INSTITUT D’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR DE RUHENGERI

B.P. 155, Ruhengeri, Rwanda

T : +250 788 90 30 30, +250 788 90 30 32, W : www.ines.ac.rw, E : [email protected]

Module Title: Structures III (Emerging Technology and

Disaster Prevention)

Module Code: ARC 80739

Year: IV Semester:

Lecturer: MEng. Abdou NIYITANGAMAHORO

Indicative content
Unit 1: Design of steel structures
Unit 1.1: Introduction
Unit 1.2: Design methods and actions on structures
Unit 1.3: Materials properties and steel sections
Unit 1.4: Beams
Unit 1.5: Columns
Unit 1.6: Trusses
Unit 2: Connections
Unit 3: Timber design
Unit 1.4: Beams
Types of beams
 Role of beams
Beams are designed:
To resist moment and shear;
To support floors and columns;
 To carry roof sheeting as purlins;
Side cladding as sheeting rail.
 Classification of beam cross-sections
Beam cross-sections are classified in four classes
as seen in chap 3.
1. Class 1 Plastic cross-section
2. Class 2 Compact cross-section
3. Class 3 Semi-compact cross-section
4. Class 4 Slender cross-section
 Lateral-torsional buckling
If an I section is subject to vertical loading that
can move laterally with the beam.
 Technics to restrain Lateral-torsional buckling

(i) in-situ and precast flooring or composite

decking, provided that the flooring is
supported directly on the top flange or is cast
around it.
(ii) timber flooring, if the joists are fixed by
cleats, bolts or other method providing a
positive connection.
(iii) steel plate flooring, if it is bolted or welded
at closely spaced intervals.
 Deflection of beams
Deflections for some common load cases for
simply supported beams together with the
maximum moments are given in the following
figure:
 Moment and shear capacities
• The shear capacity Pv of an I or H section is
calculated as:
Pv = 0.6 py Av
where Av is equal to the section depth times the web
thickness.
• In the presence of low shear (applied shear ≤ 0.6
Pv), the moment capacity of a beam Mc is given by:
Mc = py Sx for Class 1 plastic and Class 2 compact
sections
Mc = py Sxeff or py Zx (conservatively) for Class 3
semi-compact sections.
• To avoid irreversible deformation at serviceability
loads, Mc should be limited to 1.5pyZ generally
and 1.2pyZ for simply supported beams.
• Where
py is the design strength of the material;
Sx Plastic modulus(first moments of area )
about x-axis;
Sxeff is effective plastic modulus about x-
axis;
Zxeff is the effective section modulus.
For high shear Fv > 0.6Pv :
the moment capacity Mc needs to be reduced,
as set out in Clause 4.2.5.3 of BS 5950-1.

In beams with full restraint, the design bending

moments in the beam are simply checked
against the above moment capacity. In beams
without full restraint, the design bending
moments must also be checked against the
buckling resistance moment.
 Design of beams without full lateral
restraint
Here the design moment Mx should satisfy the
following condition:

where Mb is the buckling resistance moment

mLT is the equivalent uniform moment
factor
Effective Length LE for cantilevers
Table 1
Effective length LE for beams without intermediate restraint
Table 2
 Calculation of bending resistance for beams
without full restraint
Steps:
1. Determine Mx and Fv ;
2. Determine LE from Table 1 for cantilevers or
Table 2 for beams;
3. Look up ry ( The radius of gyration) from
section tables and evaluate 𝜆 as LE / ry;
4. Evaluate the equivalent slenderness LT
as
uv   w  0.5
 LE

ry
Slenderness factor v  1 for equal flange beams;
Alternatively the slenderness factor v may be 
x
determined from Table 19 of BS 5950-1. In the
ratio x found in the table 19, the torsional
index can be calculated as indicated in the section
4.3.6.8 of BS 5950-1.
The buckling parameter u can also be found in the
same section while the ratio  w is given in the
section 4.3.6.9.
5. Determine the Bending strength pb from
table 3;
6. Compute the buckling resistance moment Mb
as:

7. Ensure that Mx ≤ Mb / mLT (mLT may be

derived from Table 18 of BS 5950-1 .
8. Check that Mx ≤ Mcx (If mLT = 1.0, this check
is unnecessary).
Table 3: Bending strength pb
Example – Beam with full lateral restraint
Design a simply supported steel beam carrying a
concrete floor slab over a span of 5.0 m in
grade S275 steel. The unfactored dead load,
which includes an allowance for self weight, is
14 kN/m, and the ultimate unfactored
imposed load is 19 kN/m.

For ultimate load the factored load is, 1.4 × 14 +

1.6 × 19 = 50 kN/m
Choice of section
Maximum moment = wL2/8 = 50 × 5 2 / 8 = 156 kNm
As the beam is fully restrained (due to the presence
of the floor slab) the required moment capacity is
Sx py assuming that the section is at least Class 2
compact, given that most UB sections are at least
Class 2 .
Assuming that the maximum thickness is 16mm, py
= 275 N/mm2
Therefore Srequired = 156 × 106 / 275 × 10–3 = 568
cm3
The lightest rolled section to satisfy this criterion
is a 356 x 127 x 39 UB.
The plastic modulus Sx = 659 cm3.
Determine section classification
Flange thickness T = 10.7 mm, which is less than
16mm, therefore py is 275 N/mm2 and Ɛ= 1.00.
Consider the flange. From section tables
b/T = 5.89.
5.89 < 9Ɛ, therefore classification is Class 1
plastic.
Consider web. From section tables d/t = 47.2.
47.2 < 80Ɛ, therefore classification is Class 1
plastic.
Therefore, the section as a whole is Class 1
plastic.
Shear capacity check
Maximum shear force Fv is wL/2 = 50 × 5/ 2 =
125 kN
From section tables, D = 353.4 mm t = 6.6 mm
Shear capacity, Pv = 0.6 py Av = 0.6 py t D
= 0.6 × 275 × 6.6 × 353.4 / 103 = 385 kN
0.6 Pv = 0.6 × 385 = 231 kN > Fv (=125 kN)
therefore the section is under ‘low shear’.
Moment capacity
As the section is Class 1 plastic, and is under low
shear, the moment capacity
Mc is given by Mc = Sx py = 659 × 103 × 275 / 106 =
181 kNm.
Thus Mx= 156 kNm is less tham Mc = 181 kNm
Serviceability check
Serviceability load will be taken as unfactored
imposed load = 19 kN/m
Deflection due to this load, wi (Taking E as 205 ×
10 3 N/mm2 and I from section tables),
= 5w L4/ 384 E I
=(5 × 19 × 5000 4) / (384 × 205 × 103 × 10170 *10 4 )
= 7.4 mm
As the recommended maximum deflection under
imposed load only is span/360 or 13.9 mm, the
deflection is satisfactory. Deflections do have
more significance for longer spans.