Q.1(a) The probability that an applicant for pilot school will be admitted is 0.5.

If three
applicants are selected at random, what is the probability that; (10)

(i) All three will be admitted

(ii) None will be admitted
(iii) Only one will be admitted

SOLUTION:

𝑃(=𝑘)=(𝑛𝑘)⋅𝑝𝑘⋅(1−𝑝)𝑛−𝑘
The binomial probability is calculated using the formula:

Where:
• P(X=k) is the probability 𝑘 to achievements (in this case acceptance).
• N is the number of attempts (in this case 3 applicants).
• K is the number of successes.
• P is the probability of success (0.5).

methods 𝑘 to success n trials.

• ( N /𝑘 ) is a binomial coefficient that represents the number of selection

Because the probability of acceptance is 𝑝 = 0.5 p=0.5 and 𝑛 = 3 n=3

applicants are selected, we can solve three

parts:
(i) All three will be admitted
It corresponds to that 𝑘 = 3. The binomial probability is:
𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 3 ) = ( 3/3 ) ⋅ ( 0.5 ) 3 ⋅ ( 1 − 0.5 ) 0 = 1 ⋅ ( 0.5 ) 3 = 0.125
(ii) None will be accepted
It corresponds to that 𝑘 = 0. The binomial probability is:
𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 0 ) = ( 3/0 ) ⋅ ( 0.5 ) 0 ⋅ ( 1 − 0.5 ) 3 = 1 ⋅ ( 0.5 ) 3 = 0.125
(iii) Only one will be accepted
It corresponds to that 𝑘 = 1. The binomial probability is:
𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 1 ) = ( 3/1 ) ⋅ ( 0.5 ) 1 ⋅ ( 1 − 0.5 ) 3 − 1 = 3 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ ( 0.5 ) 2 = 3 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 0.25 =
0.375
Final Answers:
(i) The probability that all three will be accepted: 0.125.
(ii) Probability that no one will be accepted: 0.125.
(iii) The probability that only one will be accepted: 0.375.
(b) What is the probability of drawing three cards, without
replacement, from a deck of cards and getting three kings?

Understanding the problem

We are dealing with a probability problem without replacement. In this
scenario, you draw cards from the deck, and once a card is drawn, it is not
returned to the deck. This is why the total number of cards decreases
after each draw.
• Deck: A standard deck contains 52 cards, 4 of which are kings (one
each hearts, diamonds, clubs and spades).
• Objective: You want to know the probability (probability) of drawing
exactly 3 kings in a row when drawing 3 cards from a deck.
Step by step calculation
First draw:
There are 4 kings in a full deck of 52 cards.
The chance of drawing a king is the ratio of kings to the total number of

𝑃 (The first king ) = 4/ 52 = 1/13

cards:

This means there is a 1 in 13 chance of drawing a king on the first rol

. Second draw
: After successfully drawing the first king, there are only 3 kings left in the
deck and now there are 51 cards left.

𝑃 ( The second king ) = 3 /51

The odds of drawing a second king are:

Third draw:
If the first two kings are drawn, there are now only 2 kings and 50 cards
left.

𝑃 ( The third king ) = 2 /50

The probability of drawing a third king is:

Total probability:
Since the events are dependent on each other (i.e. drawing a king affects
the probability of drawing the next king), we multiply the probabilities of

𝑃 ( Three kings ) = 4 /52 x 3 /51 x 2 /50

each event:

Simplification:
𝑃 ( Three kings ) = 24 /132600 = 1 /5525
That gives you the probability 1 /5525, which is approximately 0.000181
or 0.0181%.
Key terms
1.Probability without exchange:
Unlike independent events where the probabilities remain constant (such
as a coin toss), in this case the probabilities change with each turn. This is
called the dependent probability.
2. Binomial coefficient (not used here):
In problems where we choose a certain number of objects from a larger
set (such as choosing 3 kings out of 4), the binomial coefficient can be
used to find out how many ways you can arrange or choose them.
However, in this problem, since move order matters and we are not
choosing kings from other cards, the formula is direct multiplication.
Why is the probability so low?
Drawing three specific cards in a row (all kings) is highly unlikely because
each card drawn reduces the number of cards left in the deck, making it
progressively more difficult to get the next king.
Contextual application
This type of probability problem is commonly encountered in card games
or in any situation where items are selected in order without replacement.
It helps to understand how dependent events work and how results are
affected by previous results. For example:
• In games like poker, understanding the probability of drawing certain
combinations of cards helps players make strategic decisions.
• In other real-world scenarios, similar principles apply in quality control,
non-replacement sampling, or any scenario where sample depletion
affects future results.
Would you like to explore more about dependent and independent events
or how these probabilities are used in decision making?

Q.2 (a) The fire chief for a small volunteer fire department has compiled
data on the number of false alarms called in each day for the past 360 days. The data in the
table shows a frequency distribution summarizing the findings. Construct the probability
distribution for this study. Number of False Alarm Frequency

Number of False Alarm Frequency

0 75

1 80

2 77

3 40

4 28

5 24
 6 20

7 16

Total 36

SOLITION:
To construct a probability distribution for the given data, we need to calculate the probability for each
number of false alarms. This is done by dividing each false alarm rate by the total number of days (which in
this case is 360).

Step by step solution

The formula for calculating the probability: 𝑃 ( Number of false alarms ) = The frequency of this number of
false alarms Total number of days (360)

Calculation:

We calculate the probability for each number of false alarms by dividing the frequency by 360.

Number of false alarms (x) Frequency (f) Probability 𝑃

0 75 75 /360 = 0.2083

1 80 80 /360 = 0.2222

2 77 77/ 360 = 0.2139

3 40 40 /360 = 0.1111

4 28 28 /360 = 0.0778

5 24 24/ 360 = 0.0667

6 20 20 /360 = 0.0556

7 16 16/ 360 = 0.0444

Probability distribution:

Number of false positives (x Probability 𝑃 ( = 𝑥 )

0 0.2083

1 0.2222

2 0.2139

3 0.1111

4 0.0778
 5 0.0667

6 0.0556

7 0.0444

Verification:
The sum of all probabilities should equal 1 (or very close to 1,
allowing for rounding errors). Let's take a look at it:
0.2083 + 0.2222 + 0.2139 + 0.1111 + 0.0778 + 0.0667 +
0.0556 + 0.0444 = 0.9999 ≈ 1
So the probability distribution is correct.
Conclusion:
The table above represents the probability distribution for the
number of false positives per day over 360 days. Each number
of false positives is assigned a probability calculated from the
frequency.

(b) A fair die is rolled 5 times. Let X represents the number of times
the face 3 turns up. Obtain a probability distribution of X.
This problem consists of rolling a die 5 times and seeing how many times
a face with the number 3 comes up. The number of times a face 3 appears
corresponds to the binomial distribution because:
Each die roll is a Bernoulli trial with two possible outcomes (success or
failure):
either face 3 appears (success) or not (failure). Trials are independent and
there is a fixed number of attempts (5 rolls).
The probability of success (getting a 3) on each roll is constant 6 1 .
Step by step solution:

Let 𝑋 X represents the number of views of face 3. The probability of

1. Define variables:

success (rolling a 3) is 𝑝 = 1 6. The probability of failure (not getting a 3)

is 1 − 𝑝 = 5 6. The number of attempts (dice roll) is 𝑛 = 5. The probability
weight function for the binomial distribution is given by: 𝑃 ( = 𝑘 ) 𝑘 ( 1 −
𝑝 ) 𝑛 – 𝑘.

Where:
N is the number of trials (5), 𝑘 k is the number of successes (how many
times 3 appears), 𝑝 = 1 6 is the probability of success on one trial.
2. Calculate the probability for each value 𝑋 = 𝑘,

Where
(number of face views 3): (and) 𝑃 ( = 0 ) (Face 3 will not appear at all):
K can range from 0 to 5. Let's calculate the probability distribution for

𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 0 ) = ( 5 0 ) ( 1 6 ) 0 ( 5 6 ) 5 = 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ ( 5 6 ) 5 ≈ 0.4019
(ii) 𝑃 ( = 1 ) P(X=1) (Face 3 appears exactly once):
𝑃 ( = 2 ) P(X=2) (Face 3 appears exactly twice):
𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 2 ) = ( 5 2 ) ( 1 6 ) 2 ( 5 6 ) 3 = 10 ⋅ ( 1 6 ) 2 ⋅ ( 5 6 ) 3 ≈ 0.1608
(i) 𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 3 ) P(X=3) (Face 3 appears exactly three times):
𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 3 ) = ( 5 3 ) ( 1 6 ) 3 ( 5 6 ) 2 = 10 ⋅ ( 1 6 ) 3 ⋅ ( 5 6 ) 2 ≈ 0.0322
(Against) 𝑃 ( = 4 ) P(X=4) (Face 3 appears exactly four times):
𝑃(𝑋=4)=(54)(16)4(56)1=5 ⋅(16)4⋅(56)1≈
0.0032
(And) 𝑃 ( = 5 ) P(X=5) (Face 3 appears exactly five times):
𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 5 ) = ( 5 5 ) ( 1 6 ) 5 ( 5 6 ) 0 = 1 ⋅ ( 1 6 ) 5 = 1 7776 ≈ 0.0001.

3. Probability distribution table:

X (Number of occurrences of face 3) Probability 𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 𝑥 )

0 0.4019

1 0.4019
2 0.1608

3 0322

4 0.0032

5 0.0001

Sum of probabilities:
The total probability should equal 1:
0.4019 + 0.4019 + 0.1608 + 0.0322 + 0.0032 + 0.0001 = 1
This confirms that the probability distribution is correctly calculated.
Conclusion:
The table above represents the binomial probability distribution of the
number of times a face 3 appears when a fair die is rolled 5 times.
 Q. 3 (a)Solve the following equations;

i. 8x – 6 = 5x + 3.
ii. 4z2 + 18z – 10 = 0.
s 3
2
− =0
iii. s + 4 4

SOLUTION:
Let's solve these equations one by one:

i. 8x−6=5x+3

Subtract 5x from both sides:

8x−5x−6=3

Add 6 to both sides: 3x=9

Divide by 3: x=3

Thus, the solution is x=3

ii. 4z2+18z−10=0

This is a quadratic equation. We can solve it using the quadratic formula:

z=−b±b2−4ac/2az
where a=4 b=18 and c=−10
Let's calculate the discriminant (Δ):

Δ=b2−4ac=182−4(4)(−10)=324+160=484
Now, apply the quadratic formula:

z=−18±484/2(4) =8−18±22/8
This gives two solutions:

1. z=−18+22/8=4/8=1/2
 2. z=−18−22/8=−40/8=−5

Thus, the solutions are z=1/2z = z=−5

iii. s2+s/4−3/4=0

Multiply the entire equation by 4 to eliminate the fractions:

4s2+s−3=0

Now, use the quadratic formula again with a=4,b=1, and c=−3:
s=−b±b2−4ac/2a : −1±12−4(4)(−3)/2(4)

Calculate the discriminant:

Δ=1+48=49

Now, solve for s:

s=−1±49/8=−1±7/8.

This gives two solutions:

1. s=−1+7/8=6/8=3/4
2. s=−1−7/8=−8/8=−1

Thus, the solutions are s=3/4s = -1.

Final Solutions:
1. x=3
2. z=1/2,−5
3.s=34,−1

(b) Find the length of the line segment connecting

points C and D located at (2, 4) and (4, 8), respectively.
 SOLUTION:
To find the length of the line segment connecting points C(2,4) and
D(4,8) ,we use the distance formula:

Distance=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2

where (x1,y1)=(2,4)and (x2,y2)=(4,8)

Now, substitute the values into the formula:

Distance= {(4 - 2)^2 + (8 - 4)^2}

Distance= {2^2 + 4^2}
Distance=22+42
Distance= {4 + 16}
Distance=20
Distance=25
Distance=2/5

Thus, the length of the line segment connecting points C and D is 2/5.

Q. 5 Find the equation of aline that has the indicated

properties and sketch the line passing through (–5, 4) and perpendicular to
the line 2y = x + 1.

SOLUTION:
Let's solve this step by step.

Step 1: Find the slope of the given line 2y=x+12y = x + 12y=x+1

1. Rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form (y= mx+b):

2y=x+1⇒y=1/2x+1/2
2. Here, the slope (m1) of the given line is ½ .

Step 2: Find the slope of the line perpendicular to the given line

For two lines to be perpendicular, the product of their slopes must be−1. Let the slope of the
perpendicular line be m2.Then:
 m1×m2=−1

Substitute m1=1/2:
1/2×m2=−1
Solving for m2=
m2=−2
Thus, the slope of the perpendicular line is −2.

Step 3: Use the point-slope form to find the equation of the perpendicular
line

The line passes through (−5,4)and has a slope of −2. Using the point-slope form of a line
equation:

y−y1=m(x−x1)
where m=−2m = -2m=−2 and (x1,y1)=(−5,4):

y−4=−2(x+5)

Expand and simplify:

y−4=−2x−10
y =−2x−6
Final Equation:

The equation of the line that passes through (−5,4)and is perpendicular to the line 2y=x+1:

y=−2x−6y
Step 4: Sketch the line
To sketch the line y=−2x−6y:

1. The slope is −2, meaning the line goes down 2 units for every 1 unit it moves to the
right.
2. The y-intercept is −6, so the line crosses the y-axis at (0,−6).
3. The line also passes through (−5,4)as given.