Application Domains

• IoT Applications in Wearable, Smart Home

Applications, Health Care, Smart Cities, Agriculture,
Industrial Automation etc.
• Smart Cities where parking, lightning, water and waste
management, fire smoke detection, buildings, citizens'
safety services, physical city assets monitoring etc. are
integrated through IoT.
• Smart Rural Communities and Smart Residential
Communities are linked by IoT.
• Smart Port, Smart Airport, Smart Railway Stations,
and Smart Tourist
• Smart Transportation where Co-operative Intelligent
Transport Systems.
• Transportation Safety Services, Unmanned Aircraft
Systems and Autonomous Driving etc..
• Smart Retail networks.
• Smart farming, Agriculture planning-cultivation,
Livestock like poultry etc are linked and monitored
by IoT.
• Wearable like smart bracelet, smart glasses, smart
clothing, smart ring using loT are used by us for E-
health monitoring, security, safety etc.
• Smart Environmental Monitoring, monitoring and
studies of Global Processes of the Earth for disaster
preparedness, Advanced Metering Infrastructure,
Connected Home Networks, Smart Education.
 Challenges in loT
• Large scope of business in IoT applications.
• These are of two types one may be in IoT system
and other in business kind of challenges.
• Development, production, implementation and
successful servicing maintenance, facilitate
competition.
• Challenges like Power or Energy, Efficient resource
management, Things to cloud communication,
Internet availability resources miniaturization, big
data analytics, Back up information Virtualization,
Privacy, Security, Scalability etc.
 Power Consumption
• In IoT , continuous power is required.
• Battery power is not economical and also requires maintenance and
has negative impact on environment.
• Access to continuous power from the power grid is not always
possible.
• It is also possible to combine several methods of energy reduction to
increase IoT device power efficiency.
• Energy reduction and harvesting is used to increase IoT power
efficiency.
• Used piezoelectric materials to power from mechanical stress, such
as swiping a keycard over a key reader, thermoelectric materials,
electrical potential, solar energy, wind energy etc.
• There are three ways of low power consumption techniques in IoT system
(i) The use of power-saving mode (PSM),
(ii) Employing Extended Discontinuous Reception (eDRX) protocols and
(iii) Wake-up signals.
• In power saving mode, most cellular technologies turn OFF their cellular
module when they do not need to connect to the cellular network, but
reconnecting to the network requires power.
• In Extended Discontinuous Reception (eDRX) power is saved by
periodically shutting off the cellular reception module of the device to
halt communication.
• This means, data may be delayed in getting to its destination, but this may
not be a problem for many loT applications.
• In wake-up signals IoT devices are allowed to remain asleep and not
periodically check for incoming signals.
• While the device is asleep it must receive a wake-up message before
turning back on again.
• This method is especially useful for devices that do not need to
communicate for long periods of time.
 Physical Security
• Hardware, software and connectivity should be secure for IoT objects.
• Without security, any connected object can be hacked.
• The distributed and fragmented nature of IoT applications makes larger
attack surface and physical access to the devices.
• Physical security, also known as silicon or hardware security.
• Software attacks can be carried out remotely, but physical attacks require
close proximity to the system.
➢ There are two types of physical vulnerability, non-invasive and invasive.
• Non-invasive attacks require the attacker to be close enough to target the
chip and sense electrical characteristics.
• This allows the attackers to change the behavior of the device or gather
sensitive information.
• Side channel analysis is a non-invasive attack which involves an attacker
analyzing power signature or electro magnetic radiation emanating from an
IC with the aim of extracting sensitive information such as secret keys.

Within these two categories, there are also a number of different types of
attacks a discussed below.
• Invasive attacks need the chip surface to be exposed, meaning that the chip can
be physically manipulated.
• The tamper attack is an invasive attack where an adversary will physically tamper
the IC with the objective of gathering sensitive information present in the metal
wires using micro probes to alter the circuit behavior by overdriving the state of
the IC.
• There are several methods to induce faults. Fault injection attacks can be both
invasive and non-invasive in nature as listed below.
I. Optical, Electromagnetic Fault Injection (EMFI), Body Bias Injection (BBI) are
types of perturbation attacks that aim to inject faults into a device by means of
projecting lasers, Electro Magnetic fault injection and biasing the body.
II. Power/Clock/Reset glitching attacks occur when an adversary tries to introduce
glitches in the power supply, clock network or the Rest network of an IC.
III. Frequency/Voltage tampering are attacks in which an adversary will change the
operating conditions of an IC.
• They can try to tamper the level of power supply or change the clock frequency
of an IC.
• Temperature attacks involve an adversary changing the operating environment by
changing the temperature of operation for an IC.
 Durability
• Durability is defined as, "the ability of a material to remain
serviceable in the surrounding environment during the useful life
without damage or unexpected maintenance".
• There are different types of testing for durability of system like
temperature, tensile, corrosion, vibration, ageing, fatigue testing etc.
• All elements in IoT like connected devices; Central Control Hardware,
Control Panel, Data Cloud, User Interface, Network Interconnection,
System Security and Data Analytics should have stability of working for
prolonged time.
• The working depends on durability of components used in it like sensors,
software, semiconductor devices, interconnecting network etc.
• These elements may get rousted, malfunctioning due to aging,
overheating, software corrupted due to variation in power supplies, strain,
corrosion, vibration etc. An IoT sensor has to be durable enough in
respect to the environment it needs to be installed
• Some IoT sensors are unable to withstand corrosive surroundings,
extreme humidity and temperature like humidity sensor, pressure sensor
etc.
• Hence, durability tests are carried out before installing IoT.
 Secure Connectivity
• A secure connection is a connection that is encrypted by one
or more security protocols to ensure the security of data
flowing between two or more nodes.
• Hardware, software and connectivity all need to be secured
for complete loT security.
• It means, not only secure digital software data, but physical
connectivity should be secured such that, no one can tamper
or hack the system.
For secure connectivity follow three things
(i) Be secure by design with proper planning
(ii) Keep it simple for troubleshooting, and
(iii) Follow the standards for all protocols in connectivity.
• The system that supports that data is highly valuable.
• It should not be exposed by choosing connectivity without
robust security.
 Secure Data Storage
• IoT is Driving Real-Time Analysis at the Network's edge.
• Edge storage manages data and provides the computational
capabilities that collect and analyze that data in real time, to
provide immediate and actionable insights at the device level.
• Data storage security involves protecting storage resources.
• The data stored, both on premises and in external data centers
like cloud form, is to be protected from accidental or deliberate
damage from unauthorized users and uses.
• One option that is used, is to take backup of data to an external
hard drive regularly.
• The cloud has various advantages over on premises storage for
storing IoT information.
• But there are worry with using the cloud for IoT data storage for
secure data storage since to exchange the information over the
cloud, IoT devices utilizes WiFi technology.
• So there is fear to loose or delay in storage, exchange of data.
 Data Volume
• The data volume is a type of problem present in IoT-based
cloud computing. The IoT devices density is being increased
every day and in turn, the generation of data is growing
faster, it is named as big data.
• There are various reasons for this large generated data like
(i) data stored are encrypted form and hard to analyze, (ii)
data coming from IoT devices are always in ra format and
difficult to store (iii) the density of IoT devices is increasing
each day and in turn the volume of generated data is
growing very fast.
• If IoT device density is decreased, in turn, the volume of
generated data also decreases very fast.
• loT data is measured in zettabytes, a unit equal to one trillion
gigabytes. It is estimated that, by the end of 2025, the loT
will generate more than 1000 zetta bytes per year in data.
 Scalability
• Scalability is the measure of a system's ability to increase or
decrease in performance and cost in response to changes in
application and system processing demands.
• Scalability is key factor for handling the rapid growth in the
Internet of Things (IoT).
• IoT applications must support an increasing number of connected
devices, users, application features and analytics capabilities,
without any degradation in the quality of service.
• Scalable does not always mean that, expansion is free, but it is
related both to hardware as well as software.
• As IoT system is expanded for application they need to be
updated to maintain and troubleshoot them.
• There must be monitoring on the devices.
• The issues created regarding faulty hardware and warning sign be
given to system developer.
Case Studies
Case Study 1: Smart Irrigation System for Agricultural Field
• Irrigation for agricultural field means the supply of water to land or crops
to help growth.
• Basically there are four methods of irrigation: Surface, Sprinkler, Drip and
Subsurface
• Subsurface irrigation: Water is supplied below the ground surface either by
raising the water table within or near the root zone or by using a buried
perforated or porous pipe system that discharges directly into the root zone.
• If the irrigation water contains dissolved salts, drip irrigation is particularly
suitable as less water is applied to the soil than with surface methods.
• Sprinkler systems are more efficient than the surface irrigation methods in
leaching out salts
• The smart agriculture is also called as precision agriculture.
• A number of sensors are used in precision agriculture, providing data that
helps farmers monitor and optimize crops, get used to changing
environmental factors including location sensor, optical sensor, electro-
chemical sensor, mechanical sensors, dielectric soil moisture sensors,
airflow sensors, agricultural weather stations humidity sensors, proximity
sensor, ph sensor etc.
• Optimizing the schedule and amount of water allows
us to save resources and provide the best care for
crops.
• Sensor-based IoT technologies collect data about soil
and update a crop status and transmit this information
from sensors to farm irrigation systems.
• As soon as there is not enough water in the soil, a
platform reacts to this alert and the water sprinkler
turns ON.
• IoT based smart irrigation system create an IoT based
automated irrigation mechanism which turns the
pumping motor ON and OFF and pass command
through lo platform.
IoT based smart agriculture System
• VC is Valve Controller, GW is Gateway, SN is Sensor Node
and RF Radio Frequency communication transmission.
• Irrigation in the agricultural field is controlled remotely
through mobile App.
• Arduino open source platform with easy design hardware
and software Raspberry Pi type of processor is used.
• Arduino boards are designed to read inputs from sensor
network, read a message from mobile app connected and
take further action.
• Sensor network communicates data received from soil
moisture sensor, water level indicating sensor, submersible
water pumps, operating conditions of delay switches with
designed algorithm for execution of smart irrigation system.
• User interact with hardware installed in agriculture field
through mobile app, which gets proper action feedback
through IoT network which functions according to
instructions from mobile app and parameter inputs received
through RF signal to cloud computing network.
• The software designed and operated in cloud computing network controls
irrigation water valves by correlating all necessary parameters.
• Farmer gets SMS regarding water pump motor ON or OFF, current
moisture content, current water level and give proper commands through
mobile app.
Advantages of lot based smart irrigation system:
➢ Water conservation, Real-Time data give sufficient use of water,
Lowered operation costs, Efficient and Saves time, Increase in
productivity, Reduces soil erosion and nutrient leaching etc.
➢ A farmer can visualize regularly his agricultural land's moisture content.
➢ IoT based smart irrigation system displays the values of the sensors
continuously in smart phone or on computer's web page and farmer can
operate them anytime from and anywhere.
Disadvantages
➢ IoT is a diverse and complex network, there is complexity in designing,
privacy or security problems be taken into care,
➢ Lesser employment of staff or unskilled workers,
➢ Costly hardware equipment's and
➢ Awareness among the users or farmers for using this technology
 Case Study 2: Home Automation
• In home automation Research and Development is done at a high rate.
• For home automation for wireless communication, technologies like
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi technology, GSM technology are used.
• In case of home automation, effective communication is GSM, because it
can be operated from very long distance and Output can be varied
accurately because all the household devices are controlled through SMS
using GSM modem.
• The modem in IoT system for home automation uses a SIM card and
operates through subscription with the mobile operator.
• Home automation through IoT needs Hardware and Software or Mobile
Apps for controlling of various parameters.
• Protocol with right testing and careful consideration avoids performance
bottlenecks that restrict the technology and device integration capabilities
with sensors and IoT gateways.
• The firmware that resides in the hardware managing the data, managing
data transfer, remotely availability of updates of firmware like (updates
Over the Air) and performing other critical operations to make things talk.
• IoT operating for lighting control, heating, ventilation and air
conditioning systems known as HVAC.
• The SOS button is used in an emergency situation for alarm
signal through wireless transmission, Operating Smart TV for
remotely recording
• Master panel for house hold controls, Smart window for
Lawn/Gardening management/ Improved Home safety and
security from gas leakages or fire, IR camera for CCTV
recording, Smart Switches / Sockets, Smart Locks, Home air
quality and water quality monitoring, Natural language-based
voice assistants etc.
• The GSM MODEM device is installed at home.
• This GSM modem needs a SIM card to operate through a
network range subscribed by the network operator.
• This modem can be connected to a computer via a Serial,
Bluetooth or USB connection.
• This modem is also being a standard GSM mobile phone with a
suitable cable and software driver to connect to a USB port on
your PC.
➢ Arduino/Genuino Uno: The digital and analog input/output
pins equipped in this board can be interfaced to various
expansion boards and other circuits.
➢ GSM module: The GSM module we use is SIM 800/900
MODULE. In this modem. Bluetooth is interfaced by default.
➢ N-Channel Relay Module: The n-Channel relay module's
operating voltage is 5 V DC with drive current of 20 mA. This
relay can be interfaced with many number of microcontrollers
such as Arduino, AVR, PIC, ARM and MSP430.
➢ LCD Display 16*2: LCD display is used to display the limited
set of output statements in IoT communications.
➢ Wi-Fi Module: Wi-Fi module is generally used to establish the
wireless communication with high data rate communication
between the devices.
➢ Arduino IDE: Arduino IDE software is required to write and
upload the programming logic onto the Arduino Uno board.
➢ ThinkSpeak: IoT platform to integrate the system onto the
cloud and store the data online.
• GSM communicates with a mobile via a UART
protocol and requires three basic signals such as
TXD, RXD and GND
• The GSM modem is connected to the
microcontroller, it controls the appliances through an
SMS.
• This modem always monitors the signals from the
input.
• When the modem receives the SMS from an
operational phone, serially that data is sent to the
microcontroller.
• This microcontroller compares this data with the
stored data, if matched, then the microcontroller
generate corresponding signals to control the load.
Advantages of Home Automation:
(i) Smart technology and devices carry value to
automated home.
(ii) Manages all home devices from one place.
(iii) Saves time with automated tasks.
(iv)Flexibility for new devices and appliances.
(v) Maximizing home security.
(vi)Remote control of home functions.
(vii)Increased energy efficiency.
(viii)Improved appliance functionality.
(ix)Home management insights.
Disadvantages of Home Automation:
(i) Cost: Cost for installation and maintenance.
(ii) Dependency on Internet: Internet with standard speed and
protocols. complex technology
(iii) Dependency on Professionals: Due to the system,
maintenance of system by the professionals is needed.
(iv) System compatibility: Controlling all aspects of home
automation from one centralized platform is important, but not
all systems are compatible with on another.
Need of different protocols: With compatibility issue, one has to
apply different protocols like Z-Wave, Zigbee etc. in one
system.
(vi) Durability: Aging and delay in communications. Due to
dependency on internet speed, there are chances of failure
operations and it become difficult for troubleshooting exact
reason for it.
 Case Study 3: Smart Cities
• Smart cities use Internet of Things (IoT) devices such
as connected sensors, lights and meters to collect and
analyze data.
• The cities then use this data to improve
infrastructure, public utilities and services and more
• IoT based smart cities maintains road traffic, smart
parking, public transport, utilities like waste
management, lighting system, environment controls,
public safety, emergency announcements in city etc.
• The concept of smart city is digital technology
embedded in the city functionalities which enable the
city to centrally manage its assets, optimize its
functions and drive economic growth remotely.
•
Concept of Smart City
Some of the utilities in smart cities with IoT
network are as below.
(i) Smart Services:
• Emergency services, such as that of ambulance
and fire brigade, are time critical. Citizens gets
help faster if emergency vehicles like
ambulance are connected through IoT.
(ii) Smart Security: This includes cyber security, CCTV
surveillance, Drones for assessment, automation etc.
(iii) Smart Infrastructure: Transportation and traffic management,
ride sharing, parking solution, connected services to train, bus,
airport etc., construction, traffic control etc.
(iv) Smart Grid: Connected power and gas lines, smart water
meters, electric charging for e-vehicles, smart traffic signals etc.
(v) E-Governance: Availability of public information and
grievance redressal in public portals makes the system time-bound
and effective.
(vi) Monitoring Environment: The quality of the air can be
monitored continuously. An alert can be issued to the public in case
of a dip in the air quality.
(vii) Waste Management: Connected waste management helps
cities enhance efficiency in waste collection.
(viii) Smart Home: Houses equipped with sensors and security
features can alert emergency services, such as ambulance, fire
brigade or police during emergency situations.
Implementation of Smart City Concept:
The approach can be generalized roughly in following
manner.
(1) Understand the current development of the city and
what the city needs for growth.
(ii) Study the community and business pattern in the city.
(iii) Understand the future expectations of the population
and incorporating their ideas and concepts into the
design.
Find out technologies and method to implement the idea.
(v) Build a plan and/or policy regarding the Smart City.
(vi) Innovate and improve the plan and/or policy made.
(vi) Implement it in a time-bound manner.
 Advantages of Smart City Concept:
• IoT based smart cities maintains road traffic, smart
parking, public transport, utilities like waste
management, lighting system, environment controls,
public safety, emergency announcements in city etc.
• Smart city will not only help its residents but also
attract more people and tourists.
• It also attracts investments as a business,
infrastructure and ease of living and doing business.
• This puts the city on a global scale, may be a role
model for other cities to follow.
• Encouraging its culture, local cuisine, economic
activity, arts and craft can further boost the growth of
the city giving it a special identity on a global scale.
 Disadvantages or Limitations of
Smart City Concept:
• Privacy of the citizens is a big concern as making a city
"smart" starts with the collection of data and processing it.
• Involving the general public in such a policy democratically
is challenging.
• The amount of information to be collected is very much
high.
• Challenges related to storage, management, consistency and
reliability.
• Need more research, development and advancement in the
field of technology to implement more ideas in this field.
• If there is a biased interest in the development, there can be
a denial of alternative approaches.
• The cost involved in smart city project are too much high.
Thank you!!