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TOPIC CONTENT:
3. Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transform
3.1. Introduction to Laplace transforms
3.1.1. Definition of a Laplace transform
3.1.2. Linearity property of the Laplace transform
3.1.3. Laplace transform of elementary functions
3.2. Properties of Laplace transforms
3.2.1 The Laplace transform of 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡
3.2.2 Laplace transform of the form 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡
3.2.3 The Laplace transform of derivatives
3.2.4 The Initial and final value theorem
TOPIC CONTENT:
3. Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transform
3.3. Inverse Laplace transforms
3.3.1. Definition of the Inverse Laplace transform
3.3.2. Inverse Laplace transforms of simple function
3.3.3. Inverse Laplace transforms using partial
fractions
3.4. Laplace transform of the Heaviside function
3.4.1 Heaviside unit step function
3.4.2 Laplace transform of 𝐻 𝑡 − 𝑐
3.4.3 Laplace transform of 𝐻 𝑡 − 𝑐 . 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑐
3.4.4 Inverse Laplace transforms of Heaviside function
TOPIC CONTENT:

3. Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transform

3.5. Solution of differential equation using Laplace
transform
3.5.1. Procedure to solve differential equations using
Laplace transform
3.5.2. Solve problems
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Why it is important to understand: The solution of differential

equation using Laplace transform
Laplace transforms and their inverses are a mathematical technique
which allows us to solve differential equations, by primarily using algebraic
methods. This procedure explained in previous chapter are used in this
chapter which demonstrates how to differential equations are solved using
Laplace transforms.
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. understand the procedure to solve differential equations using
Laplace transforms
2. solve differential equations using Laplace transforms
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.1. Procedure to solve differential equations using

Laplace transform
𝑖 Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential
equation by applying the formula for the Laplace transforms of
derivatives.
𝑖𝑖 Put in the given initial conditions, i.e. 𝑦 0 and 𝑦 ′ 0 .
𝑖𝑖𝑖 Rearrange the equation to make ℒ 𝑦 the subject.
𝑖𝑣 Determine 𝑦 by using, where necessary, partial fractions, and
taking the inverse of each term.
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 01: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
2𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 ′ = 9
Solution:
𝑖 Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential
equation by applying the formula for the Laplace transforms
of derivatives.
2ℒ 𝑦 ′′ + 5ℒ 𝑦 ′ − 3ℒ 𝑦 = 0
2 𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑦 0 − 𝑦 ′ 0 + 5 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑦 0 − 3ℒ 𝑦 = 0
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 01: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
2𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 ′ = 9
𝑖𝑖 Put in the given initial conditions, i.e. 𝑦 0 = 4 and 𝑦 ′ 0 = 9
2 𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑦 0 − 𝑦 ′ 0 + 5 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑦 0 − 3ℒ 𝑦 = 0
2 𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 4𝑠 − 9 + 5 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 4 − 3ℒ 𝑦 = 0
𝑖𝑖𝑖 Rearrange gives.
2𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 − 3 ℒ 𝑦 = 8𝑠 + 38
8𝑠+38
ℒ 𝑦 =
2𝑠 2 +5𝑠−3
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 01: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
2𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 ′ = 9
𝑖𝑣 Determine 𝑦 by using, where necessary, partial fractions, and
taking the inverse of each term.
2𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 − 3 ℒ 𝑦 = 8𝑠 + 38
8𝑠+38
𝑦 = ℒ −1
2𝑠 2 +5𝑠−3
8𝑠+38 𝐴 𝐵
for; ≡ +
2𝑠 2 +5𝑠−3 2𝑠−1 𝑠+3
𝐴 𝑠+3 +𝐵 2𝑠−1
≡
2𝑠−1 𝑠+3
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
3.5.2. Solve problems
Example 01: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
2𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 ′ = 9
𝑖𝑣 Determine 𝑦 by using, where necessary, partial fractions, and
taking the inverse of each term.
Hence: 8𝑠 + 38 = 𝐴 𝑠 + 3 + 𝐵 2𝑠 − 1
Solving 𝐴 and 𝐵; 𝐴 = 12, 𝐵 = −2
8𝑠+38
Hence 𝑦 = ℒ −1
2𝑠 2 +5𝑠−3
12 2 12 2
= ℒ −1 − = ℒ −1 − ℒ −1
2𝑠−1 𝑠+3 2𝑠−1 𝑠+3
1
𝑥
𝑦 = 6𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 −3𝑥 answer
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 02: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 ′ = 7
Solution:
𝑖 Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential
equation by applying the formula for the Laplace transforms
of derivatives.
ℒ 𝑦 ′′ + 6ℒ 𝑦 ′ + 13ℒ 𝑦 = 0
𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑦 0 − 𝑦 ′ 0 + 6 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑦 0 + 13ℒ 𝑦 = 0
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 02: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 ′ = 7
𝑖𝑖 Put in the given initial conditions, i.e. 𝑦 0 = 3 and 𝑦 ′ 0 = 7
𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑦 0 − 𝑦 ′ 0 + 6 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑦 0 + 13ℒ 𝑦 = 0
𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 3𝑠 − 7 + 6 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 3 + 13ℒ 𝑦 = 0
𝑖𝑖𝑖 Rearrange gives.
𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 13 ℒ 𝑦 = 3𝑠 + 25
3𝑠+25
ℒ 𝑦 =
𝑠 2 +6𝑠+13
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 02: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 ′ = 7
𝑖𝑣 Determine 𝑦 by using, where necessary, partial fractions, and
taking the inverse of each term.
3𝑠+25
𝑦= ℒ −1
𝑠 2 +6𝑠+13

−1 3(𝑠+3)+16
= ℒ
(𝑠+3)2 +22

3(𝑠+3) 16
= ℒ −1 + ℒ −1
(𝑠+3)2 +22 (𝑠+3)2 +22
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 02: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 ′ = 7
𝑖𝑣 Determine 𝑦 by using, where necessary, partial fractions, and
taking the inverse of each term.
3(𝑠+3) 16
𝑦 = ℒ −1 + ℒ −1
(𝑠+3)2 +22 (𝑠+3)2 +22

= 3𝑒 −3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 8𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 answer

LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 03: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 9 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 ′ = 0
Solution:
𝑖 Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential
equation by applying the formula for the Laplace transforms
of derivatives.
ℒ 𝑦 ′′ − 3ℒ 𝑦 ′ = ℒ 9
𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑦 0 − 𝑦 ′ 0 − 3 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑦 0 =ℒ 9
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 03: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 9 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑖𝑖 Put in the given initial conditions, i.e. 𝑦 0 = 0 and 𝑦 ′ 0 = 0
9
𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑦 0 − 𝑦 ′ 0 − 3 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑦 0 =
𝑠
9
𝑠 2 ℒ 𝑦 − 𝑠 0 − 0 − 3 𝑠ℒ 𝑦 − 0 =
𝑠

𝑖𝑖𝑖 Rearrange gives.

9
𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 ℒ 𝑦 =
𝑠
9
ℒ 𝑦 =
𝑠 𝑠 2 −3𝑠
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 03: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 9 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑖𝑣 Determine 𝑦 by using, where necessary, partial fractions, and
taking the inverse of each term.
9
𝑦= ℒ −1
𝑠 𝑠 2 −3𝑠
9 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
for; ≡ + 2 +
𝑠 2 𝑠−3 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−3

hence: 9 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑠 − 3 + 𝐵 𝑠 − 3 + 𝐶𝑠 2
Solving, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 gives; 𝐴 = −1, 𝐵 = −3 and 𝐶 = 1
LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

3.5.2. Solve problems

Example 03: Use Laplace transform to solve the differential equations
𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 9 given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑖𝑣 Determine 𝑦 by using, where necessary, partial fractions, and
taking the inverse of each term.
−1 9
𝑦=ℒ
𝑠 𝑠 2 −3𝑠
−1 −3 1
= ℒ −1 + 2 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−3
−1 3 1
= ℒ −1 − ℒ −1 + ℒ −1
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠−3

𝑦 = −1 − 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 answer