24 CHAPTER 1.

SETS, INEQUALITIES AND FUNCTIONS

Problems for Chapter 1

Questions marked with [R] are routine, with [H] are harder and with [X] are for MATH1141 only.
Questions marked with [V] have a video solution available from Moodle. You should make sure
that you can do the easier questions before you tackle the more difficult questions.

Problems 1.1 : Sets of numbers

1. [R] Express the following sets in words. Graph the sets on the number line (if possible).

a) {x ∈ Z : −π < x < π}
b) {x ∈ R : x2 − x − 1 < 0}
c) {x ∈ Q : x2 = 2}

2. [R] Graph on the number line the following sets.

a) [3, ∞), (−∞, 3), (−∞, ∞), (−3, 3]

b) {x : |x − 2| < 5}
c) {x : x2 + 4x − 5 > 0}

3. [R] Sketch the set of points (x, y) which satisfy the following relations.

a) 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x and 0≤x≤2 b) y/2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 0≤y≤4

Problems 1.2 : Solving inequalities and

1.3 : Absolute values

4. [R] Solve the following inequalities.

1 1
a) x(x − 1) > 0 b) (x − 1)(x − 2) < 0 c) >−
x 2
1 1 6
d) > e) x ≥
1−x 2 x−1

5. [R] Solve the following inequalities.

x−1
a) x+1 <3 b) x+2 >3 c) 3x + 2 < 1 d) <1
x+1

6. [R] [V]

a) By expanding (x − y)2 , prove that x2 + y 2 ≥ 2xy for all real numbers x and y.
a+b √
b) Deduce that ≥ ab for all non-negative real numbers a and b. When does
2
equality hold?
1
c) Use the result above to find the minimum value of y = x2 + 2 .
x
c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1 25

7. [R] True or false:

1 1
a) If a > b then < . b) If a < b then a2 < b2 .
a b
c) If 0 < a < b then a2 < b2 . d) If a2 + b2 = 0 then a = b = 0.
e) If −1 < a < b then a2 < b2 .

1 1 4
8. [H] Prove that (x + y)2 ≥ 4xy and hence deduce that + ≥ 2 .
x2 y 2 x + y2

9. [H] [V]

a) Prove that f (x) = 1 + x + x2 is positive for all real numbers x.

b) By considering cases (or otherwise) prove that 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 is always positive.
c) Generalise the above results.

Problems 1.4 : Functions

10. [R] Determine the (maximal) domain and corresponding range for each function f de-
scribed below.
√ √
a) f (x) = 5 − x2 b) f (x) = x2 − 5
√
c) f (x) = (x − 8)−1/3 d) f (x) = x − 1
1 √
e) f (x) = √ f) f (x) = sin x
x−1
√
g) f (x) = 1 − 2 sin x h) f (x) = 1 + tan2 x

cos

√
x if x < 0
i) f (x) = 1 − x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1


|x| if x > 1

11. [R] If f (x) = x + 5 and g(x) = x2 − 3 then find

a) (g ◦ f )(0) b) (g ◦ f )(x) c) (f ◦ g)(2) d) (f ◦ g)(x).

1
12. [R] If f (x) = x − 1 and g(x) = √ , then give the explicit forms of
x−1
 
f
a) (f + g)(x) b) (f g)(x) c) (x) d) (f ◦ g)(x).
g

Problems 1.5 : Polynomials and rational functions,

1.6 : The trigonometric functions and
1.7 : The elementary functions

13. [R] Draw neat sketches (preferably without using calculus) of the graphs given by the
following equations.

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26 CHAPTER 1. SETS, INEQUALITIES AND FUNCTIONS
4
a) y = x2 − 5x + 6 b) y = 2x3 − 16 c) y =
x−3
1
d) y = 2ex−1 e) y = f) y = 3 sin 2x
x2 +4
√
g) y = x − 1

14. [R]
√
a) Sketch the graph of y = x + 1 and use your graph to sketch (on the same diagram)
1
y=√ .
x+1
b) Repeat for y = x2 − 4x + 3.

15. [R] Sketch the graph of y = x2 − 7x − 8 and hence sketch the graph of y = |x2 − 7x − 8|.

16. [R] What range of values will x2 + 4 take if −2 ≤ x ≤ 3?

17. [R] Use a graphical approach to solve |2x − 5| = x + 2.

18. [R]

a) Show that if p and q are polynomials then p ◦ q is again a polynomial.

b) [H] Is the same true for rational functions?

Problems 1.8 : Implicitly defined functions

19. [R] Sketch the graphs given by the following equations.

x2 y 2 x2 y 2
a) + =1 b) − =1
9 4 9 4
y 2 x2
c) 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36 d) − =1
9 4

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 2 47

Problems for Chapter 2

Problems 2.1 : Limits of functions at infinity

1. [R] [V] Evaluate the following limits if they exist.
x2 − 1 2x2 + x − 1
a) lim b) lim
x→∞ x2 + 1 x→∞ x2 + 4x − 3

2x2 + 5x − 1 x5 + 5x + 1
c) lim d) lim
x→∞ x3 + x x→∞ x4 + 3
5x2 − 3x + cos 7x
e) lim f) lim sin x
x→∞ 4 + sin 2x + x2 x→∞

2. [R] Use the pinching theorem to find the following limits.

sin x cos x
a) lim b) lim
x→∞ x x→∞ x2

3. [R] [V]
√ √
a) Prove that lim ( x + 1 − x) = 0.
x→∞
p 1
b) Show that lim ( x2 + x − x) = .
x→∞ 2

Problems 2.2 : The definition of lim f (x) and

x→∞
2.3 : Proving that lim f (x) = L using the limit definition
x→∞

4. [R]

a) Write down the formal definition for the statement

lim f (x) = L.
x→∞

1
b) Evaluate lim .
x→∞2x2
c) Verify from the formal definition that your answer in (b) is correct.

5. [R]

x2 + 1
a) Evaluate lim .
x→∞ x2
x2 + 1
b) Find a real number M such that the distance between and its limit is less
x2
than 0.01 whenever x > M .
c) Suppose that ǫ > 0. Find a real number M (expressed in terms of ǫ) such that the
x2 + 1
distance between and its limit is less than ǫ whenever x > M .
x2

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48 CHAPTER 2. LIMITS

6. [R] [V] For each of the following, find the limit of f (x) as x tends to infinity and prove
from the definition that your answer is correct.
4x x−3
a) f (x) = b) f (x) = 2 c) f (x) = e−2x
x+7 x +3
sin x sin 3x
d) f (x) = e) f (x) = 2
x x +4

7. [X]

a) With ǫ in (0, 1), Sarah solves the inequality |f (x) − 4| < ǫ and finds that the required
x values satisfy  
1
x∈ ,∞ .
ǫ
Does lim f (x) exist? Give reasons for your answer.
x→∞
b) With ǫ in (0, 1), Lyndal solves the inequality |g(x)−5| < ǫ and finds that the inequality
holds for all x satisfying  
1
x∈ ,∞ .
ǫ
Does lim g(x) exist? Give reasons for your answer.
x→∞

8. [R] [V] A parcel is dropped from an aeroplane. A simple model, taking into account
gravity and air resistance, suggests that the parcel’s velocity v(t) (in metres per second)
is given by v(t) = 50(1 − e−t/5 ), where t is the number of seconds since leaving the plane.

a) Calculate the terminal velocity of the parcel (that is, find lim v(t)).
t→∞
b) The parcel never attains its terminal velocity. How long does it take to come within
1 metre per second of its terminal velocity?

Problems 2.4 : Proofs of basic limit results (MATH1141 only)

9. [X] For each question below, give reasons for your answer. [In some cases a single example
will be sufficient while in other cases a general proof will be required. As a reminder, if
f (x) → ∞ as x → ∞ then lim f (x) does not exist.]
x→∞

a) If lim f (x) and lim g(x) do not exist, can lim [f (x) + g(x)] or lim f (x)g(x) exist?
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
b) If lim f (x) exists and lim [f (x) + g(x)] exists, must lim g(x) exist?
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
c) If lim f (x) exists and lim g(x) does not exist, can lim [f (x) + g(x)] exist?
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
d) If lim f (x) exists and lim f (x)g(x) exists, does it follow that lim g(x) exists?
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞

Problems 2.5 : Limits of functions at a point

10. [R] Evaluate the following limits.

1
x2 − 4 x3 − 1 − 13
x
a) lim 2x + 4 b) lim c) lim d) lim
x→3 x→2 x − 2 x→1 x − 1 x→3 x − 3

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 2 49

11. [R] [V]

|x − 2|
a) Find the left-hand limit lim .
x→2−x−2
|x − 2|
b) Find the right-hand limit lim .
x→2+ x − 2
|x − 2|
c) Does lim exist?
x→2 x − 2

12. [R] By finding the left- and right-hand limits first, decide whether or not each of the
following limits exist and if so find their values.
x |x2 − 4| x−4 4
a) lim b) lim c) lim d) lim
x→0 |x| x→2 x − 2 x→4 |x − 4| x→0 x

13. [R] [V]

a) Use the pinching theorem to find lim x sin x1 .

x→0
1
b) Repeat for lim x2 sin .
x→0 2x

14. [R] [V] Suppose that θ is a (positive) angle measured in radians and consider the diagram
below.
D
C

θ
O A B
The curve segment CB is the arc of a circle of radius 1 centre O.

a) Write down, in terms of θ, the length of arc CB and the lengths of the line segments
CA and DB.
b) By considering areas, deduce that sin θ cos θ ≤ θ ≤ tan θ whenever 0 < θ < π2 .
θ
c) Use the pinching theorem to show that lim = 1.
θ→0+ sin θ
sin θ
d) Deduce that lim = 1.
θ→0 θ

15. [H] Discuss the limiting behaviour of cos x1 as x → 0.

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

60 CHAPTER 3. PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Problems for Chapter 3

Problems 3.1 : Combining continuous functions and

3.2 : Continuity on intervals
1. [R] Suppose that f : R → R is defined by f (x) = |x|.

a) Show that f is continuous at 0.

b) Is f continuous everywhere? Give brief reasons for your answer.

2. [R] Determine at which points each function f : R → R is continuous. Give reasons.


−2x
e if x < 0
( 
e2x if x < 0
a) f (x) = b) f (x) = sin x + 1 if 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2
cos x if x ≥ 0 

2x − π if x > π/2

3. [R] Suppose that

(
x2 −16
x−4 if x 6= 4
f (x) =
k if x = 4,

where k is a real number. For which values of k (if any) will f be continuous everywhere?

4. [H] Use the pinching theorem for limits to show that if f , g and h are three functions
defined on an open interval I, such that

• f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for all x ∈ I,

• f (a) = g(a) = h(a) for some a ∈ I, and
• f and h are continuous at a,

then g is also continuous at a.

Problems 3.3 : The intermediate value theorem

5. [R] Show that the function f , given by f (x) = x3 − 5x + 3, has a zero in each of the
intervals [−3, −2], [0, 1] and [1, 2].

6. [R] [V] Use the intermediate value theorem to show that the equation ex = 2 cos x has at
least one positive real solution.

7. [H] Suppose that f is continuous on [0, 1] and that Range(f ) is a subset of [0, 1]. By using
g(x) = f (x) − x, prove that there is a real number c in [0, 1] such that f (c) = c.

8. [X] Suppose that f is a continuous function such that f (0) = 1 and lim f (x) = −1. Show
x→∞
that f has a zero somewhere in (0, ∞).

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PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 3 61

Problems 3.4 : The maximum-minimum theorem

9. [R] In each case, determine whether or not f attains a maximum on the given interval.
Give reasons for your answer.
ln x
a) f (x) = x2 − 4 on [−3, 5] b) f (x) = sin(ex ) + 2 on [2, 4]
x −1
c) f (x) = x2 − 4 on (−3, 5) d) f (x) = −(x2 − 4) on (−3, 5)

10. [H] [V] Suppose that f is a continuous function on R and that lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0.
x→∞ x→−∞

a) Give an example of such a function which has both a maximum value and a minimum
value.
b) Give an example of such a function which has a minimum value but no maximum
value.
c) [X] Show that if there is a real number ξ such that f (ξ) > 0 then f attains a
maximum value on R. [Note that the maximum-minimum theorem only applies to
finite closed intervals [a, b].]

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82 CHAPTER 4. DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS

Problems for Chapter 4

Problems 4.1 : Gradients of tangents and derivatives

1. [R] Using the definition of the derivative, show that:

a) if f (x) = x2 then f ′ (x) = 2x;

b) if f (x) = x3 then f ′ (x) = 3x2 ;
1
c) if f (x) = then f ′ (x) = −1
x x2
;
√ 1
d) [H] if f (x) = x then f ′ (x) = √
2 x
.

Problems 4.2 : Rules for differentiation

2. [R] Find the derivative in each case.

a) f (x) = 5(x4 + 3x7 ) b) g(x) = (x4 − 2x)(4x2 + 2x + 5)
y2
c) h(y) = d) f (x) = x(x2 − 4)1/2
y3 + 8
√
e) f (t) = t/ t2 − 4 f) g(y) = sin 3y − 3 cos2 2y
√
g) g(x) = x4 e−x h) f (x) = (x2 + 1) ln x3 + 1
i) f (x) = ln(etan x ) j) f (x) = ln(cos x)

3. [H] Suppose that f : R → R is defined by f (x) = x|x| for all x in R.

f (0 + h) − f (0)
a) If it exists, evaluate lim .
h→0+ h
f (0 + h) − f (0)
b) If it exists, evaluate lim .
h→0 − h
c) State the value of f ′ (0) or explain why f is not differentiable at 0.

4. [R] [V] Determine at which points each function f is (i) differentiable; (ii) continuous.
(
sin x if x ≤ 0 x3 − 6x + 4
a) f (x) = |x| b) f (x) = c) f (x) = 2
x if x > 0 x + 4x + 4

5. [R] Sketch the graph of f , where f (x) = x1/3 . Is f differentiable at 0? Give reasons.

6. [X] Prove that the function f : R → R, given by

(
x2 sin x1 if x 6= 0
f (x) =
0 if x = 0,

is continuous and differentiable everywhere, but that f ′ is not continuous at 0.

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PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 4 83

7. [X] The function f is differentiable at a. Find

f (a + ph) − f (a − ph)
lim .
h→0 h

8. [R] (An exercise on notation.) Suppose that f (x) = x + cos 2x. Write down
a) f (x + 17π) b) f ′ (x + nπ) c) f (2 − x2 )
d
d) f ′ (2 − x2 ) e) dx f (2 − x2 ).

Problems 4.4 : Implicit differentiation

dy
9. [R] Find in terms of x and y if
dx
√
a) x3 + y 3 = xy b) x2 − xy + y 2 = 6.

dy
10. [R] Find for the curve x4 + y 4 = 16. Sketch the graph of the curve.
dx

11. [R] [V] Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve x3 + y 3 = 3(x + y) at the point
(1, 2).

Problems 4.5 : Differentiation, continuity and split functions

12. [R] Suppose that a and b are real numbers. Find all values of a and b (if any) such that
the functions f and g, given by
( (
ax + b if x < 0 ax + b if x < 0
a) f (x) = and b) g(x) = ,
sin x if x ≥ 0 e2x if x ≥ 0
are (i) continuous at 0 and (ii) differentiable at 0.

13. [H] The function f : R → R is is defined by

(√ √
x sin x if x ≥ 0
f (x) =
ax + b if x < 0,

where a and b are real numbers. Find all values of a and b (if any) such that f is differ-
entiable at 0.

Problems 4.6 : Derivatives and function approximation

√
14. [R] [V] Suppose that f (x) = 3
x.
a) Without using a calculator, give a rough estimate of f (8.01).
b) i) Find the equation of the tangent to f at the point (8, 2).
ii) Use your answer to part (i) to find a different approximation for f (8.01).
c) Using a calculator, determine the error for the approximation in (a) and in (b). Which
approximation is better?

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84 CHAPTER 4. DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS

Problems 4.7 : Derivatives and rates of change

15. [R] At a certain instant the side length of an equilateral triangle is a cm and this length
is increasing at r cm/s. How fast, in cm2 /s, is the area increasing?

16. [R] [V] A 5 m ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. Suppose that the bottom of the
ladder is being pulled away from the wall at a rate of 1 m/s. How fast is the area of the
triangle underneath the ladder changing at the instant that the top of the ladder is 4 m
from the floor?

17. [R] A spherical balloon is to be filled with water so that there is a constant increase in
the rate of its surface area of 3 cm2 /s.
(The surface area A and volume V of a sphere of radius r is given by A = 4πr 2 and
V = 43 πr 3 .)

a) Find the rate of increase in the radius when the radius is 3 cm.
b) Find the volume when the volume is increasing at a rate of 10 cm3 /s.

18. [R]

a) A container in the shape of a right circular cone, of semi-vertical angle tan−1 ( 12 ), is

placed vertex downwards with its axis vertical.

θ = tan−1 ( 12 )
θ

Water is poured in at the rate of 10 mm3 /s. Find the rate at which the depth, h mm,
is increasing when the depth of water in the cone is 50 mm.
b) [H] The cone is filled to a depth of 100 mm and pouring is then stopped. A hole is
then opened
√ at the vertex of the cone and water flows out of the hole at the rate
of 50π h mm3 per second, where h is the depth at time t. Show that it takes 200
seconds to empty the cone.

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 5 107

Problems for Chapter 5

Problems 5.1 : The mean value theorem

1. [R] Find a real number c which satisfies the conclusions of the mean value theorem for
each function f on the given interval.
√
a) f (x) = x3 on [1, 2] b) f (x) = x on [0, 2].

2. [R] Suppose that f (x) = 1/x. Show that there is no real number c in [−1, 2] such that
f (2) − f (−1)
f ′ (c) = .
2 − (−1)
Why does this not contradict the mean value theorem?

3. [R] Consider the function f given by f (x) = (x − 2)4 cos(x2 − 4x + 4). Use the mean value
theorem to show that f ′ has a zero on the interval [1, 3].

Problems 5.3 : Proving inequalities using the mean value theorem

4. [R] [V] By using the mean value theorem, show that

a) ln(1 + x) < x whenever x > 0;
b) − ln(1 − x) < x/(1 − x) whenever 0 < x < 1;
c) 1 + x < ex whenever x > 0.

5. [R]
a) Use the mean value theorem to show that sin t ≤ t whenever t > 0.
b) Hence show that sin t < t whenever t > 0.
1
c) Using the pinching theorem and part (a), evaluate the limit lim sin .
x→∞ x

6. [H] Prove that

x √ x
1+ √ < 1+x <1+ whenever x > 0.
2 1+x 2

Problems 5.4 : Error bounds

7. [R] [V] Use the mean value theorem to find an upper bound for the error involved if we
approximate
√ √
a) 17 by 16 = 4;
 
1998 2
b) by 22 = 4;
1000
1 1
c) by .
1002 1000
c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney
108 CHAPTER 5. THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM AND APPLICATIONS

Problems 5.5 : The sign of a derivative,

5.6 : The second derivative and applications and
5.7 : Critical points, maxima and minima

8. [R] The derivative of a function f : R → R is given by f ′ (x) = 3(x + 1)(x − 1)2 (x − 4)3 .
Locate all stationary points of f and identify any local maximum or minimum points of
f.

9. [X] The function f : R → R, given by

(
x sin x1 if x 6= 0
f (x) =
0 if x = 0,
is continuous but not differentiable at 0. Does f have a local maximum or a local minimum
at 0? Prove your answer.

10. [R] Find the maximum and minimum values for each function f over the given interval.
a) f (x) = 3 − x3 over [−2, 4] b) f (x) = 3 − x4 over [−2, 4]
c) f (x) = x3 − x4 over [−5, 5] d) f (x) = 2x(x + 4)3 over [−2, 1]
e) f (x) = |x2 − 3x + 2| over [0, 3]

11. [R] Find the point on the straight line 2x + 3y = 6 which is closest to the origin.

x2 x3
12. a) i) [R] Show that the polynomial p3 , where p3 (x) = 1 + x + + , has at least
2! 3!
one real root.
x2
ii) [H] Show that the polynomial p2 , where p2 (x) = 1 + x + , has no real roots
2!
and deduce that p3 has exactly one real root.
x2 x3 x4
iii) [X] Deduce that p4 (x) = 1 + x + + + > 0 for all real numbers x.
2! 3! 4!
n
X xk
b) [X] Suppose that pn (x) = whenever n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Use induction to prove
k!
k=0
that
i) if n is even then pn (x) > 0 for all real numbers x, and
ii) if n is odd then pn (x) has exactly one real root and this root is negative.

13. [R] A wire of length 100 cm is cut into two pieces of length x cm and y cm. The piece of
length x cm is bent into the shape of a square and the piece of length y cm into the shape
of a circle. Find x and y so that the sum of the areas enclosed by the shapes will be
a) a minimum b) a maximum.

14. [X] Suppose that a ≥ 0. Find the greatest and least distances from the point (a, 0) to
the ellipse
x2 y 2
+ = 1.
4 1
(Have a precise answer before comparing with the given answer.)

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 5 109

15. [X] Find all the values of a and x, both in [0, 2π], where

f (x) = cos a + 2 cos(2x) + cos(4x − a)

has a horizontal point of inflexion.

Problems 5.8 : Counting zeros

16. [R] Show that x3 + x − 9 = 0 has only one real solution.

17. [R] [V] Suppose that p(x) = x3 − 12x2 + 45x − 51 whenever x ∈ R. How many real zeros
does p have?

Problems 5.9 : Antiderivatives

18. [R]

a) Find a function f that has the following properties:

f ′ (t) = sin t + t whenever t ∈ R,

f (0) = 2.

b) Are there any other functions with these properties? Explain your answer.

19. [R] [V] A particle moving along the x-axis has velocity 2t − t2 units per second after t
seconds. Find

a) the distance from the starting point after three seconds;

b) the total distance travelled after three seconds.

Problems 5.10 : L’Hôpital’s rule

20. [R] Calculate the following limits.

ex − 1 xm − 1 x − π/2
a) lim b) lim , n 6= 0 c) lim
x→0 x(3 + x) x→1 xn − 1 x→π/2 cos x
 
ln (1 + x) − x 1 − sin x tan x − x
d) lim e) lim f) lim
x→0 x2 x→π/2 1 + cos 2x x→0 x3

21. [R] Determine the limiting behaviour in the following cases.

x3 + 1 e5x
a) as x → ∞ b) as x → ∞
x4 + 1 x3
e5x
c) as x → −∞ d) x sin(1/x) as x → ∞
x3
√
x4 + 1 ln(x3 + 1)
e) √ as x → ∞ f) as x → ∞
3
x6 + 1 ln(x2 + 1)

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110 CHAPTER 5. THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM AND APPLICATIONS
 
1 1
22. [H] Find the value of lim + .
t→0 ln(1 + t) ln(1 − t)

ax − 1 + ebx
23. [H] Find (a, b) such that lim = 1.
x→0 x2

4x + sin x
24. [R] Explain why l’Hôpital’s Rule cannot be used to find lim . Use another
x→∞ 2x − sin x
method to find this limit.

25. [R] [V] Show that the function f , given by

(
e2x if x ≥ 0
f (x) =
2x + 1 if x < 0,

is differentiable at 0.

26. [R]
√
cos
h−1
a) Evaluate lim .
h→0+ h
b) A function f is defined by
( √
cos x if x ≥ 0
f (x) =
ax + b if x < 0,

where a and b are real numbers. By using the limit calculated in (a), find all possible
values of a and b such that f is differentiable at 0.

27. [H] [V]

a) Use l’Hôpital’s rule to show that lim x ln x = 0.

x→0+

b) By using part (a), or otherwise, show that lim x2 ln x = 0.

x→0+
c) A function f is defined by
(
x2 ln x if x > 0
f (x) =
ax + b if x ≤ 0,

where a and b are real numbers. Find all possible values of a and b such that f is
differentiable at 0.

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PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 6 127

Problems for Chapter 6

Problems 6.1 : Some preliminary examples

1. [R] [V] Suppose
√ that the functions
√ f : [0, ∞) → [1, ∞) and g : [1, ∞) → [0, ∞) are given
by f (x) = 1 + x2 and g(x) = x2 − 1.

a) By calculating (f ◦ g)(x) and (g ◦ f )(x), verify that g is the inverse function to f .

b) What are the domains of f ◦ g and g ◦ f ?

2. [R]

a) Suppose that f : R → R is given by f (x) = 3x + 1. Find f −1 (x). Sketch the graph

of f and the graph of its inverse function, f −1 , on the same diagram.
b) The function g : (−∞, 0] → R is defined by g(x) = x2 +1. Write down the domain and
range of the inverse function g−1 and find a formula for g−1 (x). Find the derivative
of g−1 .

Problems 6.2 : One-to-one functions and

6.3 : Inverse functions

3. [R] Show that the function f : R → R, given by f (x) = x3 +3x+1, has an inverse function
whose domain is R.

4. [R] [V] Suppose that f : R → R is given by f (x) = 4x + cos x.

a) Show that f has an inverse function g.

b) By using the inverse function theorem, find g ′ (2π).

5. [R] Suppose that f : R → R is defined by f (x) = x3 − 3x + 1.

a) Show that f : R → R is not a one-to-one function.

b) Find all possible intervals I of R, each as large as possible, such that the restricted
function f : I → R has an inverse. What is the domain of each of corresponding
inverse function?

6. [H]

a) Can you find a quadratic function from R to R which is one-to-one?

b) Can you find a cubic function from R to R which is not one-to-one?

Problems 6.4 : The inverse function theorem

7. [H] For each function f : R → R given below, find all possible intervals I of R, each as
large as possible, such that the restricted function f : I → R is one-to-one. State the
range of each restricted function f : I → R. What can you say about existence, domain
of definition, continuity and differentiability of the corresponding inverse functions?

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128 CHAPTER 6. INVERSE FUNCTIONS

a) f (x) = x(x2 − 1)(x + 2)

b) f (x) = (x + 1)17
c) f (x) = |x| |x + 1|

Problems 6.5 : Applications to the trigonometric functions

8. [R] Simplify each expression without using a calculator.

√
a) sin−1 ( 3/2) b) cos(cos−1 (2/5)) c) sin−1 (sin(5π/3))
d) cos−1 (cos(−π/3)) e) cos(sin−1 (3/5)) f) sin(tan−1 (3/5))
π 3π
g) sec−1 (2) h) sin−1 (sin x) when 2 ≤x≤ 2

9. [R] Sketch the graph of f : [1, 3] → R, where f (x) = cos−1 (x − 2).

10. [R] Show that

d
−1 d
1
a) cos−1 x = √ b) tan−1 x = .
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 + x2

11. [R] Differentiate

√
a) cos−1 (2x) b) sin−1 x c) tan−1 (2x − 3).

12. [R] Prove that sin−1 x + cos−1 x is constant. For what values of x is this valid and what
is the constant?

13. [H] [V] Suppose that f (x) = tan−1 x + tan−1 (1/x) whenever x 6= 0.
a) Show that f ′ (x) = 0 whenever x 6= 0.
b) Hence evaluate f on the intervals (0, ∞) and (−∞, 0).
c) How do you account for this result geometrically?

14. [H]
a) Draw the graph of cosec x.
b) Show that cosec restricted to the interval (0, π2 ] has an inverse function. Sketch the
graph of the inverse and calculate its derivative.

15. [X]
a) Show that 2 tan−1 2 = π − cos−1 (3/5).
b) Show that cos−1 (1 − 2x2 ) = 2 sin−1 x whenever 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
c) Suppose that q(x) = cos−1 (1 − 2x2 ). Is q differentiable at 0?

16. [H] A function f : R → R is defined by

(  
x tan−1 √1x if x > 0
f (x) =
ax + b if x ≤ 0,

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6.6. MAPLE NOTES 129

where a and b are real numbers. Find all values of a and b such that f is differentiable
at 0.

17. [H] A lighthouse containing a revolving beacon is located 3 km from P , the nearest point
on a straight shoreline. The beacon revolves with a constant rotation rate of 4 revolutions
per minute and throws a spot of light onto the shoreline. How fast is the spot of light
moving when it is (a) at P and (b) at a point on the shoreline 2 km from P ?

18. [H] [V] A picture 2 metres high is hung on a wall with its bottom edge 6 metres above
the eye of the viewer. How far from the wall should the viewer stand for the picture to
subtend the largest possible vertical angle with her eye?

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 7 153

Problems for Chapter 7

Problems 7.1 : Curves defined by a Cartesian equation

√
1. [R] Find the maximal domain and range of the function f , given by f (x) = 5 + 4x − x2 ,
and sketch its graph.

2. [R] Write down the period of each of the following functions f (where possible). Determine
which are odd or even. Sketch the graph of each function.
a) f (x) = sin 3x b) f (x) = 1 + sin(2x/3) c) f (x) = x sin x
d) f (x) = tan 3x e) f (x) = cos2 x f) f (x) = sin x + cos x

3. [R] Suppose that f is an odd function (not everywhere zero). Determine whether each
function g below is odd, even or neither.
a) g(x) = x2 f (x) b) g(x) = x3 f (x) c) g(x) = x2 + f (x)
d) g(x) = x3 + f (x) e) g(x) = sin(f (x)) f) g(x) = f (cos x)

4. [R] For each function f , identify any vertical and oblique asymptotes and hence sketch
the graph. (Do not use calculus.)
1 x2 − 2 x3 − 7x + 8
a) f (x) = x + 2 + b) f (x) = c) [H] f (x) =
x−3 x+1 x2 + x − 6

5. [R] Sketch the following curves, showing their main features.

1 x−1 2
a) y = x2 + 2 b) [V] y = c) y = e−x /2
x x−2
x2
d) y = xe−x e) y 2 = x(x − 4)2 f) y =
x−2
2
x −1
g) y = 2 h) y = x cos−1 x
x − 2x

3x2 − 10x + 3
6. [H] (Longer rather than difficult) Suppose that y = .
3x2 + 10x + 3
a) Find the values of x for which y ≥ 0. b) Find the asymptotes.
c) Find the turning points. d) Find the domain and range.
e) Sketch the graph.

Problems 7.2 : Parametrically defined curves

7. [R] Sketch the curves given by the following parametric equations. Also find, where
possible, a Cartesian equation for the curve.
a) x = 4 cos t, y = 5 sin t
b) x = 3 sec t, y = 2 tan t
.
c) x = t3 , y = t2
d) x = et cos t, y = et sin t

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154 CHAPTER 7. CURVE SKETCHING

8. [R] For each of the curves given in parametric form by

  
x=1−t x = 3t + 2 x = cos t
a) b) c)
y =1+t y = t4 − 1 y = sin t,

i) find the points on the curve corresponding to t = −1, 0, 1, and 2;

ii) find any point on the curve where y = 0;
dy
iii) find as a function of t.
dx

9. [R] [V]

t t
a) Find the equation of the normal to the curve x = , y = at the point P
t+1 t−1
when t = 2.

b) Eliminate t from the above equations and find the gradient of the normal at P using
the Cartesian form.

10. [X] A curve is given in terms of the parameter t by x = t3 , y = 3t2 .

a) What is the equation of the curve? Can you sketch it?

b) Show that the equation of the chord joining the points with parameters t1 , t2 is

(t21 + t1 t2 + t22 )y = 3(t1 + t2 )x + 3t21 t22 .

c) Show that the equation of the tangent at t is ty = 2x + t3 .

d) Suppose that P is a point with coordinates (a, b) and that P does not lie on on the
curve or on the y-axis.

i) Show that either one or three tangents may be drawn from P to the given curve.
Illustrate on a sketch the region in which P must lie so that there are three
tangents from P to the curve.
ii) Assume that P lies in this region and let Q1 , Q2 , Q3 denote the points of contact
of the tangents from P to the curve. Show that the centroid of the triangle
Q1 Q2 Q3 is the point (−2a, 2b).

11. [H] Consider a fixed circle of radius 1 centred at the origin and a smaller circle of radius 14
initially centred at ( 43 , 0). The smaller circle rolls (without slipping) around the inside rim
of the larger circle such that the centre Q of the smaller circle moves in an anticlockwise
direction. A point P , fixed on the rim of the smaller circle and initially with coordinates
(1, 0), traces out a curve as the smaller circle moves inside the larger circle.

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PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 7 155
y y

x θ P x
O Q P O

Initial configuration Configuration after motion has begun

The goal of this question is to find the Cartesian form of the trajectory of P . Let θ denote
the angle (in radians) between OQ and the positive x-axis, as shown in the above diagram.
⇀
a) Explain why OQ = 43 (cos θ, sin θ).
⇀
b) [X] Explain why QP = 14 (cos(−3θ), sin(−3θ)).
⇀
c) Show that OP = (cos3 θ, sin3 θ).
(You may find techniques from MATH1131 Algebra useful here.)
d) Hence the trajectory of P is given by

x = cos3 θ, y = sin3 θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

By using an appropriate trigonometric identity, eliminate θ to find the cartesian

equation of the trajectory of P .
e) Sketch the curve corresponding to this equation. (This curve is called an astroid after
the Greek word for ‘star’.)

12. [R] [V] In the 1960s two French car engineers, Paul de Casteljau and Pierre Bezier,
independently discovered a remarkable new approach to parameterising curves. Let’s in-
troduce their approach by finding a quadratic curve determined by the control points
A(1, 1), B(2, 2) and C(3, 1) with respecitve coordinate vectors a, b and c.

a) The linear de Casteljau Bezier curve determined by A and B is given parametrically

as
p(t) = (1 − t)a + tb.
This is called the linear interpolation of the vectors a and b. Find a parametric vector
equation for p(t) and evaluate p(0) and p(1).
b) Similarly, the linear de Casteljau Bezier determined by B and C is

q(t) = (1 − t)b + tc.

Find a Cartesian equation for this line, and evaluate q(1/2).

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156 CHAPTER 7. CURVE SKETCHING

c) The quadratic de Casteljau Bezier curve r(t) determined A, B and C, is the linear
interpolation of the vectors p(t) and q(t):
r(t) = (1 − t)p(t) + tq(t).
Find an explicit expression for r(t) and find the polynomials p0 , p1 and p2 such that
r(t) = p0 (t)a + p1 (t)b + p2 (t)c.

Problems 7.3 : Curves defined by polar coordinates

13. [R] The following points are given in polar coordinate form. Plot them on a diagram and
find their Cartesian coordinates.
a) (3, 0) b) (6, 7π/6) c) (2, 7π/4)

14. [R] Convert these Cartesian coordinates into polar forms with r ≥ 0 and −π < θ ≤ π.
√
a) (−3, 0) b) (−1, −1) c) (−2, 2 3)
√ √
d) (0, 1) e) (−2 3, 2) f) (−2 3, −2)

15. [R] Sketch the graph corresponding to each polar equation.

a) r = 4 b) θ = 2 c) r = 3θ, for θ ≥ 0.

16. [R]
a) Express r = 6 sin θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, in Cartesian form and hence draw its graph.
b) Repeat this for r = 2 cos θ, where −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.

17. [R] Sketch the graph corresponding to each polar equation.

a) r = 2 + sin θ b) r = 3 + cos θ c) [V] r = 2 − 2 cos θ
d) r = 2| cos θ| e) r = 3| sin 6θ| f) r = | tan 2θ | (−π < θ < π)

18. [H] [V] The hyperbolic spiral is described by the equation rθ = a whenever θ > 0, where
sin θ
a is a positive constant. Using the fact that lim = 1, show that the line y = a is a
θ→0 θ
horizontal asymptote to the spiral. Sketch the spiral.

5
19. [H] Show that r = is the polar equation of an ellipse by finding the Cartesian
3 − 2 cos θ
equation of the curve (and completing the square).

20. [X]
a) For what values of θ is r 2 = 25 cos 2θ defined?
b) Sketch the graph of this curve. What difference would it make if you allowed negative
values of r?
dy
21. [H] Find dx for the curves in Q16a,b,c.

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

200 CHAPTER 8. INTEGRATION

Problems for Chapter 8

Problems 8.1 : Area and the Riemann Integral and

8.2 : Integration using Riemann sums
1. [R] [V]
 
1 2
a) By taking the partition Pn = 0, , , . . . , 1 of the interval [0,1], calculate the
n n
lower sum S Pn (f ) and the upper sum S Pn (f ) for each function f .
i) f (x) = 1
ii) f (x) = x
iii) f (x) = x2
n
X
[You may need k2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1).]
k=1
iv) f (x) = x3
n
X
[You may need k3 = 14 n2 (n + 1)2 .]
k=1
(
1 if x ∈ Q
v) f (x) =
0 if x ∈
/Q
b) By taking the limit as n → ∞ for each sum S Pn (f ) and S Pn (f ) calculated in (a),
Z 1
either calculate f (x) dx, or show that f is not Riemann integrable.
0

1
2. [R] An electrical signal S(t) has its amplitude |S(t)| tested (sampled) every 10 of a second.
It is desired to estimate the energy over a period of half a second, given exactly by

Z 1
!1
2
2
|S(t)|2 dt .
0

The results of the measurement are shown in the following table:

t .1 .2 .3 .4 .5
|S(t)| 60 50 50 45 55
e(t) 5 3 7 4 10

a) Using the above data for S(t), set up an appropriate Riemann sum and compute an
approximate value for the energy.
b) It is known that the signal varies by an amount of at most ±e(t), as shown above, in
1
each 10 second period. Calculate upper and lower bounds for the energy.

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 8 201

3. [X] Consider the partition Pn of [1, 2], given by Pn = {q 0 , q 1 , q 2 , . . . , q n } where q n = 2.

(Notice that (i) the divisions are not of equal width and (ii) 1 < q < 2 and q → 1 as
n → ∞.) If f (x) = xj for some positive integer j, then evaluate the integral
Z 2
f (x) dx
1

by calculating the limit lim S Pn (f ) of the corresponding lower Riemann sums.

n→∞

Problems 8.3 : The Riemann integral and signed area and

8.4 : Basic properties of the Riemann integral

4. [R] Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = x and the parabola y = x2 − 2.

5. [R] Find
Z 9 Z 2
x3 − x
a) dx b) |x| dx.
4 x3/2 −4

6. [H] Find a function f which satisfies the integral equation

Z x Z 0
tf (t) dt = (t2 + 1)f (t) dt + x.
0 x

 
1 1
Z 1
1
7. [R] Explain why dx = − = −1 − 1 = −2 is not valid.
−1 x2 x −1

8. [H]

a) Suppose that f is a continuous increasing (and hence invertible) function on [a, b]. If
c = f (a), d = f (b) and a, b, c, d ≥ 0, then explain why
Z d Z b
f −1 (t) dt = bd − ac − f (x) dx.
c a

Z 1
b) Use this to find sin−1 x dx.
1/2

9. [H] Suppose that U ′ (x) = u(x).

Z x
a) Find V ′ (x) if V (x) = (a − x)U (x) + U (t) dt where a is a constant.
0
Z a Z a
b) Hence show that U (x) dx = aU (0) + (a − x)u(x) dx.
0 0

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202 CHAPTER 8. INTEGRATION

Problems 8.5 : The first fundamental theorem of calculus

Z x
10. [H] Suppose that f (t) = ⌊t⌋ and F (x) = f (t) dt, where ⌊t⌋ is the greatest integer less
0
than or equal to t. Use a graph of f to sketch F on the interval [−1, 3]. Is F continuous?
Where is F differentiable?

11. [H] Suppose that f (t) = sin(t2 ). Sketch the graph of f on Zthe interval [0, 3]. Use this to
x
sketch the graph of F on the interval [0, 3], where F (x) = f (t) dt. Indicate where F
0
has local maxima and minima.

12. [R] [V] Find F ′ (x) for each function F : R → R given below.
Z x Z x3
2
a) F (x) = sin(t ) dt b) F (x) = sin(t2 ) dt
0 0
Z 1 Z x3
2
c) F (x) = sin(t ) dt d) F (x) = sin(t2 ) dt
x3 x

Z 4
d
13. [R] Find (5 − 4t)5 dt.
dx x

Problems 8.6 : The second fundamental theorem of calculus

14. [R]
1
a) Suppose that f (x) = . By considering the lower Riemann sum for f with respect
x
to the partition  
n n+1 n+2 2n
, , ,...,
n n n n
of [1, 2], show that
 
1 1 1
ln 2 = lim + + ··· + .
n→∞ n+1 n+2 2n

1
b) Suppose that f (x) = √ .
1 − x2
i) Show that f is increasing on the interval [0, 12 ].
ii) Find the upper Riemann sum for f with respect to the partition
 
0 1 2 3 n
, , , ,...,
2n 2n 2n 2n 2n

of [0, 21 ].
iii) Hence evaluate
 
1 1 1 1
lim √ +√ +√ + ··· + √ .
n→∞ 4n2 − 12 4n2 − 22 4n2 − 32 4n2 − n2

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 8 203

Problems 8.7 : Indefinite integrals

15. [R] Evaluate the following integrals by inspection.

Z Z √
x2 sin x
a) x e dx b) √ dx
x
Z 1 Z a p
2 3
c) 2x(1 + x ) dx d) x2 a3 − x3 dx (a > 0)
0 −a
Z π/2 Z 0 p
e) cos3 x sin x dx f) [H] t2 + t4 dt
0 −1

Problems 8.8 : Integration by substitution

16. [R] Use a substitution to evaluate the following integrals.

Z Z
dx
a) √ b) x(5x − 1)19 dx
1+ x
Z Z 4
1−x dx
c) [V] 3
dx d) [V] √
(1 + x) 0 5+ x
Z
1 + t2
17. [X] Use the substitution u = t − t−1 to find dt.
1 + t4

Problems 8.9 : Integration by parts

18. [R] Use integration by parts to evaluate the following integrals.

Z 1 Z Z
a) x e5x dx b) x2 cos x dx c) ln x dx
0
Z 0.5 Z e Z π
−1 7
d) sin x dx e) x ln x dx f) x2 cos 2x dx
0 1 0
Z Z Z π/4
x −1
g) [V] e cos x dx h) tan x dx i) [H] sec3 θ dθ
0

Problems 8.10 : Improper integrals

19. [R] [V] Evaluate the following improper integrals or show that they diverge.
Z ∞ Z 1 Z ∞
dx
a) e−5x dx b) e−0.01x dx c)
0 −∞ 0 4 + x2
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
4 dx dx
d) x3 e−x dx e) 3/2
f)
−∞ 2 (x − 1) e x ln x
Z ∞
20. [H] Prove that xn e−x dx = n! whenever n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
0

21. [H]

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204 CHAPTER 8. INTEGRATION
Z R
x
a) Find lim dx.
R→∞ −R 1 + x2
Z 2R
x
b) Find lim dx.
R→∞ −R 1 + x2
Z ∞
x
c) Does dx converge? Explain.
−∞ 1 + x2

Problems 8.11 : Comparison tests for improper integrals

22. [R] Use the inequality form of the comparison test to determine whether or not the
following improper integrals converge.
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1 1
a) [V] √ dx b) √ dx c) dx
1 1+x 4
2
3 2
x −x 2 ln x

23. [R] Use the limit form of the comparison test to determine whether or not the following
improper integrals converge.
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
x 2x − 1 1
a) 3−1
dx b) 2+2
dx c) √ dx
2 2x 1 x 2
6
x −1

24. [R] Use a comparison test to determine whether or not the following improper integrals
converge.
Z ∞ Z ∞ 3 Z ∞
3x + sin x + 2 4x − x + 5 ln t
a) 3
dx b) 4 2
dx c) [H] dt
1 2x − x + 8 4 x −x +1 2 t3/2

25. [H] Find all real numbers s such that the improper integral
Z ∞
xs
dx
1 1+x

is convergent.
Z ∞
1
26. [H] Find all real numbers p such that dx converges.
2 x(ln x)p
Z ∞
xb
27. [H] For which pairs of numbers (a, b) does the improper integral dx con-
1 (1 + x2 )a
verge?

Problems 8.12 : Functions defined by an integral

28. [R] [V] Given a positive real number x, let π(x) denote the number of primes less than
or equal to x. The function Li with domain (1, ∞) is given by
Z x
1
Li(x) = dt
2 ln t

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8.13. MAPLE NOTES 205

and is known as the ‘logarithmic integral function’. It has the property that

Li(x)
≈1
π(x)

when x is sufficiently large.

a) Evaluate π(10), π(20) and π(3.14159).

π(x)
b) Suppose that x > 0. What does represent?
x
d
c) Find dx Li(x) and Li(2).
d) By applying the mean value theorem to Li on the interval [2, 106 ], find a lower bound
for Li(106 ).
e) If x is large then
π(x) π(x) Li(x) Li(x)
≈ = .
x x π(x) x
Using this approximation and your answer to part (d), find an approximate lower
π(106 )
bound for .
106
π(106 )
Note: There are 78, 498 primes less than one million so the actual value of is
106
0.078498.

29. [R] The function erf : R → R is defined by the formula

Z x
2 2
erf(x) = √ e−t dt.
π 0

The function erf is an error function and can be used to calculate the probability that a
measurement has an error in a given range of values.

a) Calculate erf ′ (x).

b) Explain why erf is an increasing function on R.
c) [H] Show that erf is an odd function.
d) i) By calculating Riemann sums with respect to the partition {0, 41 , 12 , 34 , 1}, find
upper and lower bounds for erf(1).
2
ii) Explain why e−t < e−t whenever t > 1.
Z ∞
2
iii) Hence show that e−t dt converges and find an upper bound for this improper
1
integral.
iv) Using your answers to (i) and (iii), find an upper bound for lim erf(x). (In fact,
x→∞
lim erf(x) = 1 but this is not so easy to prove.)
x→∞
e) Sketch the graph of erf.
f) Explain why erf has an inverse function erf −1 and sketch its graph.

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 9 219

Problems for Chapter 9

Problems 9.1 : Powers and logarithms and

9.2 : The natural logarithm function
1. [R]

a) Write down the definition of ln x, where x > 0.

d 1
b) Explain why ln x = whenever x > 0.
dx x
c) Suppose that r is a rational number and that x and y are positive real numbers.
i) By first differentiating ln(xy) with respect to x, show that ln(xy) = ln x + ln y.

ii) Use the same technique to show that

 
x
ln = ln x − ln y and ln(xr ) = r ln x.
y

2. [R]

a) Prove, using upper and lower Riemann sums and the definition of ln x, that ln 2 <
1 < ln 4, and hence that 2 < e < 4.
5
b) [H] Use Maple and the method of part (a) to prove that 2 < e < 3. How many
partition points do you need?

3. [R] Find the derivatives of

√
a) f (x) = ln x3 + 1 b) g(x) = e|x|
5 +6)
c) h(x) = ln(ln(ln x)) d) q(x) = eln(x

Problems 9.3 : The exponential function and

9.5 : Integration and the ln function

4. [R] Find
Z Z Z
e2x e1/x
a) dx b) dx c) 3x dx
1 + e2x x2
Z √x Z Z
e ln x
d) √ dx e) dx f) cot x dx.
8 x x

(Hint for part (f ): express cot in terms of sin and cos.)

5. [R] Sketch the curves

(ex + x)
a) y = ln(1 + ex ) b) y = .
(ex − x)

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

220 CHAPTER 9. THE LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

6. [R]
ln x
a) Sketch the curve y = , noting any turning points and asymptotes.
x
b) By using (a) or otherwise, prove that π e < eπ .

7. [R] [V]
y
1
y= x

1
t
1+t

1 1+ 1 x
t

 
1 1 1
a) From the graph, explain why ≤ ln 1 + ≤ whenever t ≥ 0.
1+t t t
 t  
1 1 t
b) Deduce that lim ln 1 + = 1 and hence find the value of lim 1 + .
t→∞ t t→∞ t

Problems 9.6 : Logarithmic differentiation

dy
8. [R] Use logarithmic differentiation to find if
dx
 1/5
x x3 − 3
a) y = 3 b) y =
1 + x2
c) y = (sin x)sin x d) y = sin(xsin x ).

Problems 9.7 : Indeterminate forms with powers

9. [R] Calculate the following limits:

ln x
a) [V] lim a , a > 0 b) lim xa ln x, a>0
x→∞ x x→0+

c) lim xx d) lim x2/ ln x

x→0+ x→0+

e) lim x1/x f) lim a1/x , a > 0

x→∞ x→∞
 a  x
g) lim 1 + h) lim x100 e−x
x→∞ x x→∞
−x
i) lim p(x) e , where p is any polynomial.
x→∞

10. [H] Prove that the functions f : (−1, ∞) → R and g : (−1, ∞) → R, given by
   
x2 x2 x3
f (x) = ln(1 + x) − x − and g(x) = x − + − ln(1 + x),
2 2 3

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PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 9 221

are increasing on (0, ∞). Deduce that

x2 x2 x3
x− < ln(1 + x) < x − +
2 2 3
whenever x > 0.

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 10 241

Problems for Chapter 10

Problems 10.1 : Hyperbolic sine and cosine functions and

10.2 : Other hyperbolic functions
1. [R] [V] Define sinh x and cosh x. Hence show that
d
a) (cosh 6x) = 6 sinh 6x;
dx
b) ln(sinh x) < x − ln 2 whenever x > 0.

2. [R] By expressing the following hyperbolic functions in terms of sinh x and cosh x, find
the derivative of each function f given below.
a) f (x) = tanh x b) f (x) = sech x c) f (x) = coth x

3. [R] In each case, find f ′ (x).

a) f (x) = sinh(3x2 ) b) f (x) = cosh( x1 ) c) f (x) = sinh(ln x)

Problems 10.3 : Hyperbolic identities

4. [R]
a) Given the formula sinh(A + B) = sinh A cosh B + cosh A sinh B, find a formula for
sinh 2x. By differentiation or otherwise, find a formula for cosh 2x.
b) [H] Using the results of part
Z (a), express sinh 3x as a cubic polynomial in sinh x.
Hence, or otherwise, find sinh3 x dx.

5. [R] Show that cosh x+sinh x = ex . Deduce that (cosh x+sinh x)n = cosh nx+sinh nx.

6. [H] [V] Consider the hyperbola x2 − y 2 = 1, where x ≥ 1.

y

(cosh t, sinh t)

A(t)
0 1 x

a) Using the definitions of cosh and sinh, prove that, for every real number t, the
point (cosh t, sinh t) lies on the hyperbola.

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242 CHAPTER 10. THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

b) When t > 0, let A(t) denote the shaded region in the diagram. Explain why
Z cosh t p
1
A(t) = cosh t sinh t − x2 − 1 dx.
2 1
t
c) By first calculating A′ (t), prove that A(t) = .
2

Problems 10.4 : Hyperbolic derivatives and integrals

7. [R] Evaluate the following integrals.

Z Z 1 ln 2
3
a) cosh(4x) dx b) sinh 3x dx
0
Z Z √
sinh( x)
c) cosh2 x dx d) √ dx
x

Problems 10.5 : The inverse hyperbolic functions

8. [R] Simplify cosh(sinh−1 (3/4)), cosh−1 (cosh(−3)) and sinh(tanh−1 (5/13)).

9. [R] Show that

d
1 d
1
a) cosh−1 x = √ , for x > 1 b) tanh−1 x = .
dx 2
x −1 dx 1 − x2

10. [R] Show that

p
a) cosh−1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1) ∀x ∈ [1, ∞)
 
−1 1 1+x
b) [V] tanh x = ln ∀x ∈ (−1, 1).
2 1−x

dy
11. [R] Find if
dx
a) y = sinh−1 (2x)
b) y = tanh−1 (1/x)
c) y = cosh−1 (sec x) whenever 0 < x < π/2.

Problems 10.6 : Integration leading to the inverse hyperbolic functions

12. [R] Find

Z Z 1/2 Z
dx dx dx
a) [V] √ b) c) √ .
1 + 4x2 0 1 − x2 x2 + 4x + 13

13. [X] Sketch the function sech−1 . What is its maximal domain? For y = sech−1 x, show
that
√ !
dy −1 1 + 1 − x2
a) = √ b) y = ln .
dx x 1 − x2 x

c 2020 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney