Agile Model

The meaning of Agile is swift or versatile."Agile process model"

refers to a software development approach based on iterative
development. Agile methods break tasks into smaller iterations,
or parts do not directly involve long term planning. The project
scope and requirements are laid down at the beginning of the
development process. Plans regarding the number of iterations,
the duration and the scope of each iteration are clearly defined in
advance.

Each iteration is considered as a short time "frame" in the Agile

process model, which typically lasts from one to four weeks. The
division of the entire project into smaller parts helps to minimize
the project risk and to reduce the overall project delivery time
requirements. Each iteration involves a team working through a
full software development life cycle including planning,
requirements analysis, design, coding, and testing before a
working product is demonstrated to the client.
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 Phases of Agile Model:
Following are the phases in the Agile model are as follows:

1. Requirements gathering
2. Design the requirements
3. Construction/ iteration
4. Testing/ Quality assurance
5. Deployment
6. Feedback

1. Requirements gathering: In this phase, you must define the

requirements. You should explain business opportunities and plan
the time and effort needed to build the project. Based on this
information, you can evaluate technical and economic feasibility.

2. Design the requirements: When you have identified the

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 project, work with stakeholders to define requirements. You can
use the user flow diagram or the high-level UML diagram to show
the work of new features and show how it will apply to your
existing system.

3. Construction/ iteration: When the team defines the

requirements, the work begins. Designers and developers start
working on their project, which aims to deploy a working product.
The product will undergo various stages of improvement, so it
includes simple, minimal functionality.

4. Testing: In this phase, the Quality Assurance team examines

the product's performance and looks for the bug.

5. Deployment: In this phase, the team issues a product for the

user's work environment.

6. Feedback: After releasing the product, the last step is

feedback. In this, the team receives feedback about the product
and works through the feedback.

Agile Testing Methods:

Scrum
Crystal
Dynamic Software Development Method(DSDM)
Feature Driven Development(FDD)
Lean Software Development
eXtreme Programming(XP)

Scrum

SCRUM is an agile development process focused primarily on

ways to manage tasks in team-based development conditions.
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 There are three roles in it, and their responsibilities are:

Scrum Master: The scrum can set up the master team,

arrange the meeting and remove obstacles for the process
Product owner: The product owner makes the product
backlog, prioritizes the delay and is responsible for the
distribution of functionality on each repetition.
Scrum Team: The team manages its work and organizes the
work to complete the sprint or cycle.

eXtreme Programming(XP)

This type of methodology is used when customers are constantly

changing demands or requirements, or when they are not sure
about the system's performance.

Crystal:

There are three concepts of this method-

1. Chartering: Multi activities are involved in this phase such as

making a development team, performing feasibility analysis,
developing plans, etc.
2. Cyclic delivery: under this, two more cycles consist, these
are:
Team updates the release plan.
Integrated product delivers to the users.
3. Wrap up: According to the user environment, this phase
performs deployment, post-deployment.

Dynamic Software Development Method(DSDM):

DSDM is a rapid application development strategy for software

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 development and gives an agile project distribution structure. The
essential features of DSDM are that users must be actively
connected, and teams have been given the right to make
decisions. The techniques used in DSDM are:

1. Time Boxing
2. MoSCoW Rules
3. Prototyping

The DSDM project contains seven stages:

1. Pre-project
2. Feasibility Study
3. Business Study
4. Functional Model Iteration
5. Design and build Iteration
6. Implementation
7. Post-project

Feature Driven Development(FDD):

This method focuses on "Designing and Building" features. In

contrast to other smart methods, FDD describes the small steps
of the work that should be obtained separately per function.

Lean Software Development:

Lean software development methodology follows the principle

"just in time production." The lean method indicates the
increasing speed of software development and reducing costs.
Lean development can be summarized in seven phases.

1. Eliminating Waste
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 2. Amplifying learning
3. Defer commitment (deciding as late as possible)
4. Early delivery
5. Empowering the team
6. Building Integrity
7. Optimize the whole

When to use the Agile Model?

When frequent changes are required.
When a highly qualified and experienced team is available.
When a customer is ready to have a meeting with a software
team all the time.
When project size is small.

Advantage(Pros) of Agile Method:

1. Frequent Delivery
2. Face-to-Face Communication with clients.
3. Efficient design and fulfils the business requirement.
4. Anytime changes are acceptable.
5. It reduces total development time.

Disadvantages(Cons) of Agile Model:

1. Due to the shortage of formal documents, it creates
confusion and crucial decisions taken throughout various
phases can be misinterpreted at any time by different team
members.
2. Due to the lack of proper documentation, once the project
completes and the developers allotted to another project,
maintenance of the finished project can become a difficulty.
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 MCQ's on the Agile Model
1. Choose the option best suited for the primary objective of
the Agile process model?

1. Long-term planning
2. Iterative development
3. Fixed project scope
4. Strict documentation

2. In Agile, what is typically defined at the beginning of the

development process?

1. The final product features

2. Number of iterations, duration, and scope
3. Detailed project documentation
4. Complete cost estimates

3. What is the purpose of dividing an Agile project into

smaller iterations?

1. To reduce the number of team members

2. To minimize project risk and delivery time
3. To avoid feedback from the client
4. To simplify coding tasks

4. What happens during the "Construction/Iteration" phase

in Agile?

1. Gathering requirements
2. Testing the final product
3. Developing and deploying a working product with minimal
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 functionality
4. Designing detailed UML diagrams

5. Which Agile phase is focused on receiving and

incorporating user feedback?

1. Requirements gathering
2. Deployment
3. Feedback
4. Testing

6. Which of the following Agile testing methods focuses on

task management in team-based conditions?

1. Lean Software Development

2. Scrum
3. Feature Driven Development
4. Crystal

7. What is the role of the Scrum Master?

1. Prioritizing the product backlog

2. Managing the Scrum team
3. Setting up meetings and removing process obstacles
4. Delivering the final product

8. Which Agile methodology is best suited for projects with

frequently changing requirements?

1. Scrum
2. Lean Software Development
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 3. eXtreme Programming (XP)
4. Dynamic Software Development Method (DSDM)

9. What is a unique feature of the Dynamic Software

Development Method (DSDM)?

1. Pre-defined product release cycles

2. Strict adherence to fixed timelines
3. Active user involvement and team decision-making authority
4. Focus on individual team member contributions

10. What does "Time Boxing" in DSDM refer to?

1. Allocating fixed hours for coding tasks

2. Setting maximum allowable time for project phases
3. Scheduling fixed timeframes for iterations
4. Prioritizing tasks by urgency

11. What is the primary focus of Feature Driven Development

(FDD)?

1. Testing software features

2. Building and designing features
3. Documenting software features
4. Delivering the final product

12. Which principle is central to Lean Software

Development?

1. Just-in-time production
2. Maximum documentation
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 3. Avoiding user feedback
4. Prioritizing high-cost development

13. Which of the following is NOT an Agile Testing Method?

1. Scrum
2. Crystal
3. DevOps
4. Feature Driven Development (FDD)

14. What is the key activity in the "Chartering" phase of

Crystal methodology?

1. Delivering the final product

2. Performing feasibility analysis and forming the development
team
3. Receiving client feedback
4. Finalizing product testing

15. What type of projects are most suited for the Agile
model?

1. Large-scale projects with static requirements

2. Projects requiring frequent changes
3. Projects with minimal client involvement
4. Projects dependent on extensive documentation

16. What is one disadvantage of the Agile model?

1. Frequent client interaction

2. Lack of formal documentation leading to potential confusion
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 3. Inefficient use of team resources
4. Excessive time for project delivery

17. Which phase in Agile focuses on creating high-level

diagrams like UML?

1. Requirements gathering
2. Design the requirements
3. Construction/Iteration
4. Testing

18. How does Agile minimize overall development time?

1. By eliminating client feedback

2. By focusing only on testing
3. Through iterative development and frequent deliveries
4. By assigning tasks to individual developers only

19. In Lean Software Development, what does "Defer

commitment" mean?

1. Avoiding decisions altogether

2. Deciding as late as possible to accommodate more
information
3. Delaying client involvement
4. Postponing project iterations

20. Which of the following is a key advantage of Agile?

1. Rigid planning
2. Reduced client interaction
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 3. Frequent delivery and flexible design
4. Heavy reliance on documentation
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