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Exp 02 Ap

The document outlines an experiment for calibrating the laws of transverse vibration in a stretched string using a sonometer, focusing on the relationships between frequency, length, tension, and linear density. It provides theoretical background on transverse waves and their applications in music and engineering, emphasizing the importance of resonance. The experiment aims to enhance understanding of wave principles through practical application and data analysis.

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Ahsan sarwar
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28 views4 pages

Exp 02 Ap

The document outlines an experiment for calibrating the laws of transverse vibration in a stretched string using a sonometer, focusing on the relationships between frequency, length, tension, and linear density. It provides theoretical background on transverse waves and their applications in music and engineering, emphasizing the importance of resonance. The experiment aims to enhance understanding of wave principles through practical application and data analysis.

Uploaded by

Ahsan sarwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RIPHAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

Program: B.Sc. Computer Systems Semester: 2nd

Subject: PHYL-101 Applied Physics Date: …………….

Experiment # 02: Calibrate the laws of Transverse Vibration in a stretched


string using sonometer

Objective
In this lab we will learn…
 Relation between Frequency and length of string
 Relation between Tension of string and length
 Relation between linear density and length

Name: ……………………………

Rubrics

Performance Lab Report


Total Marks Total Marks
Description Description
Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Experiment
related 10 Organization/Structure
Knowledge 10
Data analysis 10
Data Presentation 10
Individual &
Team behavior 10
Total Marks obtained

Name & Signature of faculty: ………………………………


Apparatus
 Sonometer
 Weight hangers
 Weight
 Pulleys
 String

Theory
A sonometer is a device used to study vibrating strings, measuring tension and
frequency by adjusting string length. It's essential in physics labs for demonstrating
wave principles and conducting experiments related to sound and vibrations. The term
"sonometer" is derived from the Latin word "Sonus," meaning sound, and the Greek
word "metron," meaning measure

A progressive sound wave is produced in the surrounding air having a frequency equal
to that of the stationary wave in the string. According to the law of transverse
vibration of stretched string, the fundamental frequency is inversely proportional to the
resonating length, L of the string. A string is a tight wire. when it is plucked or bowed,
progressive transverse waves travel along the wire and reflect at the fixed ends. These
waves superpose with the incident waves and produce stationary waves in the wire. a
progressive sound wave is produced in the surrounding air having a frequency equal to
the stationary wave.

In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the


direction of wave propagation. This means that the disturbance (or wave) moves
horizontally or vertically, while the particles move in a direction perpendicular to this
movement.
Examples of transverse waves include waves on a string, electromagnetic waves
(such as light), and seismic S-waves.
In a longitudinal wave, the particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of
wave propagation. Here, the disturbance travels in the same direction as the particles'
movement. An example of a longitudinal wave is a sound wave in air, where air
particles vibrate back and forth in the same direction as the sound wave moves.

When a taut wire is plucked or bowed, it generates transverse waves that travel along
its length and reflect at the fixed ends. These reflected waves interfere with the incident
waves, forming stationary waves within the string. According to the law of transverse
vibration, the fundamental frequency of these stationary waves is inversely proportional
to the length (L) of the string. Simultaneously, a progressive sound wave in the
surrounding air matches the frequency of the stationary wave produced in the string.
This matching frequency creates resonance, enhancing the sound produced. This
resonance phenomenon is foundational in musical instruments like guitars and violins,
where strings vibrate at specific frequencies to produce desired tones. Understanding
resonance in vibrating strings not only enriches musical experiences but also finds
applications in various fields, including acoustics, telecommunications, and structural
engineering.

The law of transverse vibration describes the relationship between the frequency of
vibration, the length of a stretched string, and the tension applied to it. It can be
expressed mathematically as:
Where:
F is the frequency of vibration (in hertz, Hz),
L is the length of the string (in meters, m),
T is the tension applied to the string (in newtons, N), and
μ is the mass per unit length of the string (in kilograms per meter, kg/m).

According to this law:


Frequency and Length:
The frequency of vibration (f) is inversely proportional to the length of the string (L). In
other words, as the length of the string decreases, the frequency of vibration increases,
and vice versa.
Frequency and Tension:
The frequency of vibration (f) is directly proportional to the square root of the tension
(T) applied to the string. As the tension in the string increases, the frequency of
vibration also increases.
Mass per Unit Length:
The law assumes that the mass per unit length (μ) of the string remains constant. If the
string's mass per unit length changes, it will affect the frequency of vibration differently.

This law is essential in understanding the behavior of vibrating strings, such as those
found in musical instruments like guitars, violins, and pianos. It also has applications in
engineering, where vibrating strings are used in sensors, actuators, and various
mechanical systems.

A stretched string can produce different frequencies. Since the ends are fixed, these are
the position of nodes in the wire. When the string is plucked at the middle, an antinode
is formed at the middle. This is the simplest mode of vibration and the distance
between the consecutive nodes is λ/2 where λ is the wavelength of the transverse wave
in the string

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