
consideration. The test system consists of a MT, a FC, a PV
cell, a wind turbine and an ESS connected to the utility grid.
The typical structure of the microgrid is shown in following
figure 1. Their specifications are given in table I and table II.
For the ESS,ηC =ηD =90%,Esmax =150kW and Es (0)=15kW.
The figure 2 and 3 shows the generated power of PV cell and
wind turbine per hour respectively. Table III shows the bids
of all DERs and grid per hour. For renewable energy sources
these bids are relatively low. Table IV shows the demand per
hour of the microgrid[1].

Fig. 2. Power output of PV

TABLE III
B IDS OF DER S AND E LECTRICITY PRICES OF GRID PER HOUR

Hour MT FC PV WT ESS Grid

1 0.0823 0.1277 0 0.021 0.1192 0.033
2 0.0823 0.1277 0 0.017 0.1192 0.027
3 0.0831 0.1285 0 0.0125 0.1269 0.02
4 0.0831 0.129 0 0.011 0.1346 0.017
5 0.0838 0.1285 0 0.051 0.1423 0.017
6 0.0838 0.1292 0 0.085 0.15 0.029
7 0.0846 0.1292 0 0.091 0.1577 0.033
8 0.0854 0.13 0.0646 0.11 0.1608 0.054
9 0.0862 0.1308 0.0654 0.14 0.1662 0.215
Fig. 1. Microgrid Structure 10 0.0862 0.1315 0.0662 0.143 0.1677 0.572
11 0.0892 0.1323 0.0669 0.15 0.1731 0.572
12 0.09 0.1315 0.0677 0.155 0.1769 0.572
TABLE I 13 0.0885 0.1308 0.0662 0.137 0.1692 0.215
S YSTEM PARAMETERS OF MICROGRID 14 0.0885 0.1308 0.0654 0.135 0.16 0.572
15 0.0885 0.1308 0.0646 0.132 0.1538 0.286
Type of Min Power Max Power Start up or Shut down
Generator (kW) (kW) cost (Euro/kW) 16 0.09 0.1315 0.0638 0.114 0.15 0.279
MT 6 30 0.107 17 0.0908 0.1331 0.0638 0.11 0.1523 0.086
FC 3 30 0.138 18 0.0915 0.1331 0.0662 0.093 0.15 0.059
PV 0 25 0 19 0.0908 0.1338 0 0.091 0.1462 0.05
WT 0 20 0 20 0.0885 0.1331 0 0.083 0.1462 0.061
ESS -30 30 0 21 0.0862 0.1315 0 0.033 0.1431 0.181
22 0.0846 0.1308 0 0.025 0.1385 0.077
23 0.0838 0.13 0 0.021 0.1346 0.043
B. GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System)Section to 24 0.0831 0.1285 0 0.017 0.1269 0.037
Solution Methodology
GAMS is a highly effective mathematical modelling
approach for optimization problems that are complex, linear, way of problem formulation.It is especially helpful when
nonlinear, and involving mixed integers. GAMS is the easiest dealing with huge, complex issues where it may take a while

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483
 ment of values;
• Variables: Declaration, Assignment of type, Assignment
of bounds and/or initial values (optional);
• Equations: Declaration, Definition;
• Model and solve statements;
• Display statements (optional)
III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
The microgrid test system consisting WT, PV, MT, FC and
ESS was scheduled using GAMS and their power generation
as well as unit commitment were obtained. As the operation
cost largely depends on the bids of grid power, its dependence
on grid energy should be observed. Here three scenarios were
considered. In the first scenario, the there is a limitation to
Fig. 3. Power output of WT
the power exchange between the microgrid and the utility
grid and PV & WT may operate withing their limits. In the
TABLE IV second scenario, there is no such limitation on the power
D EMANDS OF MICROGRID IN K W PER HOUR
exchange with PV & WT operating within their limits. In
Hour Demand the third scenario, there is no such limitation on the power
1 52 exchange with PV & WT must operate at their limits which
2 50 can also be considered as an environmental scenario as for
3 50
the renewable energy sources there is no emission.
4 51
5 56
The whole problem was modelled in GAMS in the form
6 63 of equations. Then the model was optimised. Primarily
7 70 CONOPT and DICOPT solvers were used for getting results.
8 75 The results obtained for scenario 1 were shown in table V.
9 76 In this case we get 56.543 Euro total operating cost for 24
10 80
hrs. Similarly for scenario 2 the results were shown in table
11 78
12 74
VI. But here we get 52.991 Euro total operating cost which
13 72 is less than the scenario 1. For the last scenario the results
14 72 are given in table VII where we get the least emission of
15 76 2744.448 kg
16 80 It can be noticed that some quantities are associated with
17 85
negative sign. In case of the ESS, this negative sign indicates
18 88
19 90
that the power is used in charging; while in case of grid it
20 87 indicates that some power is bought by the grid.
21 78 It should be mentioned that for the ESS,Esmax =150kW and
22 71 Es (0)=15kW. So if the initial state of charge of the ESS is
23 65 increased, then the total operating cost is decreased and vice
24 56
versa.

to develop an appropriate error-free model. The same GAMS IV. C ONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
model file can be used for simultaneous model development, In this work a grid connected microgrid operation of a
solution, and documentation. It can handle simultaneous system containing MT, FC, PV, WT, ESS of renewable power
linear and non-linear equation systems in addition to a wide generation units is presented.The system is optimized for
range of optimization problems, and future developments scheduling load demand meeting by using CONOPT and
would encompass (linear and non-linear) complex issues DICOPT solver with implementing GAMS software.A ESS
and general equilibrium problems. Sets, data, variables, is introduced with the microgrid system to decrease the wind
equations, models, and outputs make up the basic structure power fluctuation.It determines both charging and discharg-
of a mathematical model coded in GAMS. Here are the steps ing schedule.Here the distributed renewable energy sources
for solving the model.[20]. integration in grid connected microgrid reduces both cost
and emission. The use of ESS explains the power exchange
GAMS formulation follows the basic format as given below: between the utility grid and microgrid with limitation .But it
• Sets: Declaration, Assignment of members; shows low cost with zero limitation.The presence of ESS also
• Data (parameters, tables, scalars), Declaration, Assign- improves the system performance.

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484
 TABLE V TABLE VI
O PTIMAL SCHEDULING OF MICROGRID ( SCENARIO 1) O PTIMAL SCHEDULING OF MICROGRID ( SCENARIO 2)

Hour MT FC PV WT ESS Grid Hour MT FC PV WT ESS Grid

1 0 0 0 16.0133 5 30.9867 1 0 0 0 16.0133 5 30.9867
2 6 3 0 16.08 0 24.92 2 0 3 0 16.08 5 25.92
3 0 0 0 16.16 0 33.84 3 0 0 0 16.16 -27 60.84
4 0 3 0 16.1733 -27 58.8267 4 0 0 0 16.1733 -27 61.8267
5 6 3 0 0 -27 74 5 6 3 0 0 -27 74
6 0 0 0 0 -27 90 6 0 3 0 0 -27 87
7 0 3 0 0 -23 90 7 0 0 0 0 -27 97
8 0 0 0 0 -15 90 8 6 0 0 0 0 69
9 30 30 0.59 14.6533 0 0.7567 9 30 30 0.59 14.6533 0 0.7567
10 30 30 1.98 13.16 27 -22.14 10 30 30 1.98 13.16 27 -22.14
11 30 30 7.75 11.6667 27 -28.4167 11 30 30 7.75 11.6667 27 -28.4167
12 30 30 9.8 10.1467 27 -32.9467 12 30 30 9.8 10.1467 27 -32.9467
13 30 30 10.65 11.6667 0 -10.3167 13 30 30 10.65 11.6667 0 -10.3167
14 30 30 9.7 10.146 27 -34.846 14 30 30 9.7 10.146 27 -34.846
15 30 30 8.12 14.7467 0 -6.8667 15 30 30 8.12 14.7467 0 -6.8667
16 30 30 4.95 16.2133 27 -28.1633 16 30 30 4.95 16.2133 27 -28.1633
17 0 0 0 0 -4.44 85 17 6 3 0 0 -1.421 76
18 0 0 0 0 -2 90 18 6 0 0 0 -1.387 82
19 0 3 0 0 -3 90 19 0 0 0 0 -27 117
20 0 0 0 0 0 87 20 6 0 0 0 0 81
21 30 0 0 19.04 0 28.96 21 30 30 0 19.04 0 -1.04
22 6 3 0 19.1067 0 42.8933 22 6 3 0 19.1067 0 42.8933
23 6 3 0 19.9333 -27 63.0667 23 0 0 0 19.9333 0 45.0667
24 6 0 0 19.1467 21 9.8533 24 0 0 0 19.1467 27 9.8533
Total operation cost 56.543 Euro Total operation cost 52.991 Euro
Total emission 3403.859 kg Total emission 3316.851 kg

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TABLE VII
O PTIMAL SCHEDULING OF MICROGRID ( SCENARIO 3)

Hour MT FC PV WT ESS Grid

1 0 0 0 16.0133 5 30.9867
2 6 3 0 16.08 0 24.92
3 0 0 0 16.16 0 33.84
4 6 0 0 16.1733 -27 55.8267
5 0 3 0 17.68 -27 62.32
6 6 0 0 16.1733 -27 67.8267
7 6 0 0 14.7333 -27 76.2667
8 6 3 0 14.56 -22 73.44
9 30 30 0.59 14.6533 0 0.7567
10 30 30 1.98 13.16 27 -22.14
11 30 30 7.75 11.6667 27 -28.4167
12 30 30 9.8 10.1467 27 -32.9467
13 30 30 10.65 11.6667 0 -10.3167
14 30 30 9.7 10.146 27 -34.846
15 30 30 8.12 14.7467 0 -6.8667
16 30 30 4.95 16.2133 27 -28.1633
17 6 3 0 16.1467 0 59.8533
18 0 0 0 19.1333 0 68.8667
19 6 3 0 17.5333 -27 90.4667
20 6 0 0 18.9467 0 62.0533
21 30 30 0 19.04 27 -28.04
22 6 0 0 19.1067 0 45.8933
23 0 0 0 19.9333 0 45.0667
24 6 0 0 19.1467 0 30.8533
Total operation cost 56.874 Euro
Total emission 2744.448 kg

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