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Instrumentation Reviewer

The document discusses instrumentation for measurement, outlining its basic functions: indicating, recording, and controlling. It categorizes measurement standards into international, primary, secondary, and working standards, and explains concepts of accuracy and precision along with error categories. Additionally, it covers various types of meters, bridges for measuring electrical properties, and other instruments like oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers.

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14 views8 pages

Instrumentation Reviewer

The document discusses instrumentation for measurement, outlining its basic functions: indicating, recording, and controlling. It categorizes measurement standards into international, primary, secondary, and working standards, and explains concepts of accuracy and precision along with error categories. Additionally, it covers various types of meters, bridges for measuring electrical properties, and other instruments like oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers.

Uploaded by

s2022100596
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTRUMENTATION of measurement.

Is the use of measuring devices to determine


the values of varying quantities, often for the
purpose of controlling those quantities
within prescribe limit.

■ Three basic functions of instruments

– Indicating

– Recording

– Controlling

Four Categories of Measurement Standards

■ International Standards – are defined


by an international agreement. These
standards are maintained at the
International Weight and
Measurement in Paris.

■ Primary Standards – Are maintained


at national standards laboratories in
different countries. The
principal function is the
calibration of and
verification of secondary standards.

■ Secondary Standards – are the


basic reference standards used by
measurement and calibration in the
industry. Each industrial laboratory is
responsible for its own secondary
standards.

■ Working Standards – are the


principal tools of a measurement
laboratory.
They are used to check and
calibrate general laboratory
instruments.

Accuracy and Precision

■ Accuracy – is the degree of exactness


of a measurement compared to the
expected value.

■ Precision – is the measure of


the consistency of repeatability
PRECILLA
Three General Error Categories – DC Voltmeter

■ Gross Errors

Gross Errors – are generally due to


the person using the instrument

■ Systematic Errors

Systematic Errors – primarily


influence a measurement's
accuracy. Typical causes of
systematic error include
observational error, imperfect
instrument calibration, and
environmental interference.

– Instrument Errors

– Environment Errors

– Observational Errors
(e.g. parallax error)

■ Random Errors

Random error causes one


measurement to differ slightly from
the next. It comes from
unpredictable changes during an
experiment.

Direct Current Meters

■ The following are direct current


meters using the basic meter
movement the d’Arsonval meter
movement or
permanent magnet moving-coil (PMMC)
patented by Jacques D’Arsonval in 1881.

– DC Ammeter

PRECILLA
– Ohmmeter

Multimeter or

VOM

Basic Properties of Ideal and Real Ammeter

■ Ideal Ammeter Meter Accuracy (A)


– The internal resistance is ■ Meter Accuracy (A)
zero (internal conductance is
infinite). The ammeter is not 100% accurate due
to its internal resistance that reduces
– The needle deflection is directly the measured current.
proportional to current.

■ Real Ammeter

– It has resistance but made


as low as possible

– The needle deflection is not ■ Loading Error in %


exactly proportional to the The percent error in the ammeter
amount of current. reading due to leading effects is given
Errors Encountered in a Real Ammeter by

■ Calibration Error

– Meter face may not


be accurately marked.

■ Resistance Error

– The real ammeter adds


resistance to the branch and
the added resistance will
always reduce the current in
any real
circuit as shown if the figure

PRECILLA
Ammeter Shunt

DC Voltmeter

■ The simples DC voltmeter is


constructed by placing a resistor in
series with a meter and marking the
meter face to read the voltage across
the resistor and ammeter.

Ayrton Shunt

■ The Ayrton shunt or universal shunt is


a suitable design for multiple-range
ammeter. It has the advantage of
eliminating the possibility of the meter
movement being in the circuit without
an shunt resistance. It uses an ordinary
switch but the total current is
interrupted between positions thus
preventing any possible meter damage
due to switching.

PRECILLA
Voltmeter Loading Error

PRECILLA
■ Wheatstone Bridge

– Is used for the precise


measurement of low resistance.
Wheatstone bridge and an
operational amplifier are used
to measure physical parameters
AC Voltmeters – Full wave such as temperature, light, and
strain. Quantities such as
This detects the dc or average value of
impedance, inductance, and
the full wave rectified signal.
capacitance can be measured
using variations on the
Wheatstone bridge.

■ Slide-Wire Bridge

■ Is an instrument that works on the


principle of Wheatstone bridge. It
is used to determine the unknown
resistance of a conductor.

PRECILLA
specifically for locating ground
faults.

■ Varley Loop Method

This is known as one of the most


accurate methods of locating ground
faults and short circuits in a
multiconductor cable. This is basically a
modification of the Murray loop test
Kelvin Bridge AC Bridges

AC bridges are commonly used to measure


capacitances, inductances and
impedances. Basically, it is a Wheatstone
bridge but with arms that are impedances
instead of pure resistances.

Application of DC bridges
■ Maxwell Bridge
■ Location of faults in cables either a
sorted two lines or a single line shorted – Is a modification to a
to ground can be easily done using Wheatstone bridge used
bridge circuits to measure an unknown
inductance (usually of low Q
– Murray Loop Method value) in terms of calibrated
– Varley Loop Method resistance and inductance
or resistance and
■ Murray Loop Method capacitance.
– This method is considered one ■ Hay Bridge
of the best known methods and
maybe the simplest of loop – Is a type of AC bridge circuit
tests that is used to measure the
self-
PRECILLA
inductance of a coil with a high-
quality factor (Q > 10)

■ Wien Bridge

– Used for precision


measurement of capacitance in
terms of resistance and
frequency. It was also used to
measure audio
frequencies.

■ Schering Bridge

It is useful in measuring capacitance and also


in measuring insulating properties for phase
angles of very nearly 90degrees

Other Instrument

■ Oscilloscope

– An instrument commonly used


to display and analyze the
waveform of electronic
signals. In effect, the device
draws a graph of the
instantaneous signal voltage
as a function of time.

■ Spectrum Analyzer

A device that measures and displays signal


amplitude (strength) as it varies by frequency
within its frequency range (spectrum)

PRECILLA

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