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1.3 Integration of Rational Function by Partial Fraction

The document covers the topic of partial fraction decomposition in mathematics, specifically focusing on integrating proper and improper rational functions. It outlines various cases for decomposing rational functions based on the nature of their denominators and provides examples for each case. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing whether a rational function is proper or improper for integration purposes.

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16 views51 pages

1.3 Integration of Rational Function by Partial Fraction

The document covers the topic of partial fraction decomposition in mathematics, specifically focusing on integrating proper and improper rational functions. It outlines various cases for decomposing rational functions based on the nature of their denominators and provides examples for each case. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing whether a rational function is proper or improper for integration purposes.

Uploaded by

twilight7531
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICS II/FBM0035

Chapter 1
Learning Outcome

At the end of the module , you should be able to:

✓ Decompose P(x)/Q(x) for different type of Q( x )


✓ Apply partial fraction technique to integrate rational
functions
✓ Understand the concept of integrating improper
partial fractions
PROPER RATIONAL FUNCTION

If 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are two polynomials in 𝑥, then the ratio of


these two polynomials

is called a rational function.

If the degree of the numerator of the rational function is


less than that of the denominator, the rational function is
called a proper rational function.
Any proper rational function can be expressed as sum of
Partial Fraction.
PARTIAL FRACTIONS DECOMPOSITION
Any proper rational function can be expressed as sum of Partial Fraction.

To decompose the rational fraction, there are 4 cases to be


considered
1. P/Q where Q has only distinct linear factors

2. P/Q where Q has repeated linear factors

3. P/Q where Q has only distinct irreducible quadratic factors

4. P/Q where Q has repeated irreducible quadratic factors


Case 1: Q has only distinct linear factors

Example 1

Write the partial fraction decomposition of


Case 1: Q has only distinct linear factors

Example 1 solution

First, factor out the denominator 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2

Decompose

Consider the numerator


Case 1: Q has only distinct linear factors

Example 1 solution
By comparing the numerator

Therefore
Case 2: Q has repeated linear factors

Example 2

Write the partial fraction decomposition of


Case 2: Q has repeated linear factors

Example 2 solution
First, factor out the denominator
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 2

Decompose

Compare the numerator


2
𝑥+2= 𝐴 𝑥−1 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶𝑥
Case 2: Q has repeated linear factors

Example 2 solution
By comparing the numerator
2
𝑥+2= 𝐴 𝑥−1 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶𝑥
2
Let 𝑥 = 0, 2 = 𝐴 −1 ⟹𝐴=2
Let 𝑥 = 1, 3=𝐶 ⟹𝐶=3
2
Let 𝑥 = 2, 4=A 1 +𝐵 2 1 +𝐶 2 ⟹ 𝐵 = −2

Therefore
Case 3: Q has only distinct irreducible quadratic factors

Example 3

Write the partial fraction decomposition of


Case 3: Q has only distinct irreducible quadratic factors

Example 3 solution

The denominator is already in the simplest factor form


Decompose

Compare the numerator


3𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 − 1
Case 3: Q has only distinct irreducible quadratic factors

Example 3 solution
By comparing the numerator 3𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 − 1
= 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥2 + 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐴 − 𝐶

Let 𝑥 = 1, −2 = 𝐴 3
By comparing :
The coefficient of 𝑥 2 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 = −𝐴

The constant −5 = 𝐴 − 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 5

Therefore
Case 4: Q has repeated irreducible quadratic factors

Example 4

Write the partial fraction decomposition of


Case 4: Q has repeated irreducible quadratic factors

Example 4 solution

Decompose

Compare the numerator

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑥 2 + 4 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
Case 4: Q has repeated irreducible quadratic factors

Example 4 solution
By comparing the numerator 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑥 2 + 4 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐴 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐷 + 4𝐵

By comparing the coefficient of :


𝑥3 : 1=𝐴
𝑥2 : 1=𝐵
𝑥 : 0 = 4𝐴 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = −4
Constant : 0 = 𝐷 + 4𝐵 ⟹ 𝐷 = −4

Therefore
In algebra, we combine 2 or more fractions into
single fraction by finding the common denominator
For example,

(1)

LHS RHS

However, the LHS is easier to integrate than the RHS


Thus, for the purpose of integration, it would be
desirable to have method obtaining the LHS of (1)
starting with RHS
To see how this can be done, lets factor out the
denominator of RHS and assume that there exist
unknown constant A & B

(2)

The term on the RHS of (2) is called Partial Fractions


(each constitute parts of the expression of LHS)
The entire RHS of (2) is called Partial Fractions
decomposition of LHS
To find the value of 𝐴 & 𝐵, multiply (2) through by
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4) to clear the fractions

Consider the numerator,


INTEGRATING PROPER PARTIAL
FRACTIONS
If 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are two polynomials in 𝑥, then
the ratio of these two polynomials

is called a rational function.


If the degree of the numerator of the rational
function is less than that of the denominator,
the rational function is called a proper rational
function.
Any proper rational function can be expressed as
sum of Partial Fraction.
INTEGRATING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
There are 4 cases to be considered :
Decompose :
✓ P/Q where Q has only distinct linear factors
✓ P/Q where Q has repeated linear factors
✓ P/Q where Q has only distinct irreducible
quadratic factors
✓ P/Q where Q has repeated irreducible quadratic
factors
CASE 1 : WHEN Q HAS DINSTINCT
LINEAR FACTORS
Example 1 :
Solution
First we factor out the denominator then decompose

Consider the numerator

So
The integration can now be completed as follows
Example 2 :

Solution
First rewrite

Decompose
To find A and B using the cover up rule

To find A : Cover on the LHS

Let and substitute in the

expression to get A
To find A and B using the cover up rule

To find B : Cover on the LHS

Let and substitute in the

expression to get B
CASE 2 : WHEN Q HAS REPEATED LINEAR
FACTORS
Example 3 :
Solution
First we factor out the denominator then decompose

Consider the numerator


Equating numerators
CASE 3 : WHEN Q HAS DISTINCT,
IRREDUCIBLE QUADRATIC FACTORS
Example 4 :
Solution
First we factor out the denominator by grouping

By the linear factor rule, the factor introduce


one term, namely

By the quadratic factor rule, the factor introduce


one term, namely
Thus, the Partial Fraction decomposition is

Equating numerators

To find the value of A, B and C in this case, it is just


easy to find all the constants by equating coefficients
and solve the resulting system.
Equating corresponding coefficients

This yield

Thus
Example 5 :
Solution

Compare the numerator


We now have
CASE 4 : WHEN Q HAS REPEATED,
IRREDUCIBLE QUADRATIC FACTORS
Example :
Write the partial fraction decomposition of

Solution
By the linear factor rule, the factor introduce
one term, namely

By the quadratic factor rule, the factor


introduces two terms
The partial fraction decomposition is

Equating the coefficients


INTEGRATING IMPROPER PARTIAL
FRACTIONS
If the degree of the numerator is equal or greater
than the degree of the denominator in a rational
function, then the rational function is called
improper rational function.

It can be integrated by performing a long division


and expressing the function as the quotient plus the
remainder over the divisor (this is a proper rational
function) which can be decomposed into partial
fractions.
Example :

Solution
By using the long division, the integrand can be
expressed as

Refer to Ex. 1
REMARKS
There are some cases where the method of partial
fractions is inappropriate
PRACTICE

Evaluate the integrals


Integrating Improper Partial Fraction

When integrating rational functions, first check


whether the given rational function is proper or
improper techniques. If it is an improper fraction, then
use long division to convert it to a proper rational
function.
To integrate a proper rational function, express the
function in partial fractions form
Example :

Solution
By using the long division, the integrand can be
expressed as
THANK
YOU
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