MEB1053

DYNAMICS
4. Week 2_Chapter 12

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 MOTION OF A PROJECTILE

Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. Analyze the motion of a projectile.
2. Analyze the tangential and normal components of velocity
and accelerations

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 12.6
PROJECTILE MOTION

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 APPLICATIONS

A good kicker instinctively knows at what angle , and initial

velocity v he must kick the ball to make a field goal.
5

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 APPLICATIONS (continued)

The physics of slingshot!

How should you catapult the Angry Birds to pop the creatures?

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 MOTION OF A PROJECTILE (Section 12.6)

Projectile motion can be treated as TWO rectilinear motions:

1) in the horizontal direction (x-axis), acceleration is zero (ax = 0)
and
2) in the vertical direction (y-axis), acceleration is constant from
gravity pull (ay = g = 9.81 m/s)

Establish x-y coordinate

system:

Horizontal: ax = 0
Vertical: ay = g

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MOTION OF A PROJECTILE (Section 12.6)

Solution step:
1) Resolve the velocity v in x- and y-components
2) Set ax = 0, and ay = g=  9.81 m/s2
8

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 CONSTANT ACCELERATION

The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special case
when acceleration is constant (a = ac) to obtain very useful equations.
v t

 dv   a
vo o
c dt yields v  vo  a c t

s t

 ds   v dt yields s  s o  v o t  (1/2) a c t 2
so o
v s

 v dv   ac ds v (vo )  2ac(s - so)


2 2
yields
vo so

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 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS:

Horizontal motion: Since horizontal acceleration ax= 0. The equations yield:

(  )v  v0  act  v x  ( v0 )x
(  )x  x0  v0t  12 act 2  x  x0  ( v0 )x t ax= ẍ = 0
(  )v 2  v02  2ac ( x  x0 )  v x  ( v0 )x

Vertical motion: Since the positive y-axis is directed upward, ay= –g.
Application of the constant acceleration equations yields:

(  )v  v0  ac t  v y  ( v0 )y  gt
(  )y  y0  v0t  12 ac t 2  y  y0  ( v0 )y t  12 gt 2 ay= –g
(  )v 2  v02  2ac ( y  y0 )  v 2y  ( v0 )y2  2 g ( y  y0 )
10

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 EXAMPLE I
Given: A boy kicks a ball at point A with
initial velocity vA = 10 m/s, θ=30
Find: Horizontal distance the ball lands at
C and its velocity vC.

1) Establish coordinate system , 2) Set ax= 0 , ay= g

3) apply kinematic equations in horizontal & vertical motion

Ans: xC = 8.83 m, vC = 5 m/s

11

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 SOLUTION

Solution: At point A,
vAx = 10 cos 30= 8.66 m/s  , vAy = 10 sin 30 = 5 m/s 

At point C,
horizontal: vCx = uAx + axt = 10 cos 30 + 0 = 8.66 m/s 
vertical: vCy = uAy + ayt = 10 sin 30 – (9.81) t
set vCy = vAy = 5 m/s (because of symmetry)
solving 5 = 10 sin30 – 9.81t  t = 1.019 s

x = x0 + uxt = 0 + (10 cos 30) t

y = ut + ½ at2 = (10 sin 30) t – ½ (9.81) t2
12

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 SOLUTION (continued)

Only the time of 1.019 s makes sense!

Velocity components at C are;

vCx = 10 cos 30
= 8.66 m/s 

vCy = 10 sin 30 – (9.81) (1.019)

= -5 m/s = 5 m/s 

vC = 8.662 + (−5)2 =10 m/s

Horizontal distance the ball travels is;

x = (10 cos 30) t
x = (10 cos 30) 1.019 = 8.83 m
13

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 CLASS ACTIVITY 1

Given: Projectile is fired with vA=150 m/s at

point A.

Find: The horizontal distance it travels (R)

and the time tAB in the air.

Ans: tAB = 19.9 s, R = 2387 m 14

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 SOLUTION
Solution:
1) Place the coordinate system at point A.
Then, write the equation for horizontal motion.
+  xB = xA + vAx tAB
where xB = R, xA = 0, vAx = 150 (4/5) m/s

Range, R, will be R = 120 tAB

2) Now write a vertical motion equation. Use the distance equation.

+ yB = yA + vAy tAB – 0.5 g tAB2
where yB = – 150, yA = 0, and vAy = 150(3/5) m/s
We get the following equation: –150 = 90 tAB + 0.5 (– 9.81) tAB2

Solving for tAB first, tAB = 19.89 s.

Then, R = 120 tAB = 120 (19.89) = 2387 m 15

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 CLASS ACTIVITY 2

Given: The golf ball is struck

with a velocity of 24
m/s as shown.
y
Find: Distance d to where it
x
will land and the time,
t, taken

Ans: d = 49.1 m, t = 3.51 s 16

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 SOLUTION

Solution:

Motion in x-direction:
Using xB = xA + vox(tAB)
y
 d cos10 = 0 + 24 (cos 55) tAB
tAB = 0.07154 d x

Motion in y-direction:
Using yB = yA + voy(tAB) – ½ g(tAB)2
 d sin10 = 0 + 24(sin 55)(0.07154 d) – ½ (9.81) (0.07154 d)2
 0 = 1.2328 d – 0.025104 d2

d = 0, 49.1 m tAB = 0.07154(49.1) = 3.51 s what is velocity at B ?

17

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NORMAL AND TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS
(Section 12.7)

18

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NORMAL AND TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS

12.4.2 Normal and Tangential Components

When a particle is moving along a
known path, we can select n & t
co-ordinates which act normal and
tangent to the path. Define:

ˆ n  unit vector in n
u
ˆ t  unit vector in t
u
  radius of curvature
of each segment
O'  center of curvature
19

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 VELOCITY

Velocity
- velocity is always tangent to
the path i.e along t axis

v = vuˆt
where
ds
v = s 
dt

 is the radius of curvature

Here v defines the magnitude of the velocity (speed) and

ut defines the direction of the velocity vector.
20

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 ACCELERATION
Acceleration
There are TWO components: at and an
 
a = v = vuˆ t  vuˆ t
v
uˆ t  uˆ n


 a = at u
ˆt  anuˆ n
where
dv dv
tangential: at  v  v
dt ds
v2
normal: an 

Magnitude: a  a t2  a n2
21

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 ACCELERATION

- Acceleration magnitude:
a  a t2  a n2

- If tangential component at is constant:

v  v0  ac t t
s  s0  v0t  12 ac t t 2
v 2  v02  2ac t s  s0 

- Radius of curvature,  :
2 3/ 2
  dy  
1    
  dx  
Given : y  f ( x );  
d2y
dx 2 22

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 SPECIAL CASES OF MOTION

There are some special cases of motion to consider.

1) If the particle moves along a straight line.
.
  => an = v /   a = at = v  0
2

The tangential component represents the time rate of change in

the magnitude of the velocity.
2) If the particle moves along a curve at constant speed.
.
at = v = 0 => a = an = v2/ 0
The normal component represents the time rate of change in the
direction of the velocity.

23

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 continued
3) If the particle moves along with constant at
.
v  v0  ac t t
s  s0  v0t  12 ac t t 2
v 2  v02  2ac t s  s0 

24

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 Example

 
v = vuˆ t ˆ t  an uˆ n
 a = at u
ds dv dv
v = s  at  v  v tangential
dt dt ds
v2 v2
at  0, an  0 an  normal
 
25

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 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

If a particle moves along a space curve,

the n-t axes are defined as before. At
any point, the t-axis is tangent to the
path and the n-axis points toward the
center of curvature. The plane
containing the n-t axes is called the
osculating plane.

A third axis can be defined, called the binomial axis, b. The

binomial unit vector, ub, is directed perpendicular to the osculating
plane, and its sense is defined by the cross product ub = ut × un.

There is no motion, thus no velocity or acceleration, in the

binomial direction.
26

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 EXAMPLE I

Given: A car travels along the road

with a speed of v = (2s) m/s,
where s is in meters.
 = 50 m
Find: The magnitudes of the car’s
acceleration at s = 10 m.
Plan:

1) Calculate the velocity when s = 10 m using v(s).

2) Calculate the tangential and normal components of
acceleration and then the magnitude of the
acceleration vector.
27

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1) Calculate the velocity when s = 10 m using v(s).
2) Calculate the tangential and normal components of acceleration
and then the magnitude of the acceleration vector.

28

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 EXAMPLE I (continued)
Solution:
1) The velocity vector is v = v ut , where the magnitude is
given by v = (2s) m/s.
When s = 10 m: v = 20 m/s
.
2) The acceleration vector is a = atut + anun = vut + (v2/)un
Tangential component:
.
Since at = v = dv/dt = (dv/ds) (ds/dt) = v (dv/ds)
where v = 2s  at = d(2s)/ds (v)= 2 v
At s = 10 m: at = 40 m/s2
Normal component: an = v2/
When s = 10 m: an = (20)2 / (50 = 8 m/s2
The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = (an )2 +(at )2 = 402 + 82 = 40.8 m/s2 29

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 CLASS ACTIVITY

Given: A boat travels around a

circular path,  = 40 m, at a
speed that increases with
time, v = (0.0625 t2) m/s.
Find: The magnitudes of the boat’s
velocity and acceleration at
the instant t = 10 s.

The boat starts from rest (v = 0 when t = 0).

1) Calculate the velocity at t = 10 s using v(t).
2) Calculate the tangential and normal components of
acceleration and then the magnitude of the
acceleration vector. 30

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The boat starts from rest (v = 0 when t = 0).
1) Calculate the velocity at t = 10 s using v(t).
2) Calculate the tangential and normal components of acceleration and
then the magnitude of the acceleration vector.

31

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 SOLUTION
Solution:
1) The velocity vector is v = v ut , where the magnitude is
given by v = (0.0625t2) m/s. At t = 10s:
v = 0.0625 t2 = 0.0625 (10)2 = 6.25 m/s
.
2) The acceleration vector is a = atut + anun = vut + (v2/)un.
.
Tangential component: at = v = d(.0625 t2 )/dt = 0.125 t m/s2
At t = 10s: at = 0.125t = 0.125(10) = 1.25 m/s2

Normal component: an = v2/ m/s2

At t = 10s: an = (6.25)2 / (40 = 0.9766 m/s2
The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = (an )2 +(at )2 = 1.252 + 0.97662 = 1.59 m/s2 32

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 CLASS ACTIVITY 3

Given: The train engine at E has a

at
speed of 20 m/s and an
acceleration of 14 m/s2 acting
in the direction shown.
an
Find: The rate of increase in the
train’s speed and the radius of
curvature  of the path.

1. Find the tangential and normal components of the acceleration.

2. Find v̇ from the tangential component of the acceleration.
3. Calculate  from the normal component of the acceleration.
33

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 SOLUTION
Solution:
1) Acceleration

Tangential component :
at =14 cos(75) = 3.623 m/s2

Normal component :
an = 14 sin(75) = 13.52 m/s2
2) The tangential component of acceleration is the rate of
increase of the train’s speed, so
at = v̇ = 3.62 m/s2.
3) The normal component of acceleration is
an = v2/ 13.52 = 202 / 
  m 34

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 CLASS ACTIVITY 4

Given: Starting from rest, a bicyclist travels

around a horizontal circular path, = 10m,
at a speed of v = (0.09 t2 + 0.1 t) m/s.

Find: The magnitudes of bicyclist’s velocity and acceleration

when distance s = 3 m.
Plan:
The bicyclist starts from rest (v = 0 when t = 0).
1) Integrate v(t) to find the position s(t).
2) Calculate the time when s = 3 m using s(t).
3) Calculate the tangential and normal components of
acceleration and then the magnitude of the
acceleration vector. 35

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 SOLUTION
Solution:
1) The velocity vector is v = (0.09 t2 + 0.1 t) m/s, where t is in
seconds. Integrate the velocity and find the position s(t).
Position:  v dt =  (0.09 t2 + 0.1 t) dt
s (t) = 0.03 t3 + 0.05 t2
2) Calculate the time, t when s = 3 m.
3 = 0.03 t3 + 0.05 t2
Solving for t, t = 4.147 s

The velocity at t = 4.147 s is,

v = 0.09 (4.147 ) 2 + 0.1 (4.147 ) = 1.96 m/s
36

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 SOLUTION (continued)
.
3) The acceleration vector is a = atut + anun = vut + (v2/)un.
Tangential component:
.
at = v = d(0.09 t2 + 0.1 t) / dt = (0.18 t + 0.1) m/s2
At t = 4.147 s : at = 0.18 (4.147) + 0.1 = 0.8465 m/s2
Normal component:
an = v2/ m/s2
At t = 4.147 s : an = (1.96)2 / (10 = 0.3852 m/s2
The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = (an )2 +(at )2 = 0.84652 + 0.38522 = 0.930 m/s2
37

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 SUMMARY – Projectile Motion

Horizontal motion: Since horizontal acceleration ax= 0. The equations yield:

(  )v  v0  act  v x  ( v0 )x
(  )x  x0  v0t  12 act 2  x  x0  ( v0 )x t ax= ẍ = 0
(  )v 2  v02  2ac ( x  x0 )  v x  ( v0 )x

Vertical motion: Since the positive y-axis is directed upward, ay= –g.
Application of the constant acceleration equations yields:

(  )v  v0  ac t  v y  ( v0 )y  gt
(  )y  y0  v0t  12 ac t 2  y  y0  ( v0 )y t  12 gt 2 ay= –g
(  )v 2  v02  2ac ( y  y0 )  v 2y  ( v0 )y2  2 g ( y  y0 )
38

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 SUMMARY – Normal & Tangential Components
  
ˆt
v = vu a = v = vuˆ t  vuˆ t
v
ds uˆ t  uˆ n
v = s  
dt 
ˆ t  anuˆ n
 a = at u
where
dv dv
at  v  v v  v0  ac t t
dt ds
v2 s  s0  v0 t  12 ac t t 2
an 
 v 2  v02  2ac t s  s0 

a  a t2  a n2   dy  2 
3/ 2

1    
  dx  

d2y
dx 2 39

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