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Networking and Internet Class 11

The document provides an overview of computer networking, including its history, types of transmission media, network topologies, and key network devices. It explains protocols for email, file transfer, remote login, and the World Wide Web, as well as the TCP/IP model's four layers and their functions. Additionally, it covers MAC addresses, IP addresses, and domain names, highlighting their roles in network communication.

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sdxltanmay
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413 views9 pages

Networking and Internet Class 11

The document provides an overview of computer networking, including its history, types of transmission media, network topologies, and key network devices. It explains protocols for email, file transfer, remote login, and the World Wide Web, as well as the TCP/IP model's four layers and their functions. Additionally, it covers MAC addresses, IP addresses, and domain names, highlighting their roles in network communication.

Uploaded by

sdxltanmay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking and Internet

A computer network is a system where multiple devices (like computers,


printers, or phones) are connected to share data, resources, and
communication.
Example:
 The internet is the biggest computer network.
 A Wi-Fi network in your home allows your phone and laptop to share
internet access.
History:
 1969: ARPANET, the foundation of the internet, was created by the US
Department of Defence.
 1970: TCP/IP protocol developed, enabling communication between
different networks.
 1984: NSFNET created by the US National Science Foundation for research
and education.
 ARPANET and NSFNET merged: This formed the internet, a "network of
networks" using TCP/IP as the unifying protocol.

Prepared By Tanmay Biswas


Transmission Media is the path through which data travels from one device
to another in a network. It can be wired (guided) or wireless (unguided).
Guided media means that data signals travel through a physical medium like
cables.

Unguided media means data travels through the air without physical
cables.

Prepared By Tanmay Biswas


Network Topologies:

PAN:

LAN:

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MAN:

WAN:

NETWORK DEVICE:
1.REPEATER:

2.HUB:
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3.BRIDGE:

4.SWITCH:

5.ROUTER:

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6.GATEWAY:

E-Mail (Electronic Mail)


 Allows sending text, audio, images, and videos.
 Can be accessed via webmail (Gmail, Yahoo) or desktop apps (Outlook,
Thunderbird).
 Uses SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending and POP3 (Post
Office Protocol) for receiving emails.
File Transfer (FTP - File Transfer Protocol)
 Transfers files between computers using TCP-based networks.
 Uses client-server architecture for uploading and downloading files.
Remote Login (TELNET - Terminal Network)
 Allows a user to remotely access another system using a username
and password.
 Used for accessing remote servers and executing applications.
World Wide Web (WWW)
 A collection of web pages stored on servers across the internet.
 Uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for communication.
 Web pages contain text, images, videos, and hyperlinks for
navigation.

TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model is
the foundation of the Internet and governs how data is transferred between
computers over a network. It’s a four-layer system that manages everything
from data transmission to routing and error checking.
Application Layer:

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 Function: This is where network applications work. It’s responsible for
sending and receiving data over the network.
 Protocols Used:
o HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for web browsing.
o FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for file transfers.
o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending emails.
 Example: When you access a website or send an email, the application
layer handles the request.
Transport Layer:
 Function: This layer ensures reliable data transmission between two
devices. It breaks down the data into segments and ensures that it
reaches the correct application.
 Protocols Used:
o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ensures reliable, error-free
data delivery (connection-oriented).
o UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Faster but unreliable
(connectionless).
 Example: When you’re browsing a website, TCP ensures that all the
webpage elements (text, images) are received correctly.
Internet Layer:
 Function: Responsible for routing the data across different networks. It
defines the IP addresses of devices and decides the best route for data
to travel.
 Protocols Used:
o IP (Internet Protocol): Responsible for addressing and routing
data packets.
o ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used for sending
error messages (e.g., when a service is unreachable).
o ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Resolves IP addresses to
MAC addresses.
 Example: If you are sending data from one city to another, this layer
determines the best path for the data to take.
Link Layer:
 Function: This layer manages the physical connection between devices.
It’s responsible for transferring data over physical media like cables or
wireless signals.

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 Protocols Used:
o Ethernet for wired connections.
o Wi-Fi for wireless connections.
 Example: When you connect to a Wi-Fi network, the link layer is
responsible for the wireless connection.
MAC Address (Media Access Control Address):
 A MAC address is a unique hardware address assigned to a network
device (like a computer, phone, or router) by the manufacturer.
 Think of it as the "permanent name" of a device in a network.
 A MAC address is a 12-digit hexadecimal number (contains numbers
and letters A-F).
 Example:
1. 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E
2. A4:B2:39:12:89:FF

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)


 An IP address is a unique number assigned to a device when it
connects to a network.
 Think of it as the "temporary address" of your device on the internet or
a network.
 Example:
1. 192.168.1.1
2. 8.8.8.8 (Google DNS)

Domain Name
 A domain name is a human-friendly name used instead of an IP
address to access websites.
 Since IP addresses are hard to remember, we use domain names
instead.
 When you enter "www.google.com", your computer contacts a DNS
(Domain Name System) to find its IP address.
 google.com → 142.250.190.14
facebook.com → 157.240.200.35

Prepared By Tanmay Biswas


Prepared By Tanmay Biswas

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