& FORCE

FORCE
Force is a push or pull exerted on an object that causes it to
accelerate, change direction, or deform. It is a vector quantity,
meaning it has both magnitude and direction. The unit of force in
the SI system is the Newton (N), where 1 N = 1 kg·m/s²

What impact can forces have on objects?

make it move
make it speed up
make it slow down In what way does the mass
of an object impact force?
stop it
cause it to change direction
cause it to change shape
FORCE Contact forces are forces that act on an object through direct
physical contact.

CONTACT FORCES
FORCE Field forces act on objects without requiring direct
contact

FIELD FORCES
 WHO WAS
ISAAC NEWTON?
Isaac Newton was an influential English physicist and
mathematician, central to the Scientific Revolution of the 17th
century. Newton formulated the three laws of motion, which
are fundamental to classical mechanics, and the law of
universal gravitation, explaining the motion of celestial bodies.
His seminal work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (1687), is considered one of the most important
contributions to science, shaping the future of physics and
mathematics.
NEWTON'S
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
States an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced
force. An object moves with a velocity that is constant in magnitude and
direction, unless acted on by a nonzero net force.

NET FORCE - the vector sum of all external forces exerted on the object.
 NEWTON'S
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
Inertia - the tendency of an object to continue in its original state motion
Mass- a measure of the object’s resistance to changes in its motion due to a
force.
NEWTON'S
SECOND LAW OF MOTION

States the acceleration of an object by a force

is inversely proportional to the mass of the
object and directly proportional to the force.
FORCE = MASS • ACCELERATION
If object 1 and object 2 interact, the force
exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction to the
force exerted by object 2 on object 1.

NEWTON'S
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
 EXAMPLE 1

Two horses are pulling a barge with mass

2,000 kg along a canal. The cable connected
to the first horse makes an angle of 30.0 with
respect to the direction of the canal, while the
cable connected to the second horse makes
an angle of 45.0. Find the initial acceleration of
the barge, starting at rest, if each horse exerts
a force of magnitude 600 N on the barge.
Ignore forces of resistance on the barge.
 EXAMPLE 1

Two horses are pulling a barge with mass

2,000 kg along a canal. The cable connected
to the first horse makes an angle of 30.0 with
respect to the direction of the canal, while the
cable connected to the second horse makes
an angle of 45.0. Find the initial acceleration of
the barge, starting at rest, if each horse exerts
a force of magnitude 600 N on the barge.
Ignore forces of resistance on the barge.
0.476 m/s2, -7.46°
NEWTON'S
LAW OF UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every
particle in the Universe attracts every other particle with a
force that is directly proportional to the product of the
masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them G= 6.67 x 10^-11
 EXAMPLE 2

A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a

vertical cable tied to two other cables that are
fastened to a support. The upper cables make
angles 37° and 53° with the horizontal. Find the
tension in each of the three cables.
 EXAMPLE 2

A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a

vertical cable tied to two other cables that are
fastened to a support. The upper cables make
angles 37° and 53° with the horizontal. Find the
tension in each of the three cables.

60.1 N 79.9 N
 EXAMPLE 3

A sled is tied to a tree on a frictionless, snow

covered hill. If the sled weighs 77.0 N, find the
force exerted by the rope on the sled and the
magnitude of the force exerted by the hill on
the sled.
 EXAMPLE 3

A sled is tied to a tree on a frictionless, snow

covered hill. If the sled weighs 77.0 N, find the
force exerted by the rope on the sled and the
magnitude of the force exerted by the hill on
the sled.

38.5 N, 66.7 N
 EXAMPLE 4

The combined weight of the crate and dolly is

300 N. If the man pulls on the rope with a
constant force of 20.0 N, what is the
acceleration of the system, and how far will it
move in 2.00 s. Assume the system starts from
rest and that there are no fiction forces
opposing the motion.
 EXAMPLE 4

The combined weight of the crate and dolly is

300 N. If the man pulls on the rope with a
constant force of 20.0 N, what is the
acceleration of the system, and how far will it
move in 2.00 s. Assume the system starts from
rest and that there are no fiction forces
opposing the motion.

0.654 m/s^2, 1.31 m

 EXAMPLE 5

(a) A car of mass [m] is on an icy driveway inclined at an angle

Θ= 20.0°. Determine the acceleration of the car, assuming the
incline is frictionless. (b) If the length of the driveway is 25.0 m
and the car starts from rest at the top, how long does it take to
travel to the bottom? (c) What is the car’s speed at the
bottom?
 EXAMPLE 5

(a) A car of mass [m] is on an icy driveway inclined at an angle

Θ= 20.0°. Determine the acceleration of the car, assuming the
incline is frictionless. (b) If the length of the driveway is 25.0 m
and the car starts from rest at the top, how long does it take to
travel to the bottom? (c) What is the car’s speed at the
bottom?

3.35 m/s^2, 3.86 s, 12.9 m/s

 EXAMPLE 6

A man weighs a fish with a spring scale

attached to a ceiling of an elevator. While the
elevator is at rest, he measures a weight of 40.0
N. (a) What weight does the scale read if the
elevator accelerates upward at 2.00 m/s^2? (b)
What does the scale read if the elevator
accelerates downward at 2.00 m/s^2? (c) if the
elevator cable breaks, what does the scale
read?
 EXAMPLE 6

A man weighs a fish with a spring scale

attached to a ceiling of an elevator. While the
elevator is at rest, he measures a weight of 40.0
N. (a) What weight does the scale read if the
elevator accelerates upward at 2.00 m/s^2? (b)
What does the scale read if the elevator
accelerates downward at 2.00 m/s^2? (c) if the
elevator cable breaks, what does the scale
read?

48.1 N, 31.8 N, 0 N
 FORCES OF FRICTION
An object moving through a surface or in air or water encounters resistance as
it interacts with its surroundings. This is resistance is friction.
 FORCES OF FRICTION
Static Friction keeps an object from moving. It is the force that counteracts the
applied force and is in the opposite direction of the applied force.
 FORCES OF FRICTION
Kinetic friction is the friction force for an object in motion. The direction of
friction force exerted by a surface on an object is opposite the actual motion
or impending motion.
 EXAMPLE 6

Suppose a block with a mass of 2.50 kg is

resting on a ramp. If the coefficient of static
friction between the block and ramp is 0.350,
what is the maximum angle the ramp can make
before the block starts to slip down?
 EXAMPLE 6

Suppose a block with a mass of 2.50 kg is

resting on a ramp. If the coefficient of static
friction between the block and ramp is 0.350,
what is the maximum angle the ramp can make
before the block starts to slip down?

19.3°
 EXAMPLE 6

The hockey puck struck by a hockey stick is

given an initial speed of 20.0 m/s on a frozen
pond. The puck remains on the ice and slides
120 m, slowing down steadily until it comes to
rest. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the puck and the ice.
 EXAMPLE 6

The hockey puck struck by a hockey stick is

given an initial speed of 20.0 m/s on a frozen
pond. The puck remains on the ice and slides
120 m, slowing down steadily until it comes to
rest. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the puck and the ice.

0.170