Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2

PROGRAM NO 01
OBJECTIVE:- Study of hardware and so ware requirements of different opera ng systems
(UNIX,LINUX,WINDOWS XP,WINDOWS7/8).

UNIX

Hardware Requirements:
- Processor: Typically, UNIX systems can run on a wide range of processors, from early mainframes and
minicomputers to modern RISC and CISC architectures.
- Memory: UNIX systems have historically been designed to run on systems with as li le as 4 MB of RAM, but
modern implementa ons usually require more.
- Storage: Varies widely; early UNIX systems could run on 20 MB of disk space, while modern implementa ons need
significantly more.
- Network: Basic networking capabili es are o en built-in, with support for various network interfaces.
So ware Requirements:
- Kernel: UNIX kernel, which manages system resources.
- Shell: A command-line interface, like Bourne shell (sh), C shell (csh), or Korn shell (ksh).
- U li es: Standard UNIX u li es for file management, text processing, and programming.

Linux

Hardware Requirements:
- Processor: Intel x86 or compa ble, ARM, PowerPC, and more. Modern distribu ons support 64-bit processors.
- Memory: Minimum of 512 MB to 1 GB of RAM for lightweight distribu ons; 2 GB or more for standard desktop
distribu ons.
- Storage: Minimum of 5 GB for a basic installa on; 20 GB or more for a full-featured desktop environment.
- Graphics: VGA capable; modern distribu ons may require 3D accelera on for advanced desktop effects.
So ware Requirements:
- Kernel: Linux kernel, the core of the opera ng system.
- Shell: Bash (Bourne Again Shell) or other shells like Zsh, Fish.
- Desktop Environment: GNOME, KDE, XFCE, or others for graphical user interfaces.
- Package Manager: APT (Debian-based), YUM/DNF (Red Hat-based), or Pacman (Arch-based).

Windows XP

Hardware Requirements:
- Processor: Pen um 233 MHz or higher; recommended 300 MHz or higher.
- Memory: Minimum of 64 MB of RAM; recommended 128 MB or more.
- Storage: Minimum of 1.5 GB of available hard disk space.
- Graphics: Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolu on video adapter and monitor.
So ware Requirements:
- Opera ng System: Windows XP installa on media.
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
- Applica ons: Various third-party applica ons available; legacy support for older so ware.
- Drivers: Specific drivers for hardware components (graphics, network, sound, etc.).

Windows 7

Hardware Requirements:
- Processor: 1 GHz or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor.
- Memory: 1 GB RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit).
- Storage: 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit).
- Graphics: DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver.
So ware Requirements:
- Opera ng System: Windows 7 installa on media.
- Applica ons: Compa bility with a wide range of so ware, including legacy Windows XP applica ons in XP Mode
(Professional, Ul mate, and Enterprise edi ons).
- Drivers: Specific drivers for hardware components; improved plug-and-play support.

Windows 8

Hardware Requirements:
- Processor: 1 GHz or faster processor with PAE, NX, and SSE2 support.
- Memory: 1 GB RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit).
- Storage: 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit).
- Graphics: Microso DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM driver.
So ware Requirements:
- Opera ng System: Windows 8 installa on media.
- Applica ons: Support for modern UI (formerly Metro) apps and tradi onal desktop applica ons.
- Drivers: Specific drivers for hardware components; enhanced touch and gesture support for touch-enabled
devices.
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 02
OBJECTIVE:- Implement CPU Scheduling Policies using SJF.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int A[100][4];
int i, j, n, total = 0, index, temp;
float avg_wt, avg_tat;
prin ("Enter number of process: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
prin ("Enter Burst Time:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
prin ("P%d: ", i + 1);
scanf("%d", &A[i][1]);
A[i][0] = i + 1;
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
index = i;
for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
if (A[j][1] < A[index][1]) index = j;
temp = A[i][1];
A[i][1] = A[index][1];
A[index][1] = temp;

temp = A[i][0];
A[i][0] = A[index][0];
A[index][0] = temp;
}
A[0][2] = 0;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
A[i][2] = 0;
for (j = 0; j < i; j++) A[i][2] += A[j][1];
total += A[i][2];
}
avg_wt = (float)total / n;
total = 0;
prin ("P BT WT TAT\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
A[i][3] = A[i][1] + A[i][2];
total += A[i][3];
prin ("P%d %d %d %d\n", A[i][0], A[i][1], A[i][2], A[i][3]);
}
avg_tat = (float)total / n;
prin ("Average Wai ng Time= %f", avg_wt);
prin ("\nAverage Turnaround Time= %f", avg_tat);
}
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
Input:-

Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 03
OBJECTIVE:- Implement CPU Scheduling Policies using FCFS
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n, bt[20], wt[20], tat[20], avwt = 0, avtat = 0, i, j;
prin ("Enter total number of processes(maximum 20):");
scanf("%d", &n);
prin ("\nEnter Process Burst Time\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
prin ("P[%d]:", i + 1);
scanf("%d", &bt[i]);
}
wt[0] = 0;
{
wt[i] = 0;
for (j = 0; j < i; j++) wt[i] += bt[j];
}
prin ("\nProcess\t\tBurst Time\tWai ng Time\tTurnaround Time");

{
tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];
avwt += wt[i];
avtat += tat[i];
prin ("\nP[%d]\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d", i + 1, bt[i], wt[i], tat[i]);
}
avwt /= i;
avtat /= i;
prin ("\n\nAverage Wai ng Time:%d", avwt);
prin ("\nAverage Turnaround Time:%d", avtat);
return 0;
Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 04
OBJECTIVE:- Implement CPU Scheduling Policies using PRIORITY
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int bt[20], p[20], wt[20], tat[20], pr[20], i, j, n, total = 0, pos, temp,
avg_wt, avg_tat;
prin ("Enter Total Number of Processes: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
prin ("\nEnter Burst Time and Priority for each process:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
prin ("\nP [%d]\n", i + 1);
prin ("Burst Time: ");
scanf("%d", &bt[i]);
prin ("Priority: ");
scanf("%d", &pr[i]);
p[i] = i + 1;
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
pos = i;
for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
if (pr[j] < pr[pos]) pos = j;
}
temp = pr[i];
pr[i] = pr[pos];
pr[pos] = temp;
temp = bt[i];
bt[i] = bt[pos];
bt[pos] = temp;
temp = p[i];
p[i] = p[pos];
p[pos] = temp;
}
wt[0] = 0;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
wt[i] = 0;
for (j = 0; j < i; j++) wt[i] += bt[j];
total += wt[i];
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];
avg_wt = total / n;
avg_tat = total / n;
prin ("\nProcess\tBurst Time\tPriority\tWai ng Time\tTurnaround Time\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
prin ("P%d\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\n", p[i], bt[i], pr[i], wt[i], tat[i]);
}
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
prin ("\nAverage Wai ng Time = %d\n", avg_wt);
prin ("Average Turnaround Time = %d\n", avg_tat);
return 0;
}
Input:-

Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 05
OBJECTIVE:- Implement CPU Scheduling Policies using ROUND ROBIN
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main() {
int i, NOP, sum = 0, count = 0, y, quant, wt = 0, tat = 0, at[10], bt[10],
temp[10];
float avg_wt, avg_tat;
prin (" Total number of process in the system: ");
scanf("%d", &NOP);
y = NOP;
for (i = 0; i < NOP; i++) {
prin ("\n Enter the Arrival and Burst me of the Process[%d]\n", i + 1);
prin (" Arrival me is: \t");
scanf("%d", &at[i]);
prin (" \nBurst me is: \t");
scanf("%d", &bt[i]);
temp[i] = bt[i];
}
prin ("Enter the Time Quantum for the process: \t");
scanf("%d", &quant);
prin ("\n Process No \t\t Burst Time \t\t TAT \t\t Wai ng Time ");
for (sum = 0, i = 0; y != 0;) {
if (temp[i] <= quant && temp[i] > 0) {
sum = sum + temp[i];
temp[i] = 0;
count = 1;
} else if (temp[i] > 0) {
temp[i] = temp[i] - quant;
sum = sum + quant;
}
if (temp[i] == 0 && count == 1) {
y--;
prin ("\nProcess No[%d] \t\t %d\t\t\t\t %d\t\t\t %d", i + 1, bt[i],
sum - at[i], sum - at[i] - bt[i]);
wt = wt + sum - at[i] - bt[i];
tat = tat + sum - at[i];
count = 0;
}
if (i == NOP - 1) {
i = 0;
} else if (at[i + 1] <= sum) {
i++;
} else {
i = 0;
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
}
}
avg_wt = wt * 1.0 / NOP;
avg_tat = tat * 1.0 / NOP;
prin ("\n Average Turn Around Time: \t%f", avg_wt);
prin ("\n Average Wai ng Time: \t%f", avg_tat);
getch();
}
Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 06
OBJECTIVE:- WAP of Calcula on of internal fragmenta on .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MEMORY_SEGMENT_SIZE 200
#define TOTAL_MEMORY_SIZE 1000
struct Process {
int id;
int size;
};
int total_allocated_memory = 0;
void allocate_memory(struct Process process) {
if (total_allocated_memory + process.size <= TOTAL_MEMORY_SIZE &&
process.size <= MEMORY_SEGMENT_SIZE) {
total_allocated_memory += process.size;
prin (
"Allocated %d MB of memory for process p%d. Total memory allocated: %d "
"MB\n",
process.size, process.id, total_allocated_memory);
} else {
prin ("Not enough memory to allocate %d MB for process p%d\n",
process.size, process.id);
}
}
int main() {
struct Process processes[] =
{{1, 180}, {2, 190}, {3, 200}, {4, 220},{5, 170}, {6, 300}, {7, 190}};
int num_processes = sizeof(processes) / sizeof(processes[0]);
for (int i = 0; i < num_processes; i++) {
allocate_memory(processes[i]);
}

return 0;
}
Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 07
OBJECTIVE:- Implement CPU Scheduling Policies using Mul -level Queue
# include <stdio.h>
struct process {
char name;
int AT, BT, WT, TAT, RT, CT;
} Q1[10], Q2[10], Q3[10];
int n;
void sortByArrival() {
struct process temp;
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
if (Q1[i].AT > Q1[j].AT) {
temp = Q1[i];
Q1[i] = Q1[j];
Q1[j] = temp;
}
}
}
}

int main() {
int i, j, k = 0, r = 0, me = 0, tq1 = 5, tq2 = 8, flag = 0;
char c;
prin ("Enter no of processes:");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (i = 0, c = 'A'; i < n; i++, c++) {
Q1[i].name = c;
prin ("Enter the arrival me and burst me of process %c: ", Q1[i].name);
scanf("%d%d", &Q1[i].AT, &Q1[i].BT);
Q1[i].RT = Q1[i].BT;
}
sortByArrival();
me = Q1[0].AT;
prin ("Process in first queue following RR with qt=5");
prin ("\nProcess\t\tRT\t\tWT\t\tTAT\t\t");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (Q1[i].RT <= tq1) {
me += Q1[i].RT;
Q1[i].RT = 0;
Q1[i].WT = me - Q1[i].AT - Q1[i].BT;
Q1[i].TAT = me - Q1[i].AT;
prin ("\n%c\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d", Q1[i].name, Q1[i].BT, Q1[i].WT,
Q1[i].TAT);

} else {
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
Q2[k].WT = me;
me += tq1;
Q1[i].RT -= tq1;
Q2[k].BT = Q1[i].RT;
Q2[k].RT = Q2[k].BT;
Q2[k].name = Q1[i].name;
k = k + 1;
flag = 1;
}
}
if (flag == 1) {
prin ("\nProcess in second queue following RR with qt=8");
prin ("\nProcess\t\tRT\t\tWT\t\tTAT\t\t");
}
for (i = 0; i < k; i++) {
if (Q2[i].RT <= tq2) {
me += Q2[i].RT;
Q2[i].RT = 0;
Q2[i].WT = me - tq1 - Q2[i].BT;
Q2[i].TAT = me - Q2[i].AT;
prin ("\n%c\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d", Q2[i].name, Q2[i].BT, Q2[i].WT,
Q2[i].TAT);

} else {
Q3[r].AT = me;
me += tq2;
Q2[i].RT -= tq2;
Q3[r].BT = Q2[i].RT;
Q3[r].RT = Q3[r].BT;
Q3[r].name = Q2[i].name;
r = r + 1;
flag = 2;
}
}

{
if (flag == 2) prin ("\nProcess in third queue following FCFS ");
}
for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
if (i == 0)
Q3[i].CT = Q3[i].BT + me - tq1 - tq2;
else
Q3[i].CT = Q3[i - 1].CT + Q3[i].BT;
}

for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {

Q3[i].TAT = Q3[i].CT;
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
Q3[i].WT = Q3[i].TAT - Q3[i].BT;
prin ("\n%c\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t", Q3[i].name, Q3[i].BT, Q3[i].WT,
Q3[i].TAT);
}
}
Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 08
OBJECTIVE:- Implementa on of con guous alloca on techniques.
(a). Worst-Fit
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define max 25
void main() {
int frag[max], b[max], f[max], i, j, nb, nf, temp;
sta c int bf[max], ff[max];
clrscr();
prin ("Memory Management Scheme - First Fit");
prin ("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d", &nb);
prin ("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d", &nf);
prin ("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for (i = 1; i <= nb; i++) {
prin ("Block %d:", i);
scanf("%d", &b[i]);
}
prin ("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for (i = 1; i <= nf; i++) {
prin ("File %d:", i);
scanf("%d", &f[i]);
}
for (i = 1; i <= nf; i++) {
for (j = 1; j <= nb; j++) {
if (bf[j] != 1) {
temp = b[j] - f[i];
if (temp >= 0) {
ff[i] = j;
break;
}
}
}
frag[i] = temp;
bf[ff[i]] = 1;
}
prin ("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement");
for (i = 1; i <= nf; i++)
prin ("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d", i, f[i], ff[i], b[ff[i]], frag[i]);
getch();
}
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
Output:-

(b). Best-Fit
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define max 25
void main() {
int frag[max], b[max], f[max], i, j, nb, nf, temp, lowest = 10000;
sta c int bf[max], ff[max];
prin ("Enter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d", &nb);
prin ("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d", &nf);
prin ("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for (i = 1; i <= nb; i++) {
prin ("Block %d:", i);
scanf("%d", &b[i]);
}
prin ("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for (i = 1; i <= nf; i++) {
prin ("File %d:", i);
scanf("%d", &f[i]);
}
for (i = 1; i <= nf; i++) {
for (j = 1; j <= nb; j++) {
if (bf[j] != 1) {
temp = b[j] - f[i];
if (temp >= 0)
if (lowest > temp) {
ff[i] = j;
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2

lowest = temp;
}
}
}
frag[i] = lowest;
bf[ff[i]] = 1;
lowest = 10000;
}
prin ("\nFile No\tFile Size \tBlock No\tBlock Size\tFragment");
for (i = 1; i <= nf && ff[i] != 0; i++)
prin ("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d", i, f[i], ff[i], b[ff[i]], frag[i]);
getch();
}

Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 9
OBJECTIVE:- Implementa on of page replacement algorithm using
(a) FIFO
#include <stdio.h>
#define FRAME_SIZE 3
int frames[FRAME_SIZE];
int front = 0;
int rear = 0;
int pageFaults = 0;
void displayFrames() {
for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
prin ("%d ", frames[i]);
}
prin ("\n");
}
void insertPage(int page) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < rear; i++) {
if (frames[i] == page) {
prin ("Page %d already in frame.\n", page);
displayFrames();
return;}
}
if (rear < FRAME_SIZE) {
frames[rear++] = page;
} else {
for (i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE - 1; i++) {
frames[i] = frames[i + 1];
}
frames[i] = page;
}
pageFaults++;
prin ("Page %d inserted:\n", page);
displayFrames();
}
int main() {
int requests[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4};
int n = sizeof(requests) / sizeof(requests[0]);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
insertPage(requests[i]);
}
prin ("Total page faults: %d\n", pageFaults);
return 0;
}

Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2

(b) LRU
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define FRAME_SIZE 3
int frames[FRAME_SIZE];
int usage[FRAME_SIZE];
int pageFaults = 0;
int me = 0;
void displayFrames() {
for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
prin ("%d ", frames[i]); }
prin ("\n");
}
int findLRU() {
int minUsage = INT_MAX, lruIndex = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
if (usage[i] < minUsage) {
minUsage = usage[i];
lruIndex = i;
}
}
return lruIndex;
}
void insertPage(int page) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
if (frames[i] == page) {
prin ("Page %d already in frame.\n", page);
usage[i] = ++ me;
displayFrames();
return; }
}
int lruIndex = findLRU();
frames[lruIndex] = page;
usage[lruIndex] = ++ me;
pageFaults++;
prin ("Page %d inserted:\n", page);
displayFrames();
}
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
frames[i] = -1; //-1 to indicate empty slots
usage[i] = 0;}
int requests[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4};
int n = sizeof(requests) / sizeof(requests[0]);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
insertPage(requests[i]);
}
prin ("Total page faults: %d\n", pageFaults);
return 0;
}
Output:-
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
PROGRAM NO 10
OBJECTIVE:- Implement file storage alloca on technique: Con guous(using array)
#include <stdio.h>
struct filep {
int id;
int start;
int count;
};
typedef struct filep files;
int main() {
int disk[100];
int i, j, k;
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) disk[i] = -1;
files f[3];
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
f[i].id = i;
prin ("enter the number of blocks for file : %d \n", i);
scanf("%d", &f[i].count);
}
int flag = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
flag = 0;
for (j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
if (disk[j] == -1) {
for (k = j; k < j + f[i].count && disk[k] == -1; k++) {
flag++;
prin ("\n flag for file %d : %d\n", i, flag);
}
if (flag == f[i].count) {
for (k = j; k < j + f[i].count; k++) {
f[i].start = j;
disk[k] = f[i].id;
}
j = j + f[i].count;
break;
} else {
j = j + flag;
flag = 0;
}
}
if (j == 99 && flag == 0) prin ("\n disk is full \n");
}
}
prin ("\n here is the disk alloca on details \n");
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) prin ("%d ", disk[i]);
return 0;
}
Ishita Sachan 2200911540057 CSDS-1 G2
Output:-