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Networking and Internet Class 11

The document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, history, and types of networks such as LAN, WAN, and MAN. It explains key concepts like transmission media, network topologies, and essential network devices, along with protocols for email, file transfer, and web browsing. Additionally, it covers the TCP/IP model, MAC and IP addresses, and the use of domain names for accessing websites.

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sdxltanmay
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63 views9 pages

Networking and Internet Class 11

The document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, history, and types of networks such as LAN, WAN, and MAN. It explains key concepts like transmission media, network topologies, and essential network devices, along with protocols for email, file transfer, and web browsing. Additionally, it covers the TCP/IP model, MAC and IP addresses, and the use of domain names for accessing websites.

Uploaded by

sdxltanmay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NetworkiNg aNd iNterNet

A computer network is a system where multiple devices (like computers, printers, or phones)
are connected to share data, resources, and communication.
Example:
• The internet is the biggest computer network.
• A Wi-Fi network in your home allows your phone and laptop to share internet access.
History:
❖ 1969: ARPANET, the foundation of the internet, was created by the US Department of
Defence.
❖ 1970: TCP/IP protocol developed, enabling communication between different networks.
❖ 1984: NSFNET created by the US National Science Foundation for research and
education.
❖ ARPANET and NSFNET merged: This formed the internet, a "network of networks" using
TCP/IP as the unifying protocol.

Prepared By Tanmay Biswas


Transmission Media is the path through which data travels from one device to another in a
network. It can be wired (guided) or wireless (unguided).
Guided media means that data signals travel through a physical medium like cables.

Unguided media means data travels through the air without physical cables.

Network Topologies:

Prepared By Tanmay Biswas


PAN:

LAN:

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MAN:

WAN:

NETWORK DEVICE:
1.REPEATER:

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2.HUB:

3.BRIDGE:

4.SWITCH:

5.ROUTER:

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6.GATEWAY:

E-Mail (Electronic Mail)


• Allows sending text, audio, images, and videos.
• Can be accessed via webmail (Gmail, Yahoo) or desktop apps (Outlook, Thunderbird).
• Uses SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending and POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
for receiving emails.
File Transfer (FTP - File Transfer Protocol)
• Transfers files between computers using TCP-based networks.
• Uses client-server architecture for uploading and downloading files.
Remote Login (TELNET - Terminal Network)
• Allows a user to remotely access another system using a username and password.
• Used for accessing remote servers and executing applications.
World Wide Web (WWW)
• A collection of web pages stored on servers across the internet.
• Uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for communication.
• Web pages contain text, images, videos, and hyperlinks for navigation.

TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model is the foundation of
the Internet and governs how data is transferred between computers over a network. It’s a
four-layer system that manages everything from data transmission to routing and error
checking.
Application Layer:
• Function: This is where network applications work. It’s responsible for sending and
receiving data over the network.

Prepared By Tanmay Biswas


• Protocols Used:
o HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for web browsing.
o FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for file transfers.
o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending emails.
• Example: When you access a website or send an email, the application layer handles
the request.
Transport Layer:
• Function: This layer ensures reliable data transmission between two devices. It breaks
down the data into segments and ensures that it reaches the correct application.
• Protocols Used:
o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ensures reliable, error-free data delivery
(connection-oriented).
o UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Faster but unreliable (connectionless).
• Example: When you’re browsing a website, TCP ensures that all the webpage elements
(text, images) are received correctly.
Internet Layer:
• Function: Responsible for routing the data across different networks. It defines the IP
addresses of devices and decides the best route for data to travel.
• Protocols Used:
o IP (Internet Protocol): Responsible for addressing and routing data packets.
o ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used for sending error messages
(e.g., when a service is unreachable).
o ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses.
• Example: If you are sending data from one city to another, this layer determines the
best path for the data to take.
Link Layer:
• Function: This layer manages the physical connection between devices. It’s
responsible for transferring data over physical media like cables or wireless signals.
• Protocols Used:
o Ethernet for wired connections.
o Wi-Fi for wireless connections.
• Example: When you connect to a Wi-Fi network, the link layer is responsible for the
wireless connection.

Prepared By Tanmay Biswas


MAC Address (Media Access Control Address):
❖ A MAC address is a unique hardware address assigned to a network device (like a
computer, phone, or router) by the manufacturer.
❖ Think of it as the "permanent name" of a device in a network.
❖ A MAC address is a 12-digit hexadecimal number (contains numbers and letters A-F).
❖ Example:
1. 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E
2. A4:B2:39:12:89:FF

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)


❖ An IP address is a unique number assigned to a device when it connects to a network.
❖ Think of it as the "temporary address" of your device on the internet or a network.
❖ Example:
1. 192.168.1.1
2. 8.8.8.8 (Google DNS)

Domain Name
• A domain name is a human-friendly name used instead of an IP address to access
websites.
• Since IP addresses are hard to remember, we use domain names instead.
• When you enter "www.google.com", your computer contacts a DNS (Domain Name
System) to find its IP address.
• google.com → 142.250.190.14
facebook.com → 157.240.200.35

Prepared By Tanmay Biswas


Prepared By Tanmay Biswas

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