10

SCIENCE
Quarter II – Week 6
Predicting Images Formed
by Plane and Spherical Mirrors

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Name: Grade & Section:

Lesson 1
Images Formed by Plane and
Spherical Mirrors
MELC: The learner predicts the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and
magnification) of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses .
( S10FE - IIg -50)
Objectives: 1. Describe a plane and spherical mirror
. 2. Construct ray diagrams to locate images formed by plane and spherical
mirrors
3. Predict the orientation, type, and magnification of images formed by plane
and spherical mirrors

Let’s Explore and Discover

Have you seen yourself in a mirror lately? How do you look? Can
Unlocking of you describe your physical characterisctics in front of a mirror?
Difficulties
I look odd in a mirror I’ve
• An “image” is
tried today. I wonder why I
created when the
look smaller in that mirror…
visible light
bounces off or
reflects from a
polished surface Really? I look the
like mirrors. same size in mine.

• Mirrors can be
“plane” or flat
and “spherical”
or curved.

What the minions saw in the mirror is an “image”. The qualitative characteristics of image
can vary depending on the type of mirror used. Let us find out what types of mirror they
used.

You have learned in the previous lesson that light travels in straight lines. Here, light
will be represented using “rays” which are straight lines coming from any object. When
these rays enter your eyes, you are able to see the object. Incident ray (i) is a ray from the
source falling on the mirror or any surface. Reflected ray (r) is a light ray bouncing off the
mirror or any surface. The normal (N) is the imaginary line perpendicular to a surface. The
angle formed between the normal and the incident light ray is the angle of incidence (θi).
The angle formed between the normal and the reflected light ray is the anle of reflection
(θr).

1
 Law of Reflection

Normal to surface Law of Reflection states that:

Angle of 1. The incident ray, i, the

Angle of
incidence reflection reflected ray, r and the
Incident Reflected normal to the mirror at
light ray light ray the point of incidence all
lie in the same plane.

2. The angle of incidence is

Surface equal to the angle of
Diagram 1. Law of Reflection reflection.

Types of Reflection
Irregular or diffused reflection occurs when
incident rays fall on a rough surface. This time, reflected
rays scatter in all directions. This type of reflection
enables us to see objects around us.

Regular reflection occurs when the parallel

incident rays are reflected in equally parallel pattern.
This can only happen if rays are falling on a very smooth
surface like mirrors. This reflection enables us to see an
image. Diagram 2. Regular and
Diffused Reflected
Locating Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
A Plane Mirror is the common flat mirror used at
home and almost everywhere. Here is how to locate an
image formed by a plane mirror using a ray diagram.
➢ STEP 1. Locate the image position. Draw a dashed
AI
line from object O perpendicular to point A in the
mirror and extend the broken line behind the
mirror at point I. Note here that OA equal AI. Point
I is the location of the image.
OA ➢ STEP 2. Draw the reflected rays. Draw lines from
the image to the eye. Draw dashed lines behind
the mirror and solid lines in front of the mirror.
The solid lines represent real rays.
➢ STEP 3. Draw the incident rays. Draw the lines
Diagram 3. Image in a Plane Mirror from the object to the reflected rays on the mirror.

Predicting Characteristics of Image Formed by Plane Mirror

From the diagram created above, you can now predict the characteristics of image
in plane mirror by its Size, Attitute, Type and Location or by the acronym SALT.

Characteristics of Image Formed by Mirrors

Size smaller than the object, same size, or larger than the object
Attitute upright or inverted
Location behind the mirror or in front of the mirror
Type of image real or virtual

2
 “ In the case of a plane mirror,
the image formed is always
same size, upright, same
location behind the mirror as
the object in front of the mirror
and is always virtual.

Spherical Mirrors
Diagram 4. Characteristics of Image
Formed by a Plane Mirror

Spherical mirrors are shaped like part of a sphere. It has two reflective
surfaces and is classified into two types. If the reflective surface is inside, it is called a
concave mirror. If the reflective surface is in the outside, the mirror is called convex.

Concave mirrors are also called converging mirrors

because light rays converge or come together after being reflected
from the mirror. The point where reflected rays meet is called the
focus, F, it is where the image is formed. The distance from the
focus to the mirror is its focal length, f . The center of
curvature, C, is the center of the sphere from where the mirror
belongs. The image formed in front of the mirror is a “real
image”.

The convex mirror is also called a diverging mirror

because light rays diverge or spread outward after reflection from
the mirror. In a convex mirror, the place where extended reflected
rays meet is called the virtual focus, F. This broken lines
indicate that no real rays have passed behind the mirror. Hence,
the image formed by intersecting broken lines is “virtual”.

Locating Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors

We also use ray diagram to determine where an image will be in spherical
mirrors. At least two key rays are used, all of which begin from the object:

➢ RAY 1. A ray parallel to the axis after reflection it passes through the focal point
F. o

axis axis

Reflected ray
ray
➢ RAY 2. A ray to the vertex of the mirror; it reflects at equal angle.
o

axis axis

Reflected ray
ray

Remember: If the two reflected rays do not meet in front of the mirror, continue the reflected
rays behind the mirror. When ray is extended behind the reflective surface, you should use
broken lines. If the reflected rays are parallel, it will never intersect, then no image is formed.
3
Predicting Characteristics of Image Formed by Concave and Convex Mirrors
CONCAVE MIRROR
Location of Image Diagram
Object
Between F Larger
Upright i
and the o
mirror Behind the mirror
virtual

CONVEX
Location of Image Diagram
Object
Between F smaller,
o
and the upright, i
mirror behind the mirror,
virtual

(Source: Acosta, Herma D. et al. Science 10 Learner’s Material. Pasig City: Department of Education,
2015, 78 - 111.

Let’s Practice

Directions: Use your pencil and ruler and draw a ray diagram to locate image formed
by a concave mirror.

Location of Object Characteristics of the Image Diagram

SALT
Larger
Between F and Upright
mirror Behind the mirror
virtual
_______________
At F _______________
_______________
________________
Larger
inverted
Between F and C
_______________

Same size
_______________
At C
In front of the mirror

_______________
Inverted
Beyond C
_______________
real

4
 10
SCIENCE
Quarter II – Week 7
Images Formed by the Lenses
(Concave and Convex)

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Name: Grade & Section:

Lesson 1
Images Formed by the Lenses
(Concave and Convex)

MELC: Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of

images formed by the lenses. S10FE-llg-50

Objectives: 1. Identify the different types of lenses

2. Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification)
of images formed by lenses

Let’s Explore and Discover

Did you
Have you ever wondered why far away objects
know that? appear near to us by using a telescope or binoculars?
And what is that we use to see very tiny objects or
things or even text with very small font size? Why
LENS came from the people with eye defects wear eyeglasses? What are
Latin name of the lentil these transparent materials that make objects
plant. The scientific appear nearer? Today, we will learn all about lenses.
name of the lentil we
most commonly eat is Are you ready? Enjoy learning!
Lens culinaris. It was
named after the legume
because double-convex
lenses look just like
lentils!

(Source:”did-you-know,
date accessed December (Image Source: “pictures+of+objects+ with+lens”, Date accessed October
05, 2020, petapixel.com 30, 2020, https://www.bing.com/ images/search?q)
>2011/10/03)
LENS is a transparent material made of glass or plastic that
refracts and focuses (or that appear to focus) light rays at a
point. (Source: Science-10 Learner’s Material, First
Edition 2015, Department of Education, 194-203.)

Types of Lenses

Compound Lenses
Simple Lenses (made up of one or more
simple lenses)

1
Simple Lenses

Below are examples of different types of simple lenses. Please analyze the illustration
carefully. How may lenses do you see?

CONVEX CONCAVE

Positive Negative Plano Biconcave

Biconvex Plano Convex
Meniscus Meniscus Concave
(Image Source: “Physics for Kids: Lenses and Light”, Date accessed December 20,
2020, https://www.ducksters.com/science/physics/lens_types_all.gif)

Yes, that is right! There are six types of simple lenses. These lenses are classified
into two. The Convex and Concave lens.

edges = thin
Convex Lens is thicker in the center than edges.
optical It forms real images and virtual images depending
center middle = thick on position of the object. It is also called
Converging Lens because the light that passes
through it tends to converge at a particular point
called the focal point.
Convex Lens

edges = thick
Concave Lens is thicker at the edges and thinner
optical in the center. It forms upright and reduced
center middle = thin images. It is also called Diverging Lens because
the light that passes through it tends to diverge at
a particular point called the focal point.
Concave Lens (Source: Science-10 Learner’s Material, First Edition 2015,
Department of Education, 194-203.)

If you place an object like a pen infront of convex or concave lens, do you know where
the image wiil be found? What will be the properties of the image?

Now, we will learn how to draw a ray diagram for convex and concave lenses and we will
identify the image formed and its properties.
Convex Lens Concave Lens

Parallel light rays converge after refraction Parallel light rays diverge after refraction
(Image Source: “Images Formation by Lenses”, Date accessed December 20, 2020,
https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Concave-And-Convex-Lenses-Image-
Formation-1.png)
Optical Center

2F1 F1
0 F2 2F2
Principal foci

2
This is an example on how to make a ray diagram.

Let us analyze the ray diagram and images formed by convex ray.

 Real and inverted or virtual or

upright
 Magnified, diminished or same
size
 Position of image

Let us analyze the ray diagram and images formed by concave rays.

(Image Source: “Images Formation by Lenses”, Date accessed December 20, 2020,
https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Concave-And-Convex-Lenses-Image-Formation-
1.png)

3
REMEMBER THIS!
Rules for image formation of convex and concave lenses.
Convex Lens Concave Lens

2F2 F2 F1 2F1

A ray of light which is parallel to the A ray of light which is parallel to the
principal axis, after refraction, passes Rule 1 principal axis, after refraction, appears
through the focus on the other side of to be coming from the focus.
the lens.

2F1 F1 F2 2F2
0 2F2 F2 F1 2F1

A ray of light passing through the Rule 2 A ray of light going toewards the optical
optical centre of the lens goes centre of a concave lens goes straight
straight. It emerges without any through without being deviated.
deviation.

2F1 F1 0 F2 2F2 2F2 F2 F1 2F1

A ray of light passing through the

A ray of light going towards the focus
focus after refraction becomes parallel Rule 3
after refraction becomes parallel to the
to the principal axis.
principal axis.

Rule 3 is exacly the opposite of rule 1. This is because of the reversibility of light.
Remember to draw a ray diagram, you need to draw 2 rays from the point of the object.
So you need to choose 2 out of 3 rules convenient to your diagram.

Let’s Practice
Curves!
Directions: Identify the name of each diagram of simple lenses. Chosse from the options
in the box and write the letter of your answer on the space given in every item.

A. Plano
Concave
B. Biconcave
C. Positive
Meniscus
D. Plano Convex
E. Negative
Menicus
1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___ 4. ___ 5. ___ 6. ___
F. Biconvex

4
 10
SCIENCE
Quarter II – Week 8
Properties of Mirrors and Lenses
in Optical Instruments

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Name: Grade & Section:

Lesson 1
Properties of Mirrors and Lenses in
Optical Instruments
MELC: Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in
optical instruments (S10FE-IIh-52)
Objectives: 1. State the properties of mirrors and lenses
2. Compare reflection and refraction
3. Illustrate ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their
uses in optical instruments.

Let’s Explore and Discover

SELFIE pa MORE! Have you heared the word selfie? Are you one of those who
love taking photos of yourself? Or maybe one of those who always
like to see oneself in the mirror to check how you look? Have you
ever wondered how you are able to perceive things around you?
Let us explore and identify ways in which the properties of mirrors
and lenses determine their uses in optical instruments.
Human eye is considered as an optical instrument that
helps us see the objects in our surroundings. It works very similar
as to how the camera works. We can perceive and see things
around us with the help of light. If theres no light, we can see
nothing, same as with the camera. If you take a shoot in a very
dark room without using a flash, nothing is visible is captured.
There are many realities that can be associated with light,
but in this lesson, we are just going to focus on the two most
common, such as the properties of mirrors and lenses. As we go
far, let us first know the properties of mirror.

A mirror pertains to a
smooth, shiny glass surface having a silvery coat at its
back. It can be plane or curved and follows the working
principle of reflection, which is an important property of
mirror. Reflection is the reverting back of light in the same
medium, once fall on the surface. Images are formed by
reflection once the light strikes on the object, returning and
perceived by your eyes. You can notice in the figure to the right
that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection Figure 1: The angle of
and bounces back to the same medium, and because the law incidence and reflection
of reflection is independent from wavelength, mirror is
advantageous to use in telescopes and other optical systems.
(Source: Key Differences, “Difference Between Mirror and Lens ”,
accessed: December 8, 2020, https://keydifferences.com/
difference-between-mirror-and-lens.html#KeyDifferences)

1
Mirror Application in Optical Instrument-The Telescope (binoculars)

Do You Know What? Telescopes are used to view distant objects that
cannot be seen by unaided eye. It gathers far more
light than the eye, allowing dim objects to be observed
with greater magnification and better resolution. The
objective of the telescope can also be made with a
concave mirror which acts like a convex lenses as
shown in Figure 2 below. Mirror has many advantages
to be used in telescope objectives as compared to lens.
“People often think that Galileo First, mirror focal length is very long and can also be
discovered the telescope, and the constructed much larger. Second, mirror can collect
one who invented it first, but he large amount of light which is very useful if one wants
actually did not! Galileo just to view distant galaxies.
constructed and developed the
design after a year it was Figure 2: Concave Mirror
discovered. What Galileo did was
more important than that. He was
the first to study the skies and
discovered that Jupiter has moons,
and the moons have craters and
mountains, and not perfectly
polished, the details of sunspots,
as well as the Milky Way which is
composed of vast numbers of
individual stars”.
(Source: The LibreTexts libraries, “Vision
and Optical Instruments”, accessed:
December 11, 2020, http://www.wright
.edu/~guy.vandegrift/openstaxphysics (Source: The LibreTexts libraries, “Vision and Optical
/chaps/26%20Vision%20optical%2
0instruments.pdf) Instruments”, accessed: December 11, 2020, http://
www.wright.edu/~guy.vandegrift/openstax
physics/chaps/26%20Vision%20optical
%20instruments.pdf)
You can notice that the three lenses in telescope produce a final image which is in
upright position. The first two lenses are very far, which cause the image in the second lens
to invert. Since the third lens acts as a magnifier, it keeps the image easy to view in an upright
position.
Now, it is time to know the properties of lenses. Lens is
usually made up of transparent material such as
plastic or glass with two opposite surfaces. One side
is usually curved or both of which are curved. Its
working principle is the law of refraction. Refraction is
the shift in direction of light, when it arrives on a
surface with different density. The light rays curve or
bend after they pass through the lens and thus their
directions change. This makes the object visible from
the lens seems larger or smaller than the actual object.
When it comes to the angle of incidence, its not equal to
the angle of refraction (please see the figure on the
right). Lenses are commonly used for correcting the
Figure 3: The angle of incidence vision. Once used in optical device, lens is either singly
and refraction used or in a combination of two or more simple lens so
as to produce an image by converging the beam of light.
(Source: Key Differences, “Difference Between Reflection and
. Refraction”, MindTouch, accessed: December 11, 2020,
https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/
emspectrum1.html)
2
Lens Application in Optical Instrument- The Camera
Undoubtedly, photography is one of the most significant discoveries in history. It
does not only capture light but also be able to freeze time and capture moment and preserve
those for years ahead. But how does this instrument do this by simply using a piece of
glass? Let us now discover how the properties of lens work in an optical instrument like the
camera.

Camera: Records Light Lens is the optical component of the camera and
its function is to take the beams of light that reflects from
Camera is made up of a body called
an object, transmit those lights to come together, and
-- sealed box with a shutter which
closes and opens between the film. eventually form a real image. The process is when
The term camera came from the the light passes from one medium to another medium,
Latin word Camera obscura, the speed changes. Lens can slow down the speed of light
means "dark room". compared to its usual speed on air since lens is a different
The traditional camera has a medium. When the wave of light passes trough the lens
chemical component called film. at an angle, one wave will reach the lens before the other
The film makes a record of lights so it would slown down at first, then bend in one
pattern once film is exposed to a real
image. It happens to record the
direction. Once the wave of light exits the glass, it speeds
chemical patterns of light once a up in the air since it travels in different medium and
tiny light-sensitive grains, spread another wave parts enter the lens again. Since lens can
out in a chemical suspension on a slow down the light, patterns of light will be recorded from
strip of plastic. The grains will
an object’s reflection and form a real image.
undergo a chemical reaction once
exposed to light. Accordingly, in The Eye
black-and-white film, the developer
chemicals darken the grains that The most interesting optical instrument is the eye.
were exposed to light produces a
The eyes harnesses waves of light and uses those to form
negative, where lighter areas appear
darker and darker areas appear
images in details of varying colors. But in order to reach
lighter, then converted into a even just an ideal vision, our eyes need some correction.
positive image. In printing an image, Correction can be made by analyzing the power and focal
you have to keep the film in length of the lens to accommodate ojects at different
complete darkness until it's time to distances. One of the common defects which is easy to
take the picture. Then, when you correct is the condition called Myopia and hyperopia.
want to record an image, you let Nearsightedness or myopia, is a condition where the
some light in. That is how a camera
eyes can see clearly when the objects are close while
records light and form images or
figures. cannot see distant objects. The reason for this is that the
lens of the eye being too great or maybe too powerful.
(Source: The LibreTexts libraries, Thus, once the object is at a distant, the rays cross in
“Vision and Optical Instruments”,
accessed: November 11, 2020, front of the retina or the rays over convergence with nearly
http://www.wright.edu/~guy.vandegrift parallel rays. However, the divergent rays from a near
/openstaxphysics/chaps/26%20Vision object are converged on the retina,that produce clear
%20optical%20instruments.pdf)
image. Since the nearsighted eye over converges light
rays, the correction for this condition is to place a
diverging spectacle lens in front of the eye. This reduces
the power of an eye that is too powerful. Another eye
defects called Farsightedness, or hyperopia, is a
condition where the eyes can see clearly when the objects
are far while cannot see close objects. In this case, rays
do not sufficiently converge from a close object to make it
meet on the retina of the eyes producing blurry close
vision. This can be caused by insufficient power in the
lens or by the eye being too short. For clear image, less
Figure 4: Common Eye Defects
diverging rays from a distant object can be converged.
DeDefects
Source: The LibreTexts libraries, “Vision and Optical Instruments”, accessed:
December 11, 2020, http://www.wright.edu/~guy. vandegrift/openstaxphy
sics/chaps/26%20Vision%20 optical%20instruments.pdf)

3
 10
SCIENCE
Quarter II – Week 9
Electric Motors and Generators

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Name: Grade & Section:

Lesson 1
Electric Motors and Generators

MELC: Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator. S10FE-IIj-54
Objectives: 1. Describe how electric motor and generator work
2. State similarities and differences of an electric motor and a generator
3. List down common uses of electric motors and generators

Let’s Explore and Discover

Life would have been totally different if appliances were not
Unlocking invented. In the book of Jeremy Greenwoods, he wrote how
of houseworks back in 1800’s were too laborious. Back then, people
Difficulties had to spend more time and hardwork doing laundry, cleaning the
entire house, cooking food, etc. The beginning of the 20th century
witnessed the advent of new household technologies now fixtures
of everyday life: central heating, dryers, electric irons, frozen
foods, refrigerators, sewing machines, washing machines, and
vacuum cleaners.
Electromagnetic These items basically have
Induction or
motors inside to operate. A motor
Induction is a
is powered by electricity to do
process in which a
work. But it is also very interesting
conductor is put in a
to note that motors can also be
particular position
while magnetic field
used to generate electricity. Most of
keeps varying or is
us understand that a motor is
stationary and a powered by electricity to work, the
conductor is moving. idea that a motor can "run
backward," actually generating
Magnetic Flux is electricity rather than consuming
defined as the it could be mind blowing. Wow, it
number of magnetic is like amazing! How can that be?
field lines passing
through a given
Let us first look at the basic
closed surface. parts of a motor and generator
before we discuss further. See
Source: https://www. illustration at Figure 1.
khanacademy.org/sci
ence/physics/magnet A magnet moving through a wire coil. An
ic-forces-and-magne illustration of a magnetic induction. It occurs
tic-/fields/magnetic- whenever a magnetic field and an electric
flux-faradays-law conductor, such as coil wire, move relative to
one another.
Source: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ ck-
12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-2.0/

1
 A motor and generator consist of four main parts. Each part
functions as:

 A shaft-mounted wire wound armature (rotor)

 A field of magnets that induces electrical energy
stacked side-by-side in a housing (stator)
 Slip rings that carry the AC current to/from the
armature
Figure 1: Illustration of a  Brushes that contact the slip rings and transfer
real power plant generator. current to/from the electrical circuit.
Stator refers to the part that In the law of Conservation of Energy, it is said that
does not move, and rotor energy cannot be created or destroyed but definitely it can
refers to the part that is be converted. Converting energy from one form to another is
rotated inside the stator. The the key to understanding the differences between electric
rotor is a large motors and generators.
electromagnet with windings
inside to produce a magnetic The modern-day generators work on the principle
field. As it rotates inside the of electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael
stator, induced current is Faraday. He realized that the above flow of current can be
generated at the windings of created by moving an electrical conductor in a magnetic
the stator. field. This movement creates a voltage difference between
the two ends of the conductor which causes the electric
Image Source: Kumar Dilip, charges to flow, hence generating electric current .
Power Plant Chemistry, Source:ElectromagneticInductionandItsApplication, Accessed:
DilipKumar269/power-plant-
November 23, 2020, https://www.toppr.com/guides/
chemistry-water-treatment-
for-boilers physics/magnetic-effects-of-electric-current/electro
magnetic-induction-and-its-applications/

Electric generators fall into two broad categories: dynamos and alternators.
Dynamo generates direct current (DC) which uses rotating coils of wire and fields to
convert mechanical energy into direct current. Back then, dynamos were used for electric
power generation. Today, electric dyanamo has few uses outside of a few low-power
applications.
Alternators, on the other hand,
generates alternating current (AC), these
are far more widespread for electric
generation. This type of generator converts
mechanical energy into alternating current.
A rotating magnet serves as the rotors,
turning within a set of conductor coils on an
iron core which serves as a stator. As the
magnetic field rotates, it generates an AC
voltage in the stator.
How is electricity produced in AC and DC
generator?
Any type of generator works by
converting mechanical power into electrical
power through electromagnetic induction.
Both AC and DC use electromagnetic
induction to produce electricity. However, the
process they use is different. An AC generator
creates an alternating current that
periodically reverses direction. In DC
generator, a direct current flows in one
direction. See Figure 2. Figure 2: Illustration of an AC/DC

2
 In an AC generator, the coil through
which current flows is fixed and the magnet
usually moves. The south and north poles of
the magnet make the current flow in opposite
directions, thereby creating an alternating
current.
In contrast, the coil in a DC generator is
not fixed, rather it rotates in a fixed field. The
two ends of the coil are attached to the
commutator, which balances the charges to
and from the generator, thus resulting in a
current that does not alter direction.
Image Source: Illustration of simple alternating current generat,https://
www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-images-illustration-simple-
alternating-current-generat-ac-generator-image35924029

ELECTRIC MOTORS: CONVERTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO MECHANICAL ENERGY

An electric motor does the reverse of an electric generator. Electric motors takes
electricity and converts it into mechanical energy. Electric motors can be found in a diverse
range of applications, from industrial manufacturing machinery to household apliances
which we use everyday. To create mechanical power, the rotor turns a shaft. The stator is
made from coiled windings or permanent magnets, with a core of thin sheets layered
together. Vast majority of modern motors uses magnets. Electric motor has a wide range of
applications, from a tiny motors in battery powered watches to massive electric motors that
power industrial manufacturing machinery.
Electric motors and generators have current carrying loops that continuously rotate
in a magnetic field. The armature which are the loops wrap around the iron core, makes
the magnetic field inside stronger. The current in the loops reverses direction causing the
armature and the loops to constantly rotate. Construction of an electric motor is similar to
a generator. However, instead of producing current through the rotation of the armature
between permanent magnets, a current is provided to the armature by an external force.
Hence, the difference between motor and generator are as follows:
 The motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy, generator does the
opposite.
 Electricity is used in the motor, while the generator produces it.
 The shaft of the motor is driven by the magnetic force developed between the
armature and filed winding whereas, in case of the generator, the shaft is attached
to the rotor and is driven by mechanical force.
 And in terms of current, in case of a motor, the current is to be supplied to the
armature windings but in generator, current is produced in the armature windings.
Source:Electric Generator, Encyclopaedia Britannica,
September 10, 2020, https://www.britannica.com
/technology/electric-generator

Source: Electric Motor, Encyclopaedia Britannica,

November 16, 2020, https://www.britannica.com
/technology/electric-motor