Colligative Properties

of Solution
üThese are properties that are dependent on
th e num be r o f s o l u t e p a r t i c l e s t h a t a r e
dissolved in a given quantity of the solvent.
ücolligative properties are properties that
depend only on the number of solute particles
in solution and not on the nature of the solute
particles.
üThese properties are bound together by a
common origin—they all depend on the
number of solute particles present,
regardless of whether they are atoms, ions,
or molecules.
1 2
Freezing Point Depression Boiling Point Elavation

3 4
Vapor Lowering
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure/Reduction
1 Freezing Point Depression

üT h e f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f a s u b s t a n c e i s t h e
temperature at which the solid and liquid phases
coexist and their vapor pressure are the same.

üIf a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the

freezing point of the solvent is lowered and the
reduction in the freezing points depends on the
number of moles of solute present.
1 Freezing Point Depression

üThe effect of electrolytes as solutes is greater

than non-electrolytes because electrolytes ionize in
solution and as such contain a greater number of
particles.
üThe greater the number of solute particles, the
greater the effect on the reduction of the
freezing point.
 1 Freezing Point Depression

ΔTf = Kf m
where:
ΔTf = freezing point depression
Kf = molal freezing point depression [constant]
m = molality
freezing point of solution [Tf]= freezing point of solvent- ΔTf
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Find the freezing point and boiling point of a solution containing

4 g sucrose (C12H22O11) dissolved in 200 g water. [H2O= 1.86 ℃/m]

Step 1. Solve for the molality

1 ���� C12H22O11 1 1000 � 0.0584 �����

4� C12H22O11 �
342 �
x 200 � � 0x 1 �� � � = ��
2 2

= 0.06 moles/kg OR molal

1 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Find the freezing point and boiling point of a solution containing

4 g sucrose (C12H22O11) dissolved in 200 g water. [H2O= 1.86 ℃/m]

Step 2. Solve for the freezing point depression Step 3. Solve for the freezing point of solution

ΔTf = Kf m freezing point of solution [Tf]=

freezing point of solvent- ΔTf
= (1.86 ℃/m) (0.06m)
freezing point of solution [Tf]=
= 0.11 ℃ 0℃ - 0.11 ℃
Tf = -0.11 ℃
2 LEARNING CHECK

What is the freezing point depression when 155 g of Iodine (I2)

crystals is added to 1,200 g of benzene? [benzene= 5.12 ℃/m]

Step 1. Solve for the molality

Step 2. Solve for the freezing point depression

Step 3. Solve for the freezing point of solution

2 LEARNING CHECK

What is the freezing point depression when 155 g of Iodine (I2)

crystals is added to 1,200 g of benzene? [benzene= 5.12 ℃/m]

Step 1. Solve for the molality

1 ���� I2 1 1000 � 0.509 �����

155� I2 �
254 �
x 1200 � �������x 1 �� ������� = ��

= 0.51 moles/kg OR molal

2 LEARNING CHECK

What is the freezing point depression when 155 g of Iodine (I2)

crystals is added to 1,200 g of benzene? [benzene= 5.12 ℃/m]

Step 2. Solve for the freezing point depression Step 3. Solve for the freezing point of solution

ΔTf = Kf m freezing point of solution [Tf]=

freezing point of solvent- ΔTf
= (5.12 ℃/m) (0.51m)
freezing point of solution [Tf]=
= 2.61 ℃ 5.5℃ - 2.61 ℃
Tf = 2.89 ℃
2 Boiling Point Elevation

üThe boiling point is the temperature at which the

vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
atmospheric pressure.

üIf a liquid has a high vapor pressure it means that

the molecules evaporate faster and it takes a shorter
time to equalize the vapor pressure of the liquid and
the atmospheric pressure.
 2 Boiling Point Elevation

ΔTb = Kb m
where:
ΔTb = boiling point elevation
Kb = molal boiling point elevation [constant]
m = molality
boiling point of solution [Tb]= boiling point of solvent+ ΔTb
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Find the freezing point and boiling point of a solution containing

4 g sucrose (C12H22O11) dissolved in 200 g water. [H2O= 0.52 ℃/m]

Step 1. Solve for the molality

1 ���� �12�22�11 1 1000 � 0.0584 �����

4� �12�22�11 �
342 �
x 200 � � 0x 1 �� � � = ��
2 2

= 0.06 moles/kg OR molal

1 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Find the freezing point and boiling point of a solution containing

4 g sucrose (C12H22O11) dissolved in 200 g water. [H2O= 0.52 ℃/m]

Step 2. Solve for the boiling point elevation Step 3. Solve for the boiling point of solution

ΔTb = Kb m b o i l i n g p o i n t o f s o l u t i o n [ T b]
= boiling point of solvent + ΔTb
= (0.52 ℃/m) (0.06m)
boiling point of solution [Tb]=
= 0.03 ℃ 100℃ + 0.03 ℃
Tb = 100.03 ℃
1 LEARNING CHECK

Calculate the boiling of a solution containing 3.5g sugar (molar

mass- 342 g) dissolved in 150 g of water. [H2O= 0.52 ℃/m]

Step 1. Solve for the molality

Step 2. Solve for the boiling point elevation

Step 3. Solve for the boiling point of solution

2 LEARNING CHECK

Calculate the boiling of a solution containing 3.5g sugar (molar

mass- 342 g) dissolved in 150 g of water. [H2O= 0.52 ℃/m]

Step 1. Solve for the molality

1 ���� �2 1 1000 � 0.068 �����

3.5� sugar �
342 �
x 150 � � 0x 1 ��
= ��
2

= 0.068 moles/kg OR molal

2 LEARNING CHECK

Calculate the boiling of a solution containing 3.5g sugar (molar

mass- 342 g) dissolved in 150 g of water. [H2O= 0.52 ℃/m]

Step 2. Solve for the boiling point elevation Step 3. Solve for the boiling point of solution

ΔTb = Kb m b o i l i n g p o i n t o f s o l u t i o n [ T f] =
freezing point of solvent + ΔTf
= (0.52 ℃/m) (0.068m)
boiling point of solution [Tf]=
= 0.04 ℃ 100℃ + 0.04 ℃
Tb= 100.04 ℃
 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

A solution prepared by dissolving 3 g of naphthalene

(C10H8) in 20 g of benzene (C6H6).
a. Find the freezing point of the solution.
b. Find the boiling point of the solution.
3 Vapor Pressure Reduction

üThe fast moving molecules of a liquid overcome their attractive

forces and escape into the gaseous state in a process called
vaporization.
3 Vapor Pressure Reduction
üOpen container: The process continues and the water level
decreases.
üClosed container: molecules that escaped can also return back into
the liquid state called condensation.
3 Vapor Pressure Reduction

üIf the liquid is volatile, the escaping tendency

of the molecules is high and the vapor pressure
is high. [readily evaporates]
üIf non-volatile, has a low vapor pressure
because it has a low escaping tendency. [does
not readily evaporates]
3 Vapor Pressure Reduction

ü Francois Marie Raoult (1830-1901)

extensively studied the vapor pressure of
solution and come up with Raoult's Law.
ü It states that the vapor pressure of a
component in a solution depends on its mole
fraction multiplied by the vapor pressure
exerted by the pure component.
3 RAOULT’S LAW

ΔP = (P°)(mfsolute)
where:
ΔP = vapor pressure lowering/ change in vapor
pressure
P° = initial pressure
mfsolute = mole fraction of solute
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the vapor pressure of 1 mole of sucrose in 1kg of pure
water at 25 °C. (NOTE: Water vapor pressure at 25 °C is 23.8
mm Hg)
Step 1. Solve for the mole fraction

���� �� �2� � ������

�������� = ������ = � ������ + � ������� ������� =
����� ���� �� �2� ������
1000 � ������ = 1 ��� + 55.56 ��� 1 ���
� �2� = ������� =
18 g/mol 56.56 ���
������ = ��. �� ���
� �2� = 55.56 ��� ������� = �. ��
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the vapor pressure of 1 mole of sucrose in 1kg of pure
water at 25 °C. (NOTE: Water vapor pressure at 25 °C is 23.80
mm Hg)
Step 2. Solve for the vapor pressure Step 3. Solve for the final vapor
pressure of the solution
ΔP = (P°)(mfsolute)
ΔP = (23.80 mmHg)(0.02) P = 23.80 mmHg-0.48 mmHg
= 0.48 mmHg = 23.32 mmHg
4 Osmotic Pressure

ü Osmosis is the movement of solvent from

a region of lower solute to a region of
higher solute.
ü It is the pressure required to stop the
osmosis of a solution.
4 OSMOTIC PRESSURE

π = MRT
where:
π = osmotic pressure
M = molarity
R = ideal gas constant 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM

What is the osmotic pressure of a saline solution that is 0.10 M

NaCl at 37 °C? (NOTE: R = 0.0821 L • atm/mol •K, T to K=
+273.15)

π = MRT
= (0.10 mol/L)(0.0821 L • atm/mol •K)(310.15K)
= 2.55 atm
DID YOU LEARN
SOMETHING?
 General Chemistry 1 and 2,
General Biology1, and WRCC