Local interconnect

Main Features:
 Single master with multiple slaves concept.
 Self Synchronization.
 Single wire.
 Low baud rate.
 Low speed application (Less than 20kps).
 Max 40 m wire length
 The LIN is a SCI/UART-based serial
LIN characteristics :
o The LIN protocol is byte oriented.
o data is sent one byte at a time.
o One byte field contains a start bit (dominant), 8 data bits and a stop bit
(recessive).
o The data bits are sent LSB first.
o In automotive application, the LIN bus is connected between
• smart sensor
• actuators
• Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
LIN characteristics :

o Broadcast type serial network.

o Single wire 12V bus connection.
o Has the synchronization mechanism that allows the clock
recovery by slave nodes.
o Only the master node will be using the oscillating device.
o Nodes can be added to the LIN network without requiring
HW/SW changes in other slave nodes.
LIN History:
o In 1996, Volvo and Volcano Communication Technologies
(VCT) developed a UART based protocol for the Volvo S80
series, called Volcano Lite.
This protocol was an integral part of the vehicle communication system.
o In 1997, Motorola joined Volvo and VCT in improving the
Volcano Lite protocol .

• Self-synchronization of the slave

• Form an open standard
LIN History:
o In December 1998 , Audi, BMW,
DaimlerChrysler and VW joined BMW

the activities and formed to set up

the LIN communication protocol. Daimler- LIN Volvo
Chrysler Spec
o September , LIN API specification
VW
draft was released (Rev. 0.1). AUDI

VCT
o In November 2002, LIN 1.3 was
released.
o The latest version LIN 2.0 released
in 2003.
Concept of Operation

o The LIN bus is a single master device and multi slave devices.
o The master device contains both a master task and a slave task.
o Each slave device contains only a slave task.
o Communication over the LIN bus is controlled by master task.
LIN Message Frame
o The basic unit of transfer on the LIN bus is the frame.
o Divided into a header and a response.
message header message response

synch break synch field identifier 0 to 8 data fields checksum

 13 bit

Synchronisation Identifier byte

frame

Synchronisation field Message

LIN Message Frame
Master Task:
message header
o Control over the whole Bus.
synch break synch field identifier
 13 bit
o Controls which message at what
time is to be transferred over the
bus. Identifier
Synchronisation byte
o Send Header: frame

Sync Break, Sync Byte ,ID-Field.

Synchronisation field
LIN Message Frame
Master Task:
o Error handling. message header
• monitors Data Bytes and Check Byte,
synch break synch field identifier
and evaluates them on consistence  13 bit

o Receives Wakeup Break from slave

nodes when the bus is inactive.
Identifier
o Defines the transmission speed. Synchronisation byte
frame
o Switching slave nodes to
sleep/wake up mode. Synchronisation field
LIN Message Frame
Slave Task:
message response

o One of 2-16 Members on the Bus. 0 to 8 data fields checksum

o Receives or transmits Data when

appropriate ID is sent .

o Slave snoops for ID.

Message
LIN Message Frame
Slave Task:
o According to ID, slave determines: message response

• receive data, transmit data ,do 0 to 8 data fields checksum

nothing.
o When transmitting :
• sends 1, 2, 4, or 8 Data Bytes + Check-
Byte
o The node serving as a master can be
slave. Message
Master and Slave Communication
Master and Slave Communication

Master Node Slave Node

identifier synch field synch break
LIN Master Task Slave Task Rec
quartz

Slave Task Rec Slave Task Trans

data byte data byte checksum
Slave Task Trans
Master and Slave Communication

Master Node Slave Node A

LIN Master Task Slave Task Rec

quartz

Slave Task Rec Slave Task Trans

Slave Task Trans

Slave Node B

Slave Task Rec

Slave Task Trans

Master and Slave Communication

Master Node Slave Node A

LIN Master Task Slave Task Rec

quartz

Slave Task Rec Slave Task Trans

Slave Task Trans

Slave Node B

Slave Task Rec

Slave Task Trans

Frame Structure
Structure of a Byte field:
o The LSB of the data is sent first and the MSB last.
o The start bit is encoded as a bit with value zero (dominant)
&the stop bit is encoded as a bit with value one (recessive).
Frame Structure
Break
o The break symbol is used to signal the beginning of a new
frame.
o A break is always generated by the master task and it shall be
at least 13 bits of dominant value, including the start bit,
followed by a break delimiter
o Synch break ends with a “break delimiter” which should be at
least one recessive bit.
Frame Structure
Synch Byte
o Synch is a byte field with the data value 0x55.
o A slave task shall always be able to detect the break/synch
symbol sequence.
o Synch byte is sent to decide the time between two falling edges
and thereby determine the transmission rate.
o The bit pattern is 0x55 (01010101, max number of edges).
Frame Structure
Protected Identifier
1. Identifier:
o Six bits are reserved for the identifier (ID).
o Values in the range 0 to 63 can be used.
o The identifiers are split in four categories:
• Values 0 to 59 (0x3b) are used for signal•carrying frames.
• 60 (0x3c) and 61 (0x3d) are used to carry diagnostic data.
• 62 (0x3e) is reserved for user•defined extensions.
• 63 (0x3f) is reserved for future protocol enhancements.
Frame Structure
Protected Identifier
1. Identifier:
o Contains information about sender and receiver and the number of
bytes which is expected in the response.
Frame Structure
Protected Identifier
2. Parity:
o The parity is calculated on the identifier bits.
o P0 = ID0 .ID1 .ID2 .ID4
o P1 = •
~(ID1 .ID3 .ID4 .ID5)
Frame Structure
Data
o A frame carries between one and eight bytes of data
o A data byte is transmitted in a byte field
o The data bytes field is transmitted by the slave task in the
response.
o Can be 2, 4 or 8 bytes long depending on the two MSB (Most
Significant Byte) of the identifier sent by the master.
o This ability came with LIN 2.0, older versions have a static
length of 8 bytes.
Frame Structure
Checksum:
o The LIN bus defines the use of one of two checksum
algorithms to calculate the value in the eight-bit checksum
field:
• Classic checksum is calculated by summing the data bytes
alone.(V1.3)
• Enhanced checksum is calculated by summing the data
bytes and the protected ID.(V2.0)
LIN Bus Timing

Frame Structure

tHeader_Nom = (N + N + N
Sync_Field Sync_Byte ) • t = 34 • t
PID_Byte Bit Bit

tResponse_Nom= 10 • (N + 1) • t Data Bit

tFrame_Nom =t +t
Header_Nom Response_Nom
 LIN Bus Timing

o A time reserve of up to 40% is given for transmission of a LIN

message
tFrame_Max = tHeader_Max + tResponse_Max = 1.4 • tFrame_Nom
Schedule Table

o The master task (in the master node) transmits frame headers
based on a schedule table.
o The schedule table specifies the identifiers for each header and
the interval between the start of a frame and the start of the
following frame.
o The master application may use different schedule tables and
select among them.
Schedule Table

o The LIN Schedule is organized in Mini Slots

(tMini Slot = tTime-Base)
o An adequate number of Mini Slots must be
provided to guarantee transmission of a LIN
message
Frame Types
1.Unconditional Frame
o Characterized in that there is exactly one sender of the Message
Response.
Frame Types
2.Event-triggered frame
o Confirm the availability of an update to the value of a signal.
o Only slave nodes with updated signal values transmit
responses to the header.
o The transmission of responses by several slave nodes may lead
to a collision.
o When a collision occurs:
the master node sends requests for the confirmation of signal
values to all of the slave nodes via an unconditional frame.
Frame Types
2.Event-triggered frame
Frame Types
2.Event-triggered frame
o A typical use for the event triggered frame is to monitor the
door knobs in a four door central locking system.
• By using an event triggered frame to poll all four doors the
system shows good response times.
while still minimizing the bus load.
• In the rare occasion that multiple passengers press a knob
each
the system will not lose any of the pushes, but it will
take some additional time.
Frame Types
2.Event-triggered frame
A schedule table contains one event-triggered frame (ID=0x10).
Frame Types
3.Sporadic frames
o Used to inform all relevant slave nodes of the updating of a
signal value.
o Managed by the master node.
o Only the master node sends out a response to the header.
Frame Types
4.User-defined frames
o have an ID of 62.
o carry any type of information.
Frame Types
5.Diagnostic frames
o Eight data bytes in length
o Carry diagnostic or configuration data.
o Their IDs are :
• 60 for a master request frame.
• 61 for a slave response frame.
Frame Types
Diagnostic
o The Diagnostic Schedule is used for diagnostics.
o It must contain two frame slots:
• The Master Request Frame (Diagnostic Request)
• LIN Master sends both the Message Header and the Message
Response.
• The Slave Response Frame (Diagnostic Response)
• LIN Master sends the Message Header, and a LIN Slave sends the
Message Response.

o The number of repeats depends on the diagnostic

implementation itself.
Diagnostic
o A diagnostic frame is called a PDU (Packet Data Unit) :
• Starts with a NAD :
 Addresses a certain node.
 The value ranges 1-127, 0 is reserved,128-255 are for free
usage.
• Follows a PCI (Protocol Control Information)
 Handles the flow control.
• A Service Identifier (SID) specifies the request and which
data bytes to follow.
Diagnostic
o If the PCI-type is a Single Frame (SF) the whole diagnostic
request command will fit into a single PDU.
Diagnostic
o If the PCI-type is First Frame (FF) the next byte (LEN) will
describe the number of bytes to come.
o The data bytes that do not fit into the first frame will be sent in
the following frames with the PCI-type of Continuation Frames
(CF).
Diagnostic
LIN Master sends both the Message Header and the Message Response.
Diagnostic
LIN Master sends the Message Header, and a LIN Slave sends the Message
Response.
Diagnostic

o Methods for diagnostics:

1. Signal based diagnostic.
2. User defined diagnostic.
3. Diagnostic transport layer.
Diagnostic
Methods for diagnostics
1. Signal based diagnostic:
o The simplest method and uses standard signals in ordinary frames
which represent:
 Low overhead in slave nodes.
 A standardized concept.
 Static with no flexibility.
2. User defined diagnostic:
o designed to fit the needs for a specific device.
o uses NADs in the range 128-255.
Diagnostic
Methods for diagnostics
3. Diagnostic transport layer:
o Useful for a LIN network which is built on a CAN-based
system where ISO diagnostics is used.
o NADs 1-127 are used.
o This method represents:
 Low load on the master device.
 Provides ISO diagnostics for LIN slaves.
 Intended for more complex and powerful LIN nodes.
Physical properties
o The LIN-bus transceiver is a modified version of the transceiver
used by the ISO 9141 standard.
o The bus is bidirectional and connected to the node transceiver,
o Also via a termination resistor and a diode to Vbat .

master: 1k
slave: 30k
Rx Bus
UART
Tx

Example capacitances
master: 2.2nF
Physical properties
o On the bus:
• Logical low level (0) is dominant
• Logical high level (1) is recessive.
o Voltage supply (Vsup) for an ECU should be between 7 V and
18 V. Bus Voltage
VBAT
8...18V
recessive
logic ‘1’
60%
controlled slope
~2V/µs
40%
dominant
logic ‘0’

GND
Time
 LIN Error Handling
o Each LIN Slave monitors its operating state and creates a status
report.
o The status report is sent periodically to the LIN Master (LIN 2.0).
o Monitoring by error detection mechanisms
• Parity check
• Checksum
o LIN messages detected as corrupt are rejected
o Error handling is not part of the LIN specification and must be
defined separately
LIN Power Management (V2.0)
o It contains "wake up" and "go-to sleep".
o All the slave nodes in an active LIN cluster can be changed
into sleep mode by:
 Sending a diagnostic master request frame with the first
data byte equal to zero.
 This special use of a diagnostic frame is called a go-to-
sleep-command.
o Slave nodes can automatically enter a sleep mode if the LIN
bus is inactive for more than 4 seconds.
LIN Power Management (V2.0)
o Any node in a sleeping LIN cluster can send a request for wake
up cluster.
o wakeup request is issued by forcing the bus dominant for 250 μs
to 5 ms.
o Every slave node can detect the wake-up request (a dominant
pulse longer than 150 ms) and be ready to listen to bus
commands within 100 ms, measured from the ending edge of
the dominant pulse.
LIN Power Management (V2.0)
o The master node can wake up .
o When the slave nodes are ready, start sending frame headers to
find out the cause of the wake up.
o If the master does not issue headers within 150 ms after
receiving the first wakeup request, then the slave requesting
wakeup may try issuing a second wakeup request (and waiting
for another 150 ms).
LIN Power Management (V2.0)
o If the master still does not respond, the slave issue the wakeup
request and wait 150 ms a third time.
o If there is still no response, the slave must wait for 1.5 seconds
before issuing a fourth wakeup request.
LIN Workflow
LIN Workflow
ECU Tools
(LIN relevant
functions only)

LIN Conformance Test Specification

Operating System

Application LIN Recommended Use of Messages and Identifiers

Software
Level Signal Database
LIN API Specification Manager (SDM/L)

Network Configuration
Communication Manager LIN Config. Language
Generator (LCFG)

LIN Protocol Specification LIN Config Language

Bus Analyzer
Hardware Bus Transceiver
(LINSpector)
Level
LIN Physical Layer Spec. LIN Physical Layer Spec.

Vehicle Network
LIN Workflow

o The LIN bus connects a single master device (node) and one or
more slave devices (nodes) together in a LIN cluster.
o The behavior of each node is described by its own node
capability file(NCF).
o The node capability files are inputs to a system-defining tool
o It generates a LIN description file (LDF) that describes the
behavior of the entire cluster.
o The LDF is parsed by a system generator to automatically
generate the specified behavior in the desired nodes.
LIN Workflow
o A node interfaces to the physical
bus wire using a frame
transceiver.
o The frames are not accessed
directly by the application.
o A signal based interaction layer is
added in between.
o A diagnostic interface exist
between the application and the
frame handler, as depicted below.
References

www.vector.com
ESC automotive sessions
http://www.ixxat.com/introduction_lin_en.html
http://www.kvaser.com/zh/about-can/related-protocols-and-standards/46.html
http://www.eeherald.com/section/design-guide/esmod10.html