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ECE241 CH 3

The document outlines the analysis and transmission of signals in the context of analog communication, focusing on the Fourier Transform and its properties. It includes definitions, examples, and various properties such as time-frequency duality, time-scaling, and frequency-shifting. The content is derived from the 5th edition of 'Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems' by B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding.

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abdallhmamdouh079
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31 views27 pages

ECE241 CH 3

The document outlines the analysis and transmission of signals in the context of analog communication, focusing on the Fourier Transform and its properties. It includes definitions, examples, and various properties such as time-frequency duality, time-scaling, and frequency-shifting. The content is derived from the 5th edition of 'Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems' by B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding.

Uploaded by

abdallhmamdouh079
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 241

Analog Communication
Ch3: Analysis and
Transmission of Signals
By
Ahmad AbdAllah Hassan, PhD.
Modern Digital and
Analog Communication
Systems
/in/aahassan1/ 5th edition
B.P. Lathi, Zhi Ding
Oxford University Press, 2019
Course Introduction: 0-1
Outline
▪ Fourier Transform of Signals
▪ Transforms of Some Useful Functions
▪ Fourier Transform Properties
▪ Signal Transmission Through a Linear
Time-Invariant System

Course Introduction: 0-2


Course
Introdu
ction:
1-3

Fourier transform of
signals
Definition
• Fourier Transform of a signal g(t) is denoted by:

g(t) is not necessarily periodic


• The Inverse Fourier Transform is given by:

Course Introduction: 0-4


• Linearity of the Fourier Transform (Superposition Theorem)

The Fourier transform is linear; that is, if


g1(t) ⇐⇒ G1( f ) and g2(t) ⇐⇒ G2( f )
then for all constants a1 and a2, we have
a1g1(t) + a2g2(t) ⇐⇒ a1G1( f ) + a2G2( f )

Course Introduction: 0-5


Example 3.1: Find the Fourier transform of e−atu(t).

Course Introduction: 0-6


Course Introduction: 0-7
• Existence of the Fourier Transform:
In Example 3.1, we observed that when a < 0, the Fourier integral does not
converge.
Hence, the Fourier transform for e−atu(t) does not exist if a < 0 (growing
exponential)
The existence of the Fourier transform is assured for any g(t) satisfying the
Dirichlet conditions:

Course Introduction: 0-8


Course
Introdu
ction:
1-9

Transforms of Some
Useful Functions
Unit Rectangular Function
• A rectangular pulse of unit height and
unit width, centered at the origin

• is the unit rectangular pulse


expanded by a factor τ (τ is the width of
the pulse)
Course Introduction: 0-10
Unit Triangular Function
• a unit triangular pulse of unit height
and unit width, centered at the origin

• is the unit triangular pulse


expanded by a factor τ (τ is the width of
the pulse)
Course Introduction: 0-11
Special Function sinc (x)

• The function sinc (x) is an even function of x.


• The function sinc (x) = 0 when sin x = 0 except at x = 0, where it is
indeterminate. This means that sinc (x) = 0 for t = ±π , ±2π , ±3π , . . . .
• Using L’Hôpital’s rule, we find sinc (0) = 1.
• The function sinc (x) is the product of an oscillating signal sin x (of period
2π ) and a monotonically decreasing function 1/x Course Introduction: 0-12
Example 3.2 Find the Fourier transform of g(t) =  (t/τ )
Example 3.3 Find the Fourier transform of the unit impulse signal δ(t)
Example 3.4 Find the inverse Fourier transform of δ( f ) = 2π δ( 2πf )
Example 3.5 Find the inverse Fourier transform of δ( f − f0)
Example 3.6 Find the Fourier transforms of the everlasting sinusoid cos 2πf0t
Example 3.7 Find the Fourier transform of the sign function sgn (t) (pronounced
signum t)

Course Introduction: 0-13


Course Introduction: 0-14
Course Introduction: 0-15
Course
Introdu
ction:
1-16

Fourier Transform
Properties
Time-Frequency Duality
• The only minor difference
between these two operations
lies in the opposite signs used
in their exponential functions

• The duality property states that


if g(t) ⇐⇒ G(f )
then G(t) ⇐⇒ g(−f )
Course Introduction: 0-17
Time-Frequency Duality
• Example 3.8 : In this example, we shall apply the duality property to the pair in the
shown figure
Note: for even function
F(x) = F(-x)

Proof it !

Course Introduction: 0-18


Time-Scaling Property
• If
then, for any real constant a,

The time-scaling property states that time compression of a signal results in its spectral
expansion, and time expansion of the signal results in its spectral compression
compression in time by a factor “a” means that the signal is varying more rapidly by the
same factor
Course Introduction: 0-19
Time-Scaling Property
• Reciprocity of Signal Duration and Its Bandwidth

Course Introduction: 0-20


Time-Shifting Property
• If

Then

Delaying a signal by t0 does not change its amplitude spectrum. The phase spectrum,
however, is changed by −2πft0.

Note: Phase shift is a linear function of “f” (higher frequency components must
undergo proportionately larger phase shifts to achieve the same time delay)
Course Introduction: 0-21
Time-Shifting Property
• the frequency of the lower
sinusoid being twice that of
the upper one
• The same time delay t0
amounts to a phase shift of
π/2 in the upper sinusoid
and a phase shift of π in the
lower sinusoid
• Check example 3.9 and 3.10
Course Introduction: 0-22
Frequency-Shifting Property
(Modulation Property)

• If
Then
Multiplication of a signal by a factor ej2πf0t shifts the spectrum of that signal by f = f0
• Frequency shifting in practice is achieved by multiplying g(t) with a sinusoid

Multiplication of a signal g(t) by a sinusoid cos2πf0t of frequency f0 shifts the


spectrum G(f ) by ±f0 Course Introduction: 0-23
Frequency-Shifting Property
(Modulation Property)

• This is so called Amplitude Modulation


• The sinusoid cos 2πf0t is called the carrier,
• the signal g(t) is the modulating signal,
• the signal g(t)cos 2πf0t is the modulated signal
• To sketch the modulated signal we obsreve that:

Course Introduction: 0-24


Frequency-Shifting Property
(Modulation Property)

Course Introduction: 0-25


Frequency-Shifting Property
(Modulation Property)
We can shift the phase of each spectral component of a modulated signal by a
constant amount θ0 merely by using a carrier cos(2πf0t +θ0) instead of cos 2πf0t

Course Introduction: 0-26


Frequency-Shifting Property
(Modulation Property)
For a special case when θ0 = −π/2

sin 2πf0t is cos 2πf0t with a phase delay of π/2. Thus, shifting the carrier phase
by π/2 shifts the phase of every spectral component by π/2 Course Introduction: 0-27

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