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BU ID:

DS 120 Sp 25

Midterm 1
Practice

1. Negate the following:

·

P Q 17

¬P 1 Q V ¬R
&

(Show proper steps)

-(P + + Q)
~
(2pv Q)
P1Q : (p +
-Q) =
P1Q

-
(7P1Qv TR)

PVQ1R : T/P1QUIP) =
PULQ1R
 2. Prove by Principle of Mathematical Induction:
2n-1 n +2
als
2 + 22 +23 +... + 2 n = 2(2n 1)
(Write clear legible steps)
9 Base Case (n =
1) :

z(1 1133
+
·
+ 433

U 3 Base case holds

·

Inductive
hypothesis :

1
The inequality holds for any n =
kik =

Inductive Step :

under that assumption it should also hold for n = k + 1 3)(i .

2 : 2w
+
(n +

z(z 1) 2(k + 2) by the inductive hypothesis

+2 +
2 >k + 2 - 2+2 = -

2
: zk + > 2k + 4
k+ 3
Showing 2k +4
>
:

2k + 4 (k + 3) > 0
Proved via PMI
-

:
# + 1 > 0 Which is true for K21

b) Base Case (n =
1) :

(LHS) = 2

(RHS) 2(2" 1) 2
·

= · =

LHS =
RIS :
Base case holds

Inductive
hypothesis :

The proposed expression holds for

·

n = Where KI 1
.
any
Inductive Step :

under the inductive

hypothesis the expression should
·

also
hold for the U
,

term (i
+ +
2(2*
+ 1
2k
*
= K+1 .

.
e : 2+ 22 + 23 +... + 2 + =
-

4)
22 1
·

23 2k + 2k
1
2k 2/2k 1)
+
2+ + +
...
+ = -

1 + 1
= zk
+
-
2 + 2k
=
z(2k -

1 + 2π)
=
z(2(28)
-

1)
z(2
+
= -

1) which is the same formula

for n k + 1 :
by PMI the
=

Sequence/expression is
proved
 3. Reduce the following matrix to RREF?

Show clear steps mentioning the row operations used

[IRRRRRRE R3 =
R3/-8 .
5 Ri R , 2R3
= -

()
Rz Rz -(R3)
=

[]
-

R , R , + Rz
=
:

= Re
4. Use Gauss Jordan Elimination to solve the following system of equations.
(Show proper steps)
-

I
R2 R2 Ri

I o
1 2

[SRRO
-

x+y+z=5 -
- 4
2x + 4y + 2z = 8 ,
kz =
Rz R3
-

x + 2y + 2z = 8 3
R3 R3 Rz = -

x + 3y + 2z = 13
3x + 2y z = 4
-

2x + y + z = 7 [00 :
↓
13 Rz Rz
=
-

Ry
R3 =
R3/7

X
:

z= 3
5. Use truth table to determine whether the following two statements are logically
equivalent: ¬ DvQD1Q
¬ and .
(Write your final conclusion as a statement.)

TPQ 1P v -Q P1Q
Pa
TTF F F T

TFFT T F

FTTF T
F

FFT T T F

: The Columns in the table are not the

Same b/w -PvLQ and P1Q

:
[puQ(P1Q)
6. Given, S =
S- ] () [23
,
,

Is S the basis for IR3

(Show your steps and reasoning)
Basis : Lin .
Independent vectors that Span the space .

3
>
- since we are
given 3 vectors in :

Linear Independence => Span

-
Therefore lets just prove Linear independence

[
↓
From here we can see Ve =
4v >

Therefore , the System is consistent

with infinite solutions .

: Since the set of restors form a space my infinite solutions,

basis for IR3
they do not form a
7. Perform matrix multiplication, if valid. If not valid, explain why.
(Show proper steps)
col) of 1s vow
[325]/uS-5]- Invalid :
·

7) [2012] [i]
-
=
8. Let V = IR 2 and S be a subset of V
Let S = [(5) ab 03 Check if S is a valid subspace.
:
=

(Show clear steps)

subspaces must :

1) contain

2) closed under addition

3) closed under Scalar multiplication

1) a =
0
,
3 =
0 Satisfies rule 1 Since for M =

(87

2) =
[ii] , =

[i] is not true

Va beS
92)(bi + be) 0 ,

(a
=
,
+

&+ [a+]
(j) (, ) (1 + 0)(0 + 1) =0
=
c
-
Ex :

valid VectorSubspace
: Sis not a
 9. Find the angle between the vectors

i =
=3 - -2

Where

i = -2 - 3 + 2
= +2
(Show all steps clearly)

a =

[ -]
=
[i] [] [ =)
+
=

a.b = -
3 + 3 -
8 = 8

20s=
-

Hall =
32 + 12 +22 = i
11b1) 12 + 32 + 42 26
-
-
= -
=

:. Cos =
80
(E)
= 114
0 =
los" .