MODULE 1

LESSON 1. MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Intended Learning Outcomes

After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. Discuss different classification of materials.
2. Identify different property of materials
3. Understand four components of Material Science and Engineering.

Introduction to Material Science and Engineering

All of you might have an idea about the picture above. That is one of the most iconic ships,
Titanic. That picture was taken when it was leaving Southampton for its most unforgettable
journey, where the Titanic sink. Initially, engineers thought that Titanic is unsinkable because it’s
one of the best ship in all its criteria and qualify to the high standard.

There are several factors which lead to the failure. The most important factors was the
quality of steel used was not conducive to sub-zero temperature. Steel has the properties known
as ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. A material is ductile at a certain temperature or above
the average temperature. But if the temperature goes below the average temperature, like what
happen when the Titanic ship hit the iceberg, the steel of the ship undergo transition from ductile
to brittle properties. That’s the reason why Titanic ship sank.

What is Material Science and Engineering?

Material Science – involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and
properties of materials.

Material Engineering – involves property-correlations, designing, engineering structure of a

material to produce predetermined set of properties.

COURSE: ECEN55 – MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RHODONELLE S. DUATIN
Components of Material Science and Engineering

Structure. The structure of the material usually relates to the levels of arrangement of its internal
components.
a. Subatomic Level – involves electrons, protons, and neutrons
b. Atomic Level – elements in the periodic table and its atomic structure
c. Microscopic Level – contains large group of atoms bond together
d. Macroscopic Level – structure that may be viewed with naked eye

Property. All materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke to some type of response. A
property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed
stimulus.
a. Mechanical Property – relates to the deformation to an applied load or force; examples,
include elastic modulus (stiffness), strength and toughness
b. Electrical Property – relates to the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant
c. Thermal Property – relates to the heat capacity of a material
d. Magnetic Property – relates to the response of a material to a magnetic field
e. Optical Property – relates to the response of a material to electromagnetic waves or light
radiation
f. Deteriorative Property – relates to the chemical reactivity of a material

Performance. It is the function or application of its properties.

Processing. It is the method to develop the material.

Characterization. The four components will define the character of the material.

Why Study Material Science and Engineering

1. Material Selection. Selecting right material from the thousands that are available. This final
decision is based on several criteria. The class example involves strength and ductility;
normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases
a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.
2. New Material Fabrication. We need to consider any deterioration of material properties
that may occur during service operation.
3. Material Investigation. We need to consider also the efficiency, the cost, and the safety of
the material.

COURSE: ECEN55 – MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RHODONELLE S. DUATIN
Classification of Solid Materials

Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic categories; metals,
ceramics and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical check-up and atomic
structure, and most materials fall into one distinct group. In addition, there are the composites,
which are engineered combinations of two or more different materials.

Metals
Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements i.e. iron, aluminum,
copper, titanium, gold and nickel. Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in very orderly
manner, and in comparison, to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense. With regard to
mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile, and are
resistant to fracture. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons (electrons
are not bound to particular atoms). Metals are extremely good conductors and heat. In addition,
some of the metals have desirable magnetic properties.

Ceramics
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements; they are most
frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, common ceramic materials include
aluminum oxide (alumina), silicon dioxide (silica), silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and, in addition,
what some refer to as traditional ceramics – those composed of clay minerals i.e. porcelain, as
well as cement and gas. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff
and strong. In addition, they are typically hard but exhibited extreme brittleness and high
susceptibility to fracture. Ceramic materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and
electricity and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and
polymers.

Polymers
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds
that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other non-metallic elements. Furthermore,
they have very large molecular structures often chain like in nature, that often have a backbone
of carbon atoms. Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene, nylon, polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), polycarbonate, polystyrene, and silicon rubber. These materials are typically have

COURSE: ECEN55 – MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

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low densities whereas mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and
ceramic materials – they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types. Polymers are
extremely ductile and pliable which means they are easily formed into complex shapes.
Furthermore, polymers have low electrical conductivities and are non-magnetic.

Composites
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from the
categories – metals, ceramics and polymers. The design goal of a composite is to achieve a
combination of properties that is displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best
characteristics of each of the component materials. A large number of composite types are
represented by different combinations of metals, ceramics and polymers. One of the most
common and familiar composites is fiber glass, in which small glass fibers are embedded within
a polymeric material. The glass fibers are relatively brittle, whereas the polymer is more flexible.
Combination of glass fibers and polymer produces fiberglass which are relatively strong, stiff and
flexible.

Classification of Advanced Materials

Materials that utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed as advanced

materials. By high technology, we mean a device or product that operates or functions using
relatively intricate and sophisticated principles i.e. electronic equipment, computers, fiber-optic
systems, spacecrafts, aircrafts, and military rocketry. These advanced materials are typically
traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced, and also developed, high-
performance materials. Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, smart
materials and nanomaterials.

Semiconductors
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical
conductors and insulators. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are
extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms. Semiconductor
have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics
and computer industries over the past three decades.

Biomaterials
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body to replace
diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must
be compatible with body tissues.

Smart Materials
Smart materials are group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that
will have significant influence on many of our technologies. The adjective smart implies that these
materials are able to sense changes in their environment and then respond to these changes in
predetermined manners – traits that are also found in living organisms. Components of a smart
material include some type of sensor (detects an input signal) and actuator (performs responsive
and adaptive function).

Nanomaterials
One new material that has fascinating properties and tremendous technology. Nano-prefix
denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of nanometer.

COURSE: ECEN55 – MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

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Learning Activity 1. Review Questions and Research Tasks

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. List six different property classifications of materials that determine their capability.
2. Cite the four components that are involved in the design, production and utilization of
materials, and briefly describe the interrelationships between these components.
3. Cite three criteria that are important in the material selection process.
4. List the three primary classifications of solid materials and cite the distinctive chemical
feature of each.
5. Note the four types of advanced materials and, for each, its distinctive feature(s).
6. Briefly define “smart material/system”
7. Briefly explain the concept of “nanotechnology” as it applies to materials.

RESEARCH TASK
Cite at least two modern items or devices and conduct an Internet search in order to determine:
a. Structure: What specific materials were used?
b. Properties: What specific properties these materials possess?
c. Function: What is the effect of the properties in the performance of the material?
d. Process: How will the material be made or processed?
e. Characterization: What are the features and specifications of the items or device?

COURSE: ECEN55 – MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

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LESSON 2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING
Intended Learning Outcomes

After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. Explain the atomic structure and interatomic bonding
2. Describe the important quantum-mechanical principle that relates to electron energies.
3. Describe ionic, covalent, metallic bonding.

Atomic Structure

Each atom consists of very small nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, which is
encircled by electrons. The table below shows the equivalent charge and mass of each sub-
atomic particles.

Sub-atomic Particles Charge Mass

Electrons −1.602 𝑥 10−19 𝐶 9.11 𝑥 10−31 𝑘𝑔
Protons +1.602 𝑥 10−19 𝐶 1.67 𝑥 10−27 𝑘𝑔
Neutrons Chargeless 1.67 𝑥 10−27 𝑘𝑔

Characterization of Atoms:
• Atomic Number (Z) – represents number of protons in the nucleus which is equal to the
number of electrons outside the nucleus in an electrically neutral or complete atom.
• Atomic Mass (A) – represents the sum of number of protons and neutrons
• Isotope – elements with same atomic number and different atomic mass.

• Atomic Weight – corresponds to the weighted average of the atomic masses of the atoms’s
naturally occurring isotopes.
Example. Determine the atomic weight of Carbon atom? See table of isotopes above.
𝑔
80%(12𝑎𝑚𝑢) + 10%(13𝑎𝑚𝑢) + 10%(14𝑎𝑚𝑢) = 12.3
𝑚𝑜𝑙

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 𝑎𝑚𝑢 𝑔
Atomic weight unit is or . Every 1 mol is equivalent to 6.022 𝑥 1023 atoms which is
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
termed as avogrado’s numbers. Atomic weight of an atom is usually found at the bottom
part of every element in the periodic table.

Building Block of Atom

• Isobars – elements with same atomic mass but different atomic number
• Isomers – elements with same molecular formula but different structures
• Isotones – elements with same number of neutrons but different number of protons
• Isotopes – elements with same atomic number but different atomic mass.

Atomic Model: Bohr Model

One early outgrowth of quantum mechanics was the simplified Bohr atomic model, in
which electrons are assumed to revolve around the atomic nucleus in discrete orbitals. Another
important principle that the energies of electrons are quantized; that is, electrons are permitted to
have only specific values of energy. Bohr model represents electrons in atoms in terms of electron
orbitals and quantized energy levels.

Quantum Numbers

Every electron in an atom is characterized by four parameters called quantum number.

Bohr energy levels separate into electron subshells and quantum number dictates the number of
states within each subshell. See the table below. The first two column signifies principal quantum
number; the third column signifies azimuthal quantum number; the fourth column signifies
magnetic quantum number; and the fifth and sixth column signifies spin quantum number.

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 • Principal quantum number (n) – related to the distance of an electron from the nucleus or
its position represented by integral values 1, 2, 3, and so on and sometimes denoted by
letters K, L, M, N, and so on.

• Azimuthal quantum number (l) – related to the shape of the subshell denoted by s, p, d,
and f

• Magnetic quantum number (𝑚𝑙 ) – determined the energy states of a subshell where as s,
p, d and f has one, three, five and seven states exist respectively

• Spin quantum number (𝑚𝑠 ) – orientations of electron either upward or downward direction

Electron Driving Principles

• Pauli’s Exclusion Principle – No two electrons can be identified by same set of quantum
numbers.

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 • Aufbau Principle – electrons fills the lowest energy level before filling the higher energy
level

• Hund’s Rule – every orbital in a particular sublevel is initially occupied by single electron
before any orbital is doubly occupied (fill upward spin moment before filling up downward
spin moment in every subshell). Such single occupied electrons have the same spin.

Electron Configurations

Electron Configuration – structure of an atom that represents the manner in which the states are
occupied. The figure below shows the pattern of electron configurations of an element

.
For example: Show the electron configuration of Arsenic (As – 33). Show the number of
electrons in each shell and in the valence shell.

Electron configuration:

Electron in each Shell:

Shell 1 = 2 electrons
Shell 2 = 8 electrons
Shell 3 = 18 electrons
Shell 4 = 5 electrons

Valence shell: 4th shell

Valence electron: 5 electrons

Valence electron – electron that occupy the outermost shell and the most energized electrons.

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Periodic Table

All the elements have been classified according to electron configuration in the periodic
table. Here, the elements are situated, with increasing atomic number, in seven horizontal rows
called periods. The arrangement is such that all elements arrayed in a given column or group
have similar valence electron structures.

• Group IA: Alkali Metals

• Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals
• Group IIIB → IIB: Transition Metals
• Group IIIA →VIA: Semimetals
• Group VIIA: Halogesn
• Group 0: Noble Gases

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Electropositive elements
• Elements under metal classification
• Capable of giving up electrons to form positive ions

Electronegative elements
• Elements above metal classification
• Capable of accepting electrons to form negative ions

Interatomic Bonding

Ionic Bonding
• Found in compounds that are composed of metallic and non-metallic elements
• Occurs between positive and negative ions
• Attractive bonding force between positive and negative ions are termed as Coulombic
force

Covalent Bonding
• Chemical bond that results from sharing of valence electrons
• Common bond for non-metallic elements

Metallic Bonding
• Found in metals and their alloys
• Valence electrons are not bound to any particular atom
• Form “sea of electrons” or “electron cloud”

COURSE: ECEN55 – MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RHODONELLE S. DUATIN
Learning Activity 2. Review Questions and Identification

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight.
2. Chromium has four naturally occurring isotopes: 4.34% of Chromium-50, with an atomic
weight of 49.9460 amu; 83.79% of Chromium-52, with an atomic weight of 51.9405 amu;
9.50% of Chromium-53, with an atomic weight of 52.9407; and 2.37% of Chromium-54,
with an atomic weight of 53.9389 amu. On the basis of these data, what is the atomic
weight of the Chromium?
3. Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum numbers
specify?
4. Briefly cite the main differences between ionic, covalent and metallic bonding.
5. Explain briefly the three driving principles of quantum numbers.

IDENTIFICATION
1. Represents number of protons in the nucleus which is equal to the number of electrons
outside the nucleus
2. Represents the sum of protons and neutrons
3. Elements with same mass numbers but different atomic number
4. Elements with same molecular formula but different structures
5. Elements with same number of neutrons but different number of protons
6. Negatively charged particles
7. Positively charged particles
8. Electrically neutral
9. Simplified representation of the elementary particles in the atom
10. Outermost shell or the last valence shell
11. Electron that occupies the valence shell or last shell
12. Move from one atom to another and during conduction of electricity, electron in motion
13. Signifies shell, distance from shell 𝐾𝐿𝑀𝑁 or 1234
14. Signifies subshell, shape of orbital, orbital angular momentum, 𝑠𝑝𝑑𝑓 or 𝑙 = 0,1,2,3,4, …
15. Number of energy state per subshell in magnetic field 𝑚 = −1 𝑡𝑜 + 1 including 0.
16. Signifies spin angular momentum, 2 possible spin orientation, +1/2 & − 1/2
17. Principles where no two electrons can have all 4 quantum numbers same in an atom;
some state electron have opposite spin
18. Principle where electrons fill the lowest available energy before filling the higher levels
(n+1) rule.
19. Principle where every orbital in a particular sublevel is initially occupied by single
electron before any orbital is doubly occupied
20. An atom or molecules that gains or loses electrons
21. An atom that loses electrons
22. An atom that gain electrons
23. Strong bonds formed when oppositely charged ions attract each other generally metallic
and non-metallic elements.
24. Chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons

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 25. Produced when electron orbitals overlap and all electrons are shared between atom

COMPLETE THE TABLE

Particle Charge (Coulomb), C Mass (Kilogram), kg Charge to Mass ratio
(C/kg)

Electron

Proton

Neutron

Orbit No. of electrons Subshell Distribution

k (n=1)

l (n=2)

m (n=3)

n (n=4)

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LESSON 3. STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
Intended Learning Outcomes

After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. Describe the difference in atomic or molecular structure between crystalline and non-
crystalline materials.
2. Distinguish between single crystals and polycrystalline material.

Fundamental Concept of Crystal Structures

• Solid materials may be classified according to the regularity with which atoms or ions are
arranged with respect to one another.
• A crystalline material is one in which the atoms are situated in a repeating or periodic array
over large atomic distances; that is, long-range order exists, such that upon solidification, the
atoms will position themselves in a repetitive three-dimensional pattern, in which each atom
is bonded to its nearest-neighbor atoms.
• Some of the properties of crystalline solids depend on the crystal structure of the material, the
manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially arranged.
• When describing crystalline structures, atoms (or ions) are thought of as being solid spheres
having well-defined diameters.
• This is termed the atomic hard-sphere model in which spheres representing nearest-neighbor
atoms touch one another.

Solid Materials

• Crystalline material – long range order of atoms examined by x-ray technique

• Non-crystalline material/amorphous – do not crystallize, not arrange in ord

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Amorphous Material

• No definite atomic structure and atom exist in random pattern just as in liquid
• Example: coal, coke, plastic, rubber, glass, etc.

Crystalline Material

• Repetitive 3D pattern
• Periodic arrangement of atom
• Hard sphere model

Unit Cell

• The atomic order in crystalline solids indicates that small groups of atoms form a repetitive
pattern.
• Unit cells for most crystal structures are parallelepipeds or prisms having three sets of parallel
faces; one is drawn within the aggregate of spheres.
• A unit cell is chosen to represent the symmetry of the crystal structure, where in all the atom
positions in the crystal may be generated by translations of the unit cell integral distances
along each of its edges.
• The unit cell is the basic structural unit or building block of the crystal structure and defines
the crystal structure by virtue of its geometry and the atom positions within.

Metallic Crystal Structure

• Three relatively simple crystal structures are found for most of the common metals: face-
centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed.

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• APF of SC = 0.52 (SC) ; 0.68 (BCC) ; 0.74 (FCC) ; 0.74 (HCP)
• Coordination Number – number of atoms, ions or molecules that a central atom or ion holds
at its nearest neighbors in crystals.
• Coordination Number = 6 (SC) ; 8 (BCC) ; 12 (FCC) ; 12 (HCP)
• Lattice points – number of atoms in crystals
• Lattice points = 1 (SC) ; 2 (BCC) ; 4 (FCC) ; 6 (HCP)

Face-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure (FCC)

• The crystal structure found for many metals has a unit cell of cubic geometry, with atoms
located at each of the corners and the centers of all the cube faces.
• For the FCC crystal structure, each corner atom is shared among eight unit cells, whereas a
face-centered atom belongs to only two.
• Two other important characteristics of a crystal structure are the coordination number and the
atomic packing factor (APF).
• The APF is the sum of the sphere volumes of all atoms within a unit cell divided by the unit
cell volume.

• For the FCC structure, the atomic packing factor is 0.74, which is the maximum packing
possible for spheres all having the same diameter.
• Metals typically have relatively large atomic packing factors to maximize the shielding
provided by the free electron cloud.

Body-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure (BCC)

• Another common metallic crystal structure also has a cubic unit cell with atoms located at all
eight corners and a single atom at the cube center.
• Chromium, iron, tungsten, as well as several other metals exhibit a BCC structure.
• The coordination number for the BCC crystal structure is 8.

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Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal Structure (HCP)

• The top and bottom faces of the unit cell consist of six atoms that form regular hexagons
and surround a single atom in the center.
• The coordination number and the atomic packing factor for the HCP crystal structure are the
same as for FCC: 12 and 0.74, respectively.
• The HCP metals include cadmium, magnesium, titanium.

Polymorphism and Allotropy

• Some metals, as well as nonmetals, may have more than one crystal structure, a
phenomenon known as polymorphism.
• When found in elemental solids, the condition is often termed allotropy
• The prevailing crystal structure depends on both the temperature and the external pressure.
Example:
▪ carbon (graphite) is the stable polymorph at ambient conditions, whereas diamond is
formed at extremely high pressures
▪ pure iron has a BCC crystal structure at room temperature, which changes to FCC
iron at 912C

Crystal Systems

• There are many different possible crystal structures; it is sometimes convenient to divide them
into groups according to unit cell configurations and/or atomic arrangements.
• One such scheme is based on the unit cell geometry.
• The unit cell geometry is completely defined in terms of six parameters: the three edge lengths
a, b, and c, and the three inter-axial angles α, β, and γ.

• On this basis there are seven different possible combinations of a, b, and c, and α, β, and
γ, each of which represents a distinct crystal system.
• These seven crystal systems are cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic,
rhombohedral,2 monoclinic, and triclinic.

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Single Crystals

• For a crystalline solid, when the periodic and repeated arrangement of atoms is perfect or
extends throughout the entirety of the specimen without interruption, the result is a single
crystal.

Polycrystalline Materials

• Most crystalline solids are composed of a collection of many small crystals or grains; such
materials are termed polycrystalline.

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• Various stages in the solidification of a polycrystalline specimen are represented
schematically below:

(a) Small crystallite nuclei. (b) Growth of the crystallites; the obstruction of some grains that are
adjacent to one another is also shown. (c) Upon completion of solidification, grains having
irregular shapes have formed. (d) The grain structure as it would appear under the microscope;
dark lines are the grain boundaries.

• These have random crystallographic orientations, as indicated by the square grids.

• The small grains grow by the successive addition from the surrounding liquid of atoms to the
structure of each.
• The extremities of adjacent grains impinge on one another as the solidification process
approaches completion.
• The crystallographic orientation varies from grain to grain.
• Also, there exists some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet; this area,
called a grain boundary.

Anisotropy

• The physical properties of single crystals of some substances depend on the crystallographic
direction in which measurements are taken.
• This directionality of properties is termed anisotropy, and it is associated with the variance of
atomic or ionic spacing with crystallographic direction.
• Substances in which measured properties are independent of the direction of measurement
are isotropic.

Non-Crystalline Solids

• Non-crystalline solids lack a systematic and regular arrangement of atoms over relatively large
atomic distances.

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• Sometimes such materials are also called amorphous (meaning literally “without form”), or
supercooled liquids, inasmuch as their atomic structure resembles that of a liquid.

Learning Activity 3. Identification and Enumeration

Identification
1. Material with no definite atomic structure and atom exist in random pattern just as in liquid
2. Material with repetitive 3D pattern and periodic arrangement of atom.
3. Basic structural unit or building block of the crystal structure
4. Define as the number of atoms, ions or molecules that a central atom or ions holds at its
nearest neighbors in crystals
5. Defined as the number of atoms in crystals
6. Sum of the sphere volumes of all atoms within a unit cell divided by the unit cell volume
7. Phenomenon where metals or non-metals may have more than one crystal structures

Enumeration
1. Draw and define two types of solid material
2. Draw and state the difference in single crystal, polycrystal and amorphous material.
3. Enumerate three simple metallic crystal structures, its coordination number and lattice
points.
4. Draw a unit cell geometry and label the six parameters.
5. Draw and label the seven crystal systems.

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LESSON 4. IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLID
Intended Learning Outcomes

After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. Describe both vacancy and self-interstitial crystalline defects
2. Differentiate edge, screw and mixed dislocations

Crystalline Defects

Crystalline Defects - lattice irregularity having one or more of its dimensions on the order of an
atomic diameter grouped into:
• Point Defect - vacancies (simplest of the point defects)
• Linear Defect - dislocation (one-dimensional defect around which some of the atoms are
misaligned)
• Area/Interfacial Defect - two dimensions and normally separate regions of the materials

Point Defects

• Substitutional Point Defect - solute or impurity atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms
• Interstitial Point Defect - impurity atoms fill the voids or interstices among the host atoms

• Schottky’s Defect – forms when two atoms of opposite charge leaves their regular atomic
positions thus creating two vacancies
• Frenkel Defect – displacement of an ion from regular location to interstitial location

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Linear Defects

• Edge dislocation - an extra portion of atoms, or half-plane, the edge of which terminates within
the crystal; linear defect that centers on the line that is defined along the end of the extra-half
plane atoms; its designation is an inverted ‘T’

• Screw Dislocation - spiral or helical path or ramp that is traced around the dislocation line by
the atomic planes of atoms; its designation is a counterclockwise arrow

• Mixed Dislocation - neither pure edge or pure screw, but exhibit both types

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• Additional Information: The magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion associated with a
dislocation is expressed in terms of a Burgers vector, denoted by ‘b’.

Area/Interfacial Defects

• External Surfaces - surface atoms are not bonded to the maximum number of nearest
neighbors, and are therefore in a higher energy state than the atoms at interior positions

• Grain Boundaries - boundary separating two small grains or crystals having different
crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline materials

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• Phase Boundaries - exist in multiphase material, wherein a different phase exists on each
side of the boundary; furthermore, each of the constituent phases has its own distinctive
physical and/or chemical characteristics

• Twin Boundaries - special type of grain boundary across which there is a specific mirror lattice
symmetry; that is, atoms on one side of the boundary are located in mirror-image positions of
the atoms on the other side

COURSE: ECEN55 – MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RHODONELLE S. DUATIN
Learning Activity 4. Identification

1. refers to a lattice irregularity having one or more of its dimensions on the order of an atomic
diameter.
2 – 4. Three types of imperfections
5 – 6. Two types of impurity point defects
7. Simplest of the point defects
8. point defect where solute or impurity atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms
9. point defect where impurity atoms fill the voids or interstices among the host atoms
10. linear defect that centers on the line that is defined along the end of the extra-half plane atoms
11. symbol designated to the answer in number 10.
12. linear defect which illustrate the spiral or helical path or ramp that is traced around the
dislocation line by the atomic planes of atoms
13. symbol designated to the answer in number 10.
14. magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion associated with a dislocation
15. interfacial defect where the surface atoms are not bonded to the maximum number of nearest
neighbors, and are therefore in a higher energy state than the atoms at interior positions.
16. interfacial defect where the boundary separating two small grains or crystals having different
crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline materials
17. interfacial defect exist in multiphase material, wherein a different phase exists on each side
of the boundary
18. interfacial defect that is a special type of grain boundary across which there is a specific mirror
lattice symmetry
19. one-dimensional defect around which the atoms are misaligned.
20. two dimensions and normally separate regions of the materials

COURSE: ECEN55 – MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RHODONELLE S. DUATIN