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MOD4

The document discusses various algorithms and concepts related to time synchronization in distributed systems, including NTP, Cristian's Algorithm, and Berkeley's Algorithm. It also covers logical clocks, specifically Lamport timestamps and vector timestamps, which help maintain event ordering and causality. Additionally, it provides examples and problems to illustrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.

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Stuti Dhingra
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25 views38 pages

MOD4

The document discusses various algorithms and concepts related to time synchronization in distributed systems, including NTP, Cristian's Algorithm, and Berkeley's Algorithm. It also covers logical clocks, specifically Lamport timestamps and vector timestamps, which help maintain event ordering and causality. Additionally, it provides examples and problems to illustrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.

Uploaded by

Stuti Dhingra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RTT and Clock offset (NTP)

Solved Ex:
• A client synchronizes with an NTP server, and the following
timestamps are recorded:
• T1 = 100.500 seconds (Client request sent).
• T2 ​= 200.800 seconds (Server receives request).
• T3 = 200.805 seconds (Server sends response).
• T4 = 100.520 seconds (Client receives response).
• Find:
• Round-Trip Delay (RTT)
• Clock Offset (θ)
How to Compute RTT ?
•RTT = 15 ms
•Clock Offset = 100.2925 seconds (Client’s clock is behind by this much).
Problem 1 - Cristian’s Algorithm
• A distributed system uses Cristian’s Algorithm for time
synchronization. A client sends a time request at T₀ = 45 ms.
The server receives it at T₁ = 60 ms, processes it, and sends
a reply at T₂ = 70 ms, which reaches the client at T₃ = 90 ms.
• Using Cristian’s equation, find the estimated clock offset θ.
Problem II - Network Time Protocol
(NTP) Offset & Delay

• Scenario:
A system using NTP records the following timestamps:
• T₁ (Client Request Sent): 100 ms
• T₂ (Server Receive Time): 130 ms
• T₃ (Server Reply Sent): 135 ms
• T₄ (Client Reply Received): 160 ms
• Using the NTP equations, compute the offset (θ) and round-
trip delay (δ).
Ctd..
Problem III - Berkeley’s Algorithm
• A master node (M) synchronizes the clocks of three client nodes
C1, C2, and C3 in a distributed system using Berkeley’s
Algorithm. The master first collects time readings from all
nodes:
A master node sends time requests to three client nodes C1, C2, and C3.
The round-trip times (RTT) for each client are as follows:
Logical Clocks - Concept
1. Logical clocks assign a numerical value (timestamp) to events.
2. These timestamps help determine the order of events across different
processes. Logical time progresses based on events rather than real-
time clocks.
• Lamport Timestamps
• Proposed by Leslie Lamport in 1978. Every process maintains a
counter that increments for every event. When sending
messages, the timestamp is included, and the receiver updates
its counter accordingly:
• Lci = Lci +1 before an internal event.
• Lci = Lci +1 before sending a message.
• Lci =max⁡(Lci, Lcj)+1 upon receiving a message.
Logical Clocks (Lc) Criteria
1. Only based on order of events
2. Can only advance forward, cannot reverse
3. Non-interacting processes cannot share logical clock
4. Use Interrupts to update the logical clocks, More interrupts
increases overhead
5. Common Method , Lamports Algorithm
Problem IV – Lamport Logical Clock
Two processes, P1 and P2, communicate using messages.
•At P1:
1.Logical clock at P1 is 3.
2.P1 sends a message to P2, and the message timestamp is
3. 4 (clock incremented by 1 before sending).
•At P2:
1.P2 receives the message when its clock is at 2.
4.P2 updates its clock to max(2, 4) = 4, then increments it by 1. So,
the logical clock at P2 becomes 5.

This ensures that the event "P1 sends a message" happens-before "P2
receives the message," maintaining a causal relationship.
Event Ordering sample
Practice Problem Solving
Logical Clocks & Lamport Timestamps
Scenario:
In a distributed system, three processes P1, P2, and P3
communicate as follows:
• P1 starts at time t = 1 and sends a message to P2 at t = 5.
• P2 receives it at t = 12, processes it, and sends a message to
• P3 at t = 18.
• P3 receives the message at t = 25.
•P1 Send Time: 5
•P2 Receive Time: 13
•P2 Send Time: 14
•P3 Receive Time: 26
Vector Timestamp
• A vector timestamp is an extension of Lamport’s logical clock that
provides a way to determine causality between events in a
distributed system. Unlike a single counter, a vector timestamp
maintains a vector of counters, one for each process in the system.
• How It Works:
• Each process maintains a vector of timestamps, where the i-th
element represents the logical clock value for process i.
• When a process performs an event, it increments its own counter
in the vector.
• When a process sends a message, it attaches its vector
timestamp.
• When a process receives a message, it updates its vector clock
by taking the element-wise maximum of its own vector and the
received vector, then increments its own counter.
Simple Rules
Causal Relationship Using Vector
Timestamps:
• For two events A and B,
• A happened before B (A→B) if and only if VA[i] ≤VB[i] for all i
and VA[j]<VB[j] for at least one j.
• If neither A→B nor B→A, then the events are concurrent
Example Scenario

• System Setup
• Consider three processes P1,P2,P3 communicating via messages.
• Process P1 initiates a snapshot at time t1​.
• P1​ records its local state and sends marker messages to P2 and
P3​.
• P2 receives the marker from P1, records its state, and sends
markers to P3​.
• P3​ receives markers from both P1 and P2​, ensuring a consistent
state.
• The final snapshot includes:
• The local states of P1,P2,P3​.
• Any in-transit messages (messages sent but not yet received).
Example Scenario

• Imagine three processes (P1, P2, P3) sending messages


among themselves. If P1 initiates the snapshot:
• P1 records its local state and sends a marker to P2 and P3.
• P2 and P3 receive the marker and record their local state.
• They also record any messages they received before seeing the
marker.
• They forward the marker to other processes.
• The result is a consistent global snapshot where no message
is double-counted or missed.
Example
Ctd

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