VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi – 590 014

COMPUTER GRAPHICS LABORATORY WITH MINI PROJECT

(18CLS67) ON

“SPACE SHOOTER”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Computer Science and Engineering
By

T.XXXX 4BP19CS0XX
XXXXXX 4BP18CS0XX
XXXXXX 4BP18CS0XX

Under the guidance of:

Mr. M
Professor & Head of CSE
Department, BIT

Academic Year: 2021-22

Department of Computer Science and Engineering,

Bearys Institute of Technology,
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI - 590014

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project work entitled “Space Shooter” carried out by
T.XXXX (4BP19CS0XX),XXXXXX (4BP18CS0XX) and XXXX (4BP18CS0XX)
in partial fulfilments of the requirements of Computer Graphics Laboratory with
Mini Project (18CSL67) prescribed by the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi for the VI Semester B.E(Computer Science and Engineering) Degree
course during the academic year of 2021-2022.

Signature of the H.O.D Mr.

XXX Head of
Department Department of
CSE, BIT
 DECLARATION

We, XXXX , XXXXX, XXXXX hereby declare that the report presented in this computer
graphics project entitled “Space Shooter” is an authentic collection of information that has
been carried out independently in our 6th semester Computer Science and Engineering at
Bearys Institute of Technology, Mangalore under the guidance of Prof. M.

XXXXXX (4BP19CS0XX)
XXXXXX (4BP18CS0XX)
XXXXXX (4BP18CS0XX)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The sense of contentment and elation that accompanies the successful completion of this
task would give incomplete without mentioning the names of the people who have helped
in accomplishment of this work.

We would like to profoundly thank Visvesvaraya Technological University for providing

such an opportunity to carry out this project work as a part of my curriculum in the partial
fulfilment of the degree course.
We express our sincere thanks to Dr XXXX, Principal, BIT Mangalore for his valuable
support.

We express our sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to our Prof. M Head of the
Computer Science Engineering Department, BIT Mangalore, for his valuable support and
advise.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our guide Prof. M for his valuable support and
guidance.

We extend our sincere thanks to all staffs of BIT and to all our friends and parents for the
help and support.

XXXXXX (4BP19CS061)
XXXXXX (4BP18CS034)
XXXXXXX (4BP18CS032)
6th Sem
 ABSTRACT

The project is two player shooting game, where there will be two spaceship
representing two players and objective is to destroy opponent’s ship first.

This project implements the 2D model viewing and translation of spaceship

and various openGL functions to create 2D model of ship and various
transformation to perform movement of ship and display it on the
screen. This project uses quadratic equation to solve shooting function.

Here we are using mouse for selecting option from menu and keyboard for
moving the spaceship and shooting beams.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Titles Page No.

List of Figures ⅠI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 About Computer Graphics 01
1.2 About OpenGL 01
1.2.1 OpenGL Architecture 01
1.3 OpenGL Library Organization 02
1.4 OpenGL in the Project 02
1.5 OpenGL Functions 03
1.5.1 GLUT Call-backs 03
1.5.2 OpenGL Command 03

CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 04

2.1 Software Requirements 04
2.2 Hardware Requirements 04

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN 05

CHAPTER 4 IMPLEMENTATION 06
4.1 In-Built OpenGL Functions 06
4.2 Standard Header and Library Functions 10
4.3 User-Defined Functions 11
4.4 Algorithm to Shoot at aTarget 13

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 14
5.1 Screenshots 14

CONCLUSION 17
REFERENCES 18

I
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Description Page No

5.1.2.1 Random Screenshot from game 14

5.1.2.2 Spaceship Shooting 15

5.1.2.3 Instruction Menu 15
5.1.3 Displaying menu 16

II
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 About Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics in today’s world is one of the most widely used powerful and interesting
features of the computer which gives us the power to handle the graphical data very
efficiently and also process them rapidly and effectively Computer graphics started with a
display of data on hard copy plotters and cathode ray tube screens soon after the
introduction of computers themselves. The development of computer graphics has been
driven both by the needs of the user community and by advances in hardware and software.
Computer graphics today is largely interactive. The user controls the contents, structures and
appearances of the object and of their displayed images by using input devices, such as
keyboard, mouse or touch-screen. Due to the close relationships between the input devices
and the display, the handling of such devices is included in the study of computer graphics.

1.2 About OpenGL

OpenGL is a software interface to graphics hardware. OpenGL is designed to work

efficiently even if the computer that displays the graphics you create isn’t the computer that
runs your graphics program. OpenGL is designed as a streamlined, hardware-independent
interface to be implemented on many different hardware platforms. OpenGL doesn’t
provide high-level commands for describing models of three-dimensional objects.

1.2.1 OpenGL Architecture

This is a diagram representing the flow of graphical information, as it is processed from

CPU to the frame buffer, in OpenGL. The upper pipeline is for geometric, vertex-based
primitives. The lower pipeline is for pixel-based, image primitives.

Texturing combines the two types of primitives together. There are several APIs related to
OpenGL:

 AGL, WGL, GLX: OpenGL & windowing systems interfaces

 GLU: 2D & 3D Geometry, tessellations, etc.

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 GLUT: portable windowing API

1.3 OpenGL Library Organization

Support provided by a graphics API:

1. Primitive functions: points, line segments, polygons, text, curves, surfaces.

2. Attribute functions: colour, fill, type face.
3. Viewing functions: attributes of the synthetic camera.
4. Transformation functions: rotation, translation, scaling. Matrix computations.
5. Input functions: keyboard, pointing device.
6. System communication: window system, OS, other workstations, other users.

OpenGL Library Organization:

Fig 1.3.1: OpenGL Library Organization

1.4 OpenGL in the Project

In the project, we use a particular graphics software system, OpenGL. The applications are
designed to access OpenGL directly through functions in three libraries. The first is the GL
library in which the function name begins with gl. The second is the OpenGL utility library
(GLU) which uses only GL functions but contains code for creating common objects and
simplify viewing and these functions that begin with glu. To interface with the windows
system and to get input from the external devices into our programs we use the third library,
the OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) whose functions are prefixed as glut.

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1.5 OpenGL Functions

1.5.1 GLUT Callbacks

OpenGL has a wide variety of functions in GL, GLU, GLUT, and GLE. GLUT uses a
callback mechanism to do its event processing. Callbacks simplify event processing for the
application developer. Given below are some of the functions used in this project:

glutDisplayFunc()- called when pixels in the window need to be refreshed.

glutMouseFunc()- called when the user presses a mouse button on the mouse.
glutKeyboardFunc()- called when user enters a value (input) though Keyboard.
glutIdleFunc()- called when nothing else is going on.
glutReshapeFunc()- sets the reshape callback for the current window.

1.5.2 OpenGL Commad

The OpenGL API calls are designed to accept almost any basic data type, which is reflected
in the calls name. Knowing how the calls are structured makes it easy to determine which
call should be used for a particular data format and size. For instance, vertices from most
commercial models are stored as three component floating point vectors.
As such, the appropriate OpenGL command to use is glVertex3fv (co-ordinates). For
glVertex*() calls Selective Repeat ARQ which don’t specify all the coordinates i.e.,
glvertex2f (), OpenGL will take default z=0.0

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CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

The package is designed such that users with a computer having minimum configuration
can also use it, which does not require complex graphics packages.
The package requires simple in-built functions found in the header file along with a few
users defined functions.

2.1 Software Requirements

 Operating System – Windows 7(minimum)

 Language Tool - C Compiler - GNU C Compiler
 Libraries - freeglut
 Documentation Tool - MS-Word

2.2 Hardware Requirements

 Processor - Intel Pentium onwards Compatible Hardware

 RAM - 256Mb RAM (minimum)
 Hard Disk - 3 GB (minimum)
 Monitor – VGA Compatible
 Keyboard - Standard 101 keys Keyboard

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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN
The project “Star Wars” is designed in C++ language using some standard header and
library functions. When we run the program, a window appears then you press “Enter” it
will take you to a Menu.

Start game menu option.

 It will directly take you to the game.

Instruction menu option.

 It is a help window, which will show key configuration.

 And it will show game objective.

Quit menu option.

 This option quits the game and stop program execution

Keyboard control for PLAYER 1:

 W - UP
 S - DOWN
 A - LEFT
 D - RIGHT
 C - to shoot, Use 'w' and 's' to change direction.

Keyboard control for PLAYER 2:

 I - UP
 K - DOWN
 J - LEFT
 L - RIGHT
 M - to shoot, Use 'I' and 'K' to change direction.

CHAPTER 4

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IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 OpenGL In-built Function

4.1.1 Initialize

This Function is used to initialize all argument variables.

Code: glutInit(&argc, argv);

4.1.2 WindowPosition

This Function is used to set window position.

Code: glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0);

4.1.3 CreateWindow

This Function is used to create a window.

Code: glutCreateWindow("Star Wars");

4.1.4 DisplayFunc

This Function is used to register display function.

Code: glutDisplayFunc(display);

4.1.5 ReshapeFunc

This Function is used to register reshape function.

Code: glutReshapeFunc(myReshape);

4.1.6 KeyboardFunc

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This Function is used to register character keys interaction function.

Code: glutKeyboardFunc(keys);

4.1.7 glutBitmapCharacter

This Function is used to renders a bitmap character using OpenGL.

Code: glutBitmapCharacter(GLUT_BITMAP_TIMES_ROMAN_24 , *c);

4.1.8 MouseFunc

This Function is used to register mouse function.

Code: glutMouseFunc(mouse);

4.1.9 LineWidth

This Function is used to specify the width of rasterized lines.

Code: glLineWidth(5);

4.1.10 Scale

This Function is used to multiply the current matrix by a general scaling matrix.

Code: glScalef(2, 2 ,0);

4.1.11 SwapBuffers

This Function swaps the buffers of the current window if double buffered.

Code: glutSwapBuffers();

4.1.12 Colour

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This Function is used to colour the displaying objects

Code: glColor3f (0.7, 0.0, 0.0);

4.1.13 Vertex

This function is used to draw a vertex in 3 dimensions.

Code: glVertex3f(1,.8,-1);

4.1.14 PostRedisplay

This function is used to marks the current window as needing to be redisplayed.

Code: glutPostRedisplay();

4.1.15 Projection matrix

This function is used for the projection of matrix.

Code: glMatrixMode();

4.1.16 Reset Matrix

This function is used to reset the matrix.

Code: glLoadIdentity();

4.1.17 Viewport

This function is used for the viewport

Code: glViewport(0, 0, w, h);

4.1.18 Modelview

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This function is used for to get back to the modelview

Code: glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);

4.1.19 MainLoop

This function call causes the program to enter an event processing loop. It should be the
last statement in main.

Code: void glutMainLoop();

4.1.20 ClearColor

This function call sets the present RGBA clear color used when clearing the color
buffer.

Code: glClearColor(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0);

4.1.21 DisplayMode

This function call requests a display with the properties that are specified in mode.

Code: glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB);

4.1.22 WindowSize

This function call specifies the initial height and width of window in pixels.

Code: glutInitWindowSize(1200, 600);

4.1.23 ClearColor

This function call forces any buffered openGL command to execute.

Code: glFlush();

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4.2 Standard Header and Library Functions

4.2.1 stdio.h

This header file is used for standard input and output and stream manipulation function.

4.2.2 stdlib.h

Stdlib.h is the header of the general-purpose standard library of C programming language

which include functions involving memory allocation, process control, conversions and
others.

4.2.3 GL/gl.h

Library utility of gl functions in OpenGL program.

4.2.4 GL/glu.h

Library utility of glu functions in OpenGL program.

4.2.5 GL/glut.h

Library utility of glut functions in OpenGL program.

4.2.6 math.h

math.h is the header of functions used to perform mathematical operations.

4.3 User-Defined Functions

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4.3.1 Alien

These functions defined to draw alien.

 void DrawAlienBody(bool isPlayer1)

 void DrawAlienCollar()
 void DrawAlienFace(bool isPlayer1)
 void DrawAlienBeak()
 void DrawAlienEyes(isPlayer1)

4.3.2 Alien Ship

These functions defined to draw Alien ship.

 void DrawSpaceshipDoom()
 void DrawSteeringWheel()

4.3.3 Laser

These functions defined to draw laser beam.

 void DrawLaser(int x, int y, bool dir[])

4.3.4 Menu

These functions defined to create main menu.

 void introScreen()
 void startScreenDisplay()
 void instructionsScreenDisplay()
 void gameScreenDisplay()

4.3.5 Checking Laser Contact

This function defined to find out if the laser intersects with spaceship.

 void checkLaserContact(int x, int y, bool dir[], int xp, int yp, bool player1)

4.3.6 Display

This function defined to display the result which is invoked by built-in function

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glutDisplayFunc() in main.

 void display(void)

4.3.7 Mouse

This function defined to perform mouse button interaction which is invoked by built-in
function glutMouseFunc() in main.

 void mouse(int btn, int state, int x, int y)

4.3.8 Keyboard

This function defined to perform character keys of keyboard interaction which is invoked by
built-in function glutKeyboardFunc(keys) in main.

 void keys(unsigned char key, int x, int y)

4.3.9 Key Operation

This function defined to perform all the key operation during the movement and shooting of
the spaceship.

 void keyOperations()

4.3.10 Reshape

This function defined to reshape result for changing screen size which is invoked by built-in
function glutReshapeFunc(display) in main.

 void myReshape(int w, int h)

4.3.11 PassiveMotionFunc

This function sets passive motion callbacks respectively for the current window. The passive
motion callback for a window is called when the mouse moves within the window while no
mouse buttons are pressed.

 void passiveMotionFunc(int x,int y)

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4.4 Algorithm to Shoot at a Target

Let the target be at the position A and moving with velocity VA, and the shooter be
stationary at the position B and can fire bullets with speed s. Let the shooter fire at time 0.
The bullet hits at time t such that |A − B + t VA| = t s. This is a straightforward quadratic
equation in t, which you should be easily able to solve (or determine that there is no
solution).

CHAPTER 5

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RESULTS

5.1 Screenshots

5.1.1 Execution

To execute the project

 Open codeBlocks in Windows.

 Open project as new project.
 Click “Built and Run” button on top tab.

5.1.2 Random Screenshot from game

Figure 5.1.2.1 spaceship at initial position

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Figure 5.1.2.2 Spaceship Shooting

Figure 5.1.2.3 Instruction Menu

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5.2.2 Menu

Figure 5.1.3 Displaying menu

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CONCLUSION

The wonderful experience developing this project. By working on the project, we gained
hands- on experience of using the OpenGL software using which we experimented this
project. We have made use of hardware devices such as mouse and keyboard driven
interface, thus to reduce the complexity and make it user friendly.

The project helped in understanding the working of computer graphics using OpenGL and
various concepts, functions and methodologies for the development of a graphics packages.
The proposed project will serve its purpose without any hassles.

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REFERENCES

[1].Edward Angel, Interactive Computer Graphics a Top-Down Approach UsingOpenGL,

5th edition, Dorling Kindersley India Pvt. Ltd., UP, India, 2009.

[2].Computer Graphics Using OpenGL – F.S. Hill, Jr. 2nd Edition, Pearson 1.
Education,2001.

[3].Computer Graphics – James D Foley, Andres Van Dam, Steven K Feigner, John F
Hughes, Addison-Wesley 1997.

[4].Computer Graphics - OpenGL Version – Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker, 2nd
Edition, Pearson Education.

[5]. www.geeksforgeeks.org

[6]. www.stackoverflow.com

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