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Handwritten Equation Solver Major Mid

The document outlines the components of a 3D graphic system, focusing on 3D modeling and rendering. It describes how 3D models are created using mathematical representations and how these models are rendered into 2D images through various algorithms. Additionally, it discusses the mathematical operations involved in 3D graphics and the limitations of different rendering techniques.

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14 views19 pages

Handwritten Equation Solver Major Mid

The document outlines the components of a 3D graphic system, focusing on 3D modeling and rendering. It describes how 3D models are created using mathematical representations and how these models are rendered into 2D images through various algorithms. Additionally, it discusses the mathematical operations involved in 3D graphics and the limitations of different rendering techniques.

Uploaded by

adhyanaka1999
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3D Graphics Rendering and Modeling

Components of a 3D Graphic System

● 3D Modeling:
● A way to describe the 3D world or scene, which is
composed of mathematical representations of 3D objects
called models.

● 3D Rendering:
● A mechanism responsible for producing a 2D image from
3D models.
3-D Modeling
● 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical
representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate
or living) in three dimensions via specialized software.
● The product is called a 3D model. Someone who works with
3D models may be referred to as a 3D artist.
● It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a
process called 3D rendering or used in a computer
simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be
physically created using 3D printing devices.
● Models may be created automatically or manually. The
manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D
computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.
● 3D modeling software is a class of 3D computer
graphics software used to produce 3D models. Individual
prog rams of this class are called modeling
applications or modelers.
3D Modeling
● A 3D objects can be modeled using mathematical
equations in the 3-D Cartesian coordinate
system.
● Example:

the equation x2 + y2 + z2 = r2
is a model of a sphere with radius r.
Modeling considerations
● Pure mathematical equations to represent 3D
objects requires a great deal of computing power.

● Impractical for real-time applications such as games


or interactive simulations.
From 3D models to 2D images
● A 3D world or scene is composed of collection of 3d
models

● Three different coordinates systems (or spaces) are


defined for different model related operations:
● Object Space

● World Space

● Screen Space
Object Space
● The coordinate system in which a specific 3D object is
defined.

● Each object usually have its own object space with the
origin at the object's center

● The object center is the point about which the object is


moved and rotated.
World Space
● World space is the coordinate system of the 3D world to
be rendered.

● The position and orientation of all the models are


defined relative to the center of the world space.

● The position and orientation of the virtual camera is


also defined relative to the world space.
Screen Space
● 2D space that represents the boundaries of the image to
be produced.

● Many optimization techniques are performed on screen


space.
Mathematics of 3D graphics
● 3D operations like translation, rotation and scaling are
performed using matrices and lineal algebra.

● Each operation is performed by multiplying the 3D


vertices by a specific transformation matrix.
Rotating 3D video-game model
3D Rendering
● The process of taking the mathematical model of
the world and producing the output image.

● The core of the rendering process involves


projecting the 3D models onto a 2D image plane.
Types of Rendering Algorithms
● Two general approaches:

● Pixel-oriented rendering:
● Ray tracers

● Polygon-oriented rendering:
● Scan-line renderers
Ray tracers

● Operates by tracing
theoretical light rays as they
intersect objects in the scene
and the projection plane.
Ray tracer limitations
● Processor intensive. A full ray tracer is impractical for
real-time applications.
● Does not take into account inter-reflections of diffuse
light, resulting in hard shadows.
Radiosity
● Technique that models the inter-reflections of diffuse
light between surfaces of the world or environment.
● Produces more photorealistic illumination and shadows.
Scan-line renderers
● Operate on an object-by-object basis, directly drawing
each polygon to the screen.

● Requires all objects – including those modeled with


continuous curvature – to be tessellated into polygons.

● Polygons are eventually tessellated into pixels.


Illumination for scan-line renderers
● Lighting and shading is calculated using the
normal vector.

● The color is linearly interpolated across the


polygon surface.
References:
● Wikipidia – The Free Encyclopedia
● http://www.wikipedia.org/
● Overview of 3D Interactive Graphics
● http://www.siggraph.org/project-grants/com97/com97-tut.html

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