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SQL HTI 3

The document outlines key concepts in SQL, focusing on Data Manipulation Language (DML) operations such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and TRUNCATE statements. It also covers transaction control, read consistency, and the use of the SELECT statement for data retrieval, including arithmetic expressions, column aliases, and concatenation. Additionally, it provides syntax examples and guidelines for writing SQL statements.

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Karem ahmed Labib mohamed
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© © All Rights Reserved
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5 views25 pages

SQL HTI 3

The document outlines key concepts in SQL, focusing on Data Manipulation Language (DML) operations such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and TRUNCATE statements. It also covers transaction control, read consistency, and the use of the SELECT statement for data retrieval, including arithmetic expressions, column aliases, and concatenation. Additionally, it provides syntax examples and guidelines for writing SQL statements.

Uploaded by

Karem ahmed Labib mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson Agenda

• Adding new rows in a table


– INSERT statement
• Changing data in a table
– UPDATE statement
• Removing rows from a table:
– DELETE statement
– TRUNCATE statement
• Database transactions control using COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and SAVEPOINT
• Read consistency
• FOR UPDATE clause in a SELECT statement

9 -3 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Data Manipulation Language

• A DML statement is executed when you:


– Add new rows to a table
– Modify existing rows in a table
– Remove existing rows from a table
• A transaction consists of a collection of DML statements
that form a logical unit of work.

9 -4 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Insert

• Insert a new department named “Support” in location ID


2500:

INSERT INTO departments(department_id,


department_name, location_id)
VALUES (10,'Support', 2500);

11 - 29 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Adding a New Row to a Table

New
DEPARTMENTS row

Insert new row


into the
DEPARTMENTS table.

9 -5 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


INSERT Statement Syntax

• Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT statement:

INSERT INTO table [(column [, column...])]


VALUES (value [, value...]);

• With this syntax, only one row is inserted at a time.

9 -6 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Inserting New Rows

• Insert a new row containing values for each column.


• List values in the default order of the columns in the table.
• Optionally, list the columns in the INSERT clause.
INSERT INTO departments(department_id,
department_name, manager_id, location_id)
VALUES (70, 'Public Relations', 100, 1700);

• Enclose character and date values within single quotation


marks.

9 -7 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Dropping a Table

• Moves a table to the recycle bin


• Removes the table and all its data entirely if the PURGE
clause is specified
• Invalidates dependent objects and removes object
privileges on the table

DROP TABLE dept80;

10 - 38 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


TRUNCATE Statement

• Removes all rows from a table, leaving the table empty


and the table structure intact
• Is a data definition language (DDL) statement rather than a
DML statement; cannot easily be undone
• Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

• Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE copy_emp;

9 - 24 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Retrieving Data Using
the SQL SELECT Statement

Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the


following:
• List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
• Execute a basic SELECT statement

1 -2 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Lesson Agenda

• Basic SELECT statement


• Arithmetic expressions and NULL values in the SELECT
statement
• Column aliases
• Use of concatenation operator, literal character strings,
alternative quote operator, and the DISTINCT keyword
• DESCRIBE command

1 -3 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


FROM table;

• SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed.


• FROM identifies the table containing those columns.

1 -5 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Selecting All Columns

SELECT *
FRO departments;
M

1 -6 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Selecting Specific Columns

SELECT department_id, location_id


FROM departments;

1 -7 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Writing SQL Statements

• SQL statements are not case-sensitive.


• SQL statements can be entered on one or more lines.
• Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines.
• Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
• Indents are used to enhance readability.
• In SQL Developer, SQL statements can optionally be
terminated by a semicolon (;). Semicolons are required
when you execute multiple SQL statements.
• In SQL*Plus, you are required to end each SQL statement
with a semicolon (;).

1 -8 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Arithmetic Expressions

Create expressions with number and date data by using


arithmetic operators.

Operator Description
+ Add
- Subtract
* Multiply
/ Divide

1 - 11 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Using Arithmetic Operators

SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300


FROM employees;

1 - 12 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Operator Precedence

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100


FROM employees; 1

…
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)
FROM employees;
2

1 - 13 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Defining a Null Value

• Null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown,


or inapplicable.
• Null is not the same as zero or a blank space.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary,
commission_pct
FROM employees;

1 - 14 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.

SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct


FROM employees;

1 - 15 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Lesson Agenda

• Basic SELECT statement


• Arithmetic expressions and NULL values in the SELECT
statement
• Column aliases
• Use of concatenation operator, literal character strings,
alternative quote operator, and the DISTINCT keyword
• DESCRIBE command

1 - 16 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Defining a Column Alias

A column alias:
• Renames a column heading
• Is useful with calculations
• Immediately follows the column name (There can also be
the optional AS keyword between the column name and
alias.)
• Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or
special characters, or if it is case-sensitive

1 - 17 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Using Column Aliases

SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct AS comm


FROM employees;

…
SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"
FROM employees;

1 - 18 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Lesson Agenda

• Basic SELECT Statement


• Arithmetic Expressions and NULL values in SELECT
statement
• Column Aliases
• Use of concatenation operator, literal character strings,
alternative quote operator, and the DISTINCT keyword
• DESCRIBE command

1 - 19 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Concatenation Operator

A concatenation operator:
• Links columns or character strings to other columns
• Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
• Creates a resultant column that is a character expression
SELECT last_name||job_id "Employees"
FROM employees;

1 - 20 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

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