RULES IN MATH 313

1. ENTER classroom on time,

2. WEAR appropriate attire,
3. LISTEN to the Lecture,
4. WORK your Class activity
5. CELPHONE is NOT ALLOWED during Classes and Examination.
6. CHEATING is a major offense, penalty 5.0 for that specific exam or activity,
7. Be RESPONSIBLE student (Do not blame others), tuition is FREE, and others have
stipend, STUDY seriously to PASS the subject DO NOT expect mercy or FAVOR.
8. MAINTAIN Classroom Cleanliness.
TOPIC CONTENT:

3. Matrices
3.1 Definition, Types of Matrices, Difference between a Matrix and a
Determinant, Equal Matrices , Operation of Matrices, Various kinds
of Matrices
3.2 Transpose of a Matrix, Symmetric Matrix, Orthogonal Matrix,
Complex Conjugate of a Matrix, Hermitian Matrix, Unitary Matrix,
Determinant of a Matrix.
3.3 Adjoint of a Matrix, Elementary Row Operation, Matrix Polynomial,
Inverse of a Matrix, Equivalent Matrices, Use of Mathematical
Induction.
3.4 Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method
DETERMINANTS

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
❖ apply matrix method in solving Linear Simultaneous Equations
MATRICES

Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method

Let us consider a system of 𝑛 linear equations in 𝑛 unknowns say 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,
𝑥3 ,..., 𝑥𝑛 given as below
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏3 𝑖
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
𝑎𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑛2 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑛3 𝑥3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛
MATRICES
Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method
If 𝑏1 = 𝑏2 = 𝑏3 … . 𝑏𝑛 = 0, ,then the system of Eq. (𝑖) is called a
system of homogeneous linear equations and if at least one of
𝑏1 = 𝑏2 = 𝑏3 … . 𝑏𝑛 is non-zero, then it is called a system of non-
homogeneous linear equation. We write the above system of Eq. (𝑖) in
the matrix form as

⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 (𝑖𝑖)
MATRICES
Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method

where, 𝐴 = ; 𝑋= and 𝐵 =

Pre-multiplying Eq. 𝑖𝑖 by 𝐴−1 , we get

𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐴−1 𝐴 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
⇒ 𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐵
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 =
𝐴
MATRICES

Types of Equations
(1) When system of equations is non-homogeneous
(𝑖) If 𝐴 ≠ 0 ,then the system of equations is consistent and has a
unique solution given by 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵.
(𝑖𝑖) If 𝐴 = 0 and 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 ≠ 0, then the system of equations is
inconsistent and has no solution.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) If 𝐴 = 0 and 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 0, then the system of equations is
consistent and has an infinite number of solutions.
MATRICES

Types of Equations
(2) When system of equations is homogeneous
(𝑖) If 𝐴 ≠ 0, then the system of equations has only trivial solution
and it has one solution.
(𝑖𝑖) If 𝐴 = 0, then the system of equations has non-trivial solution
and it has infinite solutions.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) If number of equations < number of unknowns, then it has non-
trivial solution.
Note: Non-homogeneous linear equations can also be solved by Cramer’s rule, this
method has been discussed in the previous topic on determinants.
MATRICES

Example 1. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help
of matrix inversion.
Solution. The given system of equations in matrix form are written below.
1 2 3 𝑥 1
2 3 2 𝑦 = 2
3 3 4 𝑧 1
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 𝑖
MATRICES
Example 1. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help
of matrix inversion.
1 2 3 𝑥 1
where, 𝐴 = 2 3 2 , 𝑋 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 2
3 3 4 𝑧 1
𝐴 = −7 ≠ 0 ∴ 𝐴−1 exists and has unique solution.
Let 𝐶 be the matrix of cofactors of elements in 𝐴 .
Now, cofactors along 𝑅1 = 6, −2, −3
cofactors along 𝑅2 = 1, −5, 3
cofactors along 𝑅3 = −5, 4, −1
MATRICES

Example 1. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help
of matrix inversion.
6 −2 −3
∴ 𝐶 = 1 −5 3 , ∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑇
−5 4 −1
𝑇
6 −2 −3 6 1 −5
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 1 −5 3 = −2 −5 4
−5 4 −1 −3 3 −1
MATRICES
Example 1. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help
of matrix inversion.
6 1 −5
−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1
⇒ 𝐴 = = − −2 −5 4
𝐴 7
−3 3 −1
6 1 5
− −
7 7 7
2 5 4
= −
7 7 7
3 3 1
−
7 7 7
MATRICES
Example 1. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help
of matrix inversion.
From Eq. 1 , 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
6 1 5 3
− − −
𝑥 7 7 7 1 7
2 5 4 8
⇒ 𝑦 = − 2 =
7 7 7 7
𝑧 3 3 1 1 2
− −
7 7 7 7
3 8 3
Hence, 𝑥 = − , 𝑦= , and 𝑧 = − is the required solution.
7 7 7
MATRICES

Echelon Form of a Matrix

A matrix 𝐴 is said to be in echelon form, if
(𝑖) The first non-zero element in each row is 1.
(𝑖𝑖) Every non-zero row in 𝐴 preceeds every zero-row.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) The number of zeroes before the first non-zero element in 1𝑠𝑡,
2𝑛𝑑, 3𝑟𝑑, ... rows should be in increasing order.
For example,
1 2 3
𝑖 0 1 5 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖
0 0 1
MATRICES

Rank of Matrix
The rank of a matrix is said to be 𝑟, if
(𝑖) It has at least minors of order 𝑟 is different from zero.
(𝑖𝑖) All minors of 𝐴 of order higher than 𝑟 are zero. The rank of 𝐴 is
denoted by 𝜌 𝐴 .
Note
1. The rank of a zero matrix is zero and the rank of an identity matrix of
order 𝑛 is 𝑛.
2. The rank of a matrix in echelon form is equal to the number of non-zero
rows of the matrix.
3. The rank of a non-singular matrix 𝐴 ≠ 0 of order 𝑛 is 𝑛.
MATRICES

Properties of Rank of Matrices

(𝑖) If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 , then
𝑚𝑥𝑛 𝑚𝑥𝑛
𝜌 𝐴+𝐵 ≤𝜌 𝐴 +𝜌 𝐵
(𝑖𝑖) If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 , then
𝑚𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥𝑝
𝜌 𝐴𝐵 ≤ 𝜌 𝐴 and 𝜌 𝐴𝐵 ≤ 𝜌 𝐵
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝜌 𝐴′
𝑚𝑥𝑛
MATRICES
3 −1 2
Example 2. Find the rank of −3 1 2
−6 2 4
Solution we have,
3 −1 2
𝐴 = −3 1 2
−6 2 4
Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 2𝑅1 , we get
3 −1 2
𝐴= 0 0 4
0 0 8
MATRICES
3 −1 2
Example 2. Find the rank of −3 1 2
−6 2 4
Applying 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 , we get
3 −1 2
𝐴= 0 0 4
0 0 0
1 1
Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 → 𝑅1 , then
3 4
1 2
1 −
3 3
𝐴= 0 0 1 This is Echelon form of Matrix 𝐴.
0 0 0
∴ Rank = Number of non-zero rows ⇒ 𝜌 𝐴 = 2
MATRICES

Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Rank Method

Let us consider a system of 𝑛 linear equations in 𝑛 unknowns say 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,
𝑥3 ,..., 𝑥𝑛 given as below
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏3 𝑖
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑚3 𝑥3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚
MATRICES

Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method

We write the above system of Eq. (𝑖) in the matrix form as

⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 𝑖𝑖
MATRICES

Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method

where;

𝐴= 𝑋= and 𝐵 =

The matrix 𝐴 is called the coefficient matrix and the matrix

MATRICES

Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method

the matrix

𝐶 = 𝐴: 𝐵 =

is called the 𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 of the given system of equations.

MATRICES

Types of Equations
1. Consistent Equation If 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝜌 𝐶
(𝑖) Unique Solution If 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝜌 𝐶 = 𝑛 , where 𝑛 = number of
knowns.
(𝑖𝑖) Infinite Solution If 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝜌 𝐶 = 𝑟, where 𝑟 < 𝑛.
2. Inconsistent Equation If 𝜌 𝐴 ≠ 𝜌 𝐶 , then no solution.
MATRICES

Example 3. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help of
matrix inversion.
Solution. The given system of equations in the matrix form are,
1 2 3 𝑥 1
2 3 2 𝑦 = 2
3 3 4 𝑧 1
𝐴𝑋 =𝐵
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 𝑖
MATRICES
Example 3. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help of
matrix inversion.
1 2 3 𝑥 1
where, 𝐴 = 2 3 2 , 𝑋 = 𝑦 and 𝐵 = 2
3 3 4 𝑧 1
𝐴 = −7 ≠ 0 ∴ 𝐴−1 exists and has unique solution.
Let 𝐶 be the matrix of cofactors of elements in 𝐴 .
Now, cofactors along 𝑅1 = 6, −2, −3
cofactors along 𝑅2 = 1, −5, 3
cofactors along 𝑅3 = −5, 4, −1
MATRICES

Example 3. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help of
matrix inversion.
6 −2 −3
∴ 𝐶 = 1 −5 3 , ∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑇
−5 4 −1
𝑇
6 −2 −3 6 1 −5
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 1 −5 3 = −2 −5 4
−5 4 −1 −3 3 −1
MATRICES

Example 3. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help of
matrix inversion.

6 1 5
− −
6 1 −5 7 7 7
−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1 2 5 4
⇒𝐴 = = − −2 −5 4 = −
𝐴 7 7 7 7
−3 3 −1 3 3 1
−
7 7 7
MATRICES
Example 3. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1,
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 with the help of
matrix inversion.
From Eq. 𝑖 , 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

6 1 5 3
− − −
𝑥 7 7 7 1 7
2 5 4 8
⇒ 𝑦 = − 2 = 7
7 7 7
𝑧 3 3 1 1 2
− −
7 7 7 7
3 8 2
Hence, 𝑥 = − , 𝑦= , 𝑧= − is the required solution.
7 7 7
MATRICES

Example 4. Determine for what values of λ and 𝜇 the following system of

equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10, and
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + λ𝑧 = 𝜇 have 𝑖 no solution? 𝑖𝑖 a unique solution?
𝑖𝑖𝑖 an infinite number of solutions?
Solution. We can write the above system of equations in the matrix form

1 1 1 𝑥 6
1 2 3 𝑦 = 10
1 2 λ 𝑧 𝜇
⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
MATRICES
Example 4. Determine for what values of λ and 𝜇 the following system of
equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10, and
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + λ𝑧 = 𝜇 have 𝑖 no solution? 𝑖𝑖 a unique solution?
𝑖𝑖𝑖 an infinite number of solutions?

1 1 1 𝑥 6
where 𝐴 = 1 2 3 , 𝑋 = 𝑦 , 𝐵 = 10
1 2 λ 𝑧 𝜇
∴ the augmented matrix
1 1 1 ∶ 6
𝐶 = 𝐴: 𝐵 = 1 2 3 ∶ 10
1 2 λ ∶ 𝜇
MATRICES
Example 4. Determine for what values of λ and 𝜇 the following system of
equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10, and
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + λ𝑧 = 𝜇 have 𝑖 no solution? 𝑖𝑖 a unique solution?
𝑖𝑖𝑖 an infinite number of solutions?
applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 , we get
1 1 1 ∶ 6 1 1 1 ∶ 6
𝐶 = 1 2 3 ∶ 10 ⇒ 𝐶 = 0 1 2 ∶ 4
1 2 λ ∶ 𝜇 0 1 λ−1 ∶ 𝜇−6
applying 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , we get
11 1 ∶ 6
𝐶= 10 2 ∶ 4
0 0 λ − 3 ∶ 𝜇 − 10
MATRICES
Example 4. Determine for what values of λ and 𝜇 the following system of
equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10, and
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + λ𝑧 = 𝜇 have 𝑖 no solution? 𝑖𝑖 a unique solution?
𝑖𝑖𝑖 an infinite number of solutions?
1 1 1 ∶ 6
𝐶= 0 1 2 ∶ 4
0 0 λ − 3 ∶ 𝜇 − 10
𝑖 No solution 𝜌 𝐴 ≠ 𝜌 𝐶
i.e. λ − 3 = 0 and 𝜇 − 10 ≠ 0; ∴ λ = 3 and 𝜇 ≠ 10
𝑖𝑖 A unique solution 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝜌 𝐶 = 3
i.e. λ − 3 ≠ 0 and 𝜇 ∈ 𝑅; ∴ λ ≠ 3 and 𝜇 ∈ 10
𝑖𝑖𝑖 Infinite number of solutions 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝜌 𝐶 (< 3)
i.e. λ − 3 = 0 and 𝜇 − 10 = 0; ∴ λ = 3 and 𝜇 = 10
MATRICES

Reflection Matrix
(𝑖) Reflection in the 𝑥 axis
Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be any point and 𝑃′ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 be its image after reflection
in the 𝑥 axis , then

𝑥1 = 𝑥
ቊ𝑦 = −𝑦 [𝑂′ is the mid-point of 𝑃 and 𝑃′ ]
1
MATRICES
Reflection Matrix
(𝑖) Reflection in the 𝑥 axis
These may be written as
𝑥1 = 1 ∙ 𝑥 + 0 ∙ 𝑦
𝑦1 = 0 ∙ 𝑥 + −1 ∙ 𝑦
These system of equations can be written in matrix form,
𝑥1 1 0 𝑥
𝑦1 = 0 −1 𝑦
1 0
Thus, the matrix describe the reflection of a point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 in
0 −1
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
MATRICES

Reflection Matrix
(𝑖𝑖) Reflection in the 𝑦 axis
Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be any point and 𝑃′ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 be its image after reflection
in the 𝑦 axis , then

𝑥1 = −𝑥
ቊ 𝑦 =𝑦 [𝑂′ is the mid-point of 𝑃 and 𝑃′ ]
1
MATRICES
Reflection Matrix
(𝑖𝑖) Reflection in the 𝑦 axis
These may be written as
𝑥1 = −1 ∙ 𝑥 + 0 ∙ 𝑦
𝑦1 = 0 ∙ 𝑥 + 1 ∙ 𝑦
These system of equations can be written in matrix form,
𝑥1 −1 0 𝑥
𝑦1 = 0 1 𝑦
−1 0
Thus, the matrix describe the reflection of a point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 in
0 1
the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
MATRICES

Reflection Matrix
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Reflection through the origin
Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be any point and 𝑃′ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 be its image after reflection
through the origin, then

𝑥1 = −𝑥
ቊ𝑦 = −𝑦 [𝑂′ is the mid-point of 𝑃 and 𝑃′ ]
1
MATRICES
Reflection Matrix
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Reflection through the origin
These may be written as
𝑥1 = −1 ∙ 𝑥 + 0 ∙ 𝑦
𝑦1 = 0 ∙ 𝑥 + −1 ∙ 𝑦
These system of equations can be written in matrix form,
𝑥1 −1 0 𝑥
𝑦1 = 0 −1 𝑦
−1 0
Thus, the matrix describe the reflection of a point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
0 −1
tℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
MATRICES

Reflection Matrix
(𝑖𝑣) Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be any point and 𝑃′ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 be its image after reflection
in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥, then

𝑥1 = 𝑥
ቊ𝑦 = 𝑦 [𝑂′ is the mid-point of 𝑃 and 𝑃′ ]
1
MATRICES
Reflection Matrix
(𝑖𝑣) Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
These may be written as
𝑥1 = 0 ∙ 𝑥 + 1 ∙ 𝑦
𝑦1 = 1 ∙ 𝑥 + 0 ∙ 𝑦
These system of equations can be written in matrix form,
𝑥1 0 1 𝑥
𝑦1 = 1 0 𝑦
0 1
Thus, the matrix describe the reflection of a point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
1 0
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥.
MATRICES

Reflection Matrix
(𝑣) Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃
Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be any point and 𝑃′ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 be its image after reflection
in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃, then

𝑥1 = 𝑥 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 2𝜃
ቊ [𝑂′ is the mid-point of 𝑃 and 𝑃′ ]
𝑦1 = 𝑥 sin 2𝜃 − 𝑦 cos 2𝜃
MATRICES
Reflection Matrix
(𝑣) Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃
These may be written as
𝑥1 = 𝑥 ∙ cos 2𝜃 + 𝑦 ∙ sin 2𝜃
𝑦1 = 𝑥 ∙ sin 2𝜃 + 𝑦 ∙ − cos 2𝜃
These system of equations can be written in matrix form,
𝑥1 cos 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃 𝑥
𝑦1 = sin 2𝜃 − cos 2𝜃 𝑦
cos 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃
Thus, the matrix describe the reflection of a
sin 2𝜃 − cos 2𝜃 𝜋 𝜋
point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 . try 𝜃 = 0, , what is the
2 4
result?
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Example 5. The point 𝑃 3, 4 undergoes a reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

followed by a reflection in the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Show that their
combined effect is the same as the single reflection of 𝑃 3, 4 in
the origin.
Solution. Let 𝑃1 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 be the image of 𝑃 3, 4 after reflection in the x-axis,
then
𝑥1 1 0 3 3
𝑦1 = 0 −1 4 = −4
Therefore, the image of 𝑃 3, 4 after reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is
𝑃1 3, −4 .
MATRICES
Example 5. The point 𝑃 3, 4 undergoes a reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
followed by a reflection in the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Show that their
combined effect is the same as the single reflection of 𝑃 3, 4 in
the origin.
Therefore, the image of 𝑃 3, 4 after reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is
𝑃1 3, −4 .
MATRICES

Example 5. The point 𝑃 3, 4 undergoes a reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

followed by a reflection in the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Show that their
combined effect is the same as the single reflection of 𝑃 3, 4 in
the origin.
Now, let 𝑃2 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 be the image of 𝑃1 3, −4 after reflection in the
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, then
𝑥2 −1 0 3 −3
𝑦2 = 0 1 −4 = −4
Therefore, the image of 𝑃1 3, −4 after reflection in the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is
𝑃2 −3, −4 .
MATRICES
Example 5. The point 𝑃 3, 4 undergoes a reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
followed by a reflection in the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Show that their
combined effect is the same as the single reflection of 𝑃 3, 4 in the
origin.
Further, let 𝑃3 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 be the imaged of 𝑃 3, 4 in the origin. Then,
𝑥3 −1 0 3 −3
𝑦3 = 0 −1 4 = −4
Therefore, the image of 𝑃1 3, 4 after reflection in the 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 is
𝑃3 −3, −4 . It is clear that 𝑃2 = 𝑃3
Hence, the image of 𝑃2 of 𝑃 often successive reflection in their
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is the same as 𝑃3 which is single reflection
of 𝑃 in the origin.
MATRICES
Example 6. Find the image of the point −2, −7 under the transformations
𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑥 − 2𝑦, −3𝑥 + 𝑦 .
Solution. Let 𝑃1 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 be the image of point 𝑥, 𝑦 under the given
transformations, then

𝑥1 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1 ∙ 𝑥 + −2 ∙ 𝑦
ቊ
𝑦1 = −3𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3 ∙ 𝑥 + 1 ∙ 𝑦
𝑥1 1 −2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦1 = −3 1 𝑦
1 −2 −2 −2 + 14 12
= = =
−3 1 −7 6−7 −1
Therefore, the required image is 12, −1