UNIT 11.4.

WORK ENERGY AND POWER

All machines, whether simple or complex, allow a force applied at one

to overcome another force at a different place. Overcoming a force
involves doing a work. Machines in action do work by taking in energy
at one end and feeding it out at the other end, perhaps in a different
form. So to understand machines we must look carefully at what we
mean by work, energy and power of a machine. Larger units of work in common use are kilojoule and mega joule.
WORK 1 kilojoule = 1000 J

1 Mega joule = 1000 000 J

Work is done whenever a force produces a movement. It can be
calculated using the formula: Below are examples of forces doing work. Look for other forces acting
on the objects which do not do work.
W=F×s Or W= mas (Since 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎)

Where W is the work done in joules (J) or Nm, F is the force applied in
Newton (N) and s is the distance moved in meters (m). Work is a
scalar quantity.

The grater the force and the greater the distance moved, the more
work is done.

Example 1

1 J of work is done when a force of 1 N moves the point at which it

acts through a distance of 1 m. [1 J = 1 Nm]
1. The pushing F moves and does work.
Example 2
2. Lifting force does work.
As shown in the figure on the other side, if a force of 50 N, if a force of
50 N moves a crate a distance of 3 m, the work done is 150 J. If you lift 3. Internal pushing force does work.
a 3 kg vertically through 2 m, the work done vertically is 60 J.
4. The weight does the work as it moves forward.

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Example 3 Example 5

James push-starts a 15 00 kg racing car with a force of 800 N. The car A box of mass 5.0 kg is pulled along a horizontal frictionless surface by
moves a distance of 5 m. Calculate the work done on the car. a force of 40 N inclined at angle 30° over a distance of 10 m. Calculate
the work done.
W = Fs = 800 N × 5 m = 4000 J

Example 4
W = F cos θ = 40 cos 30° × 10 = 346 J
A 1.8 m tall weightlifter lifted a 80 kg mass off the ground to a height
0.5 m above his head. Calculate the Work done by the weightlifter on Work is not done when a force does not move over a distance (for
the weight. example, pushing against the wall) or moving over a distance without
applying a force (for example, carrying a bucket of water over a
Solution:
distance).
Work is done by the weight force
An object moving with a constant velocity does no work. However,
∴ F = mg = 80 kg × 10 N/kg = 800 N work may have to be done against friction just to keep the object
moving at constant velocity.
Distance covered above the surface (s) = 1.8 m + 0.5 m = 2.3 m
Example 6
Thus, W = F s = 800 N × 2.3 m = 1840 J
A man pushes a heavy box across the floor at a constant speed 0.5 m/s
The work done on the mass is equal to the gain in energy of the mass. by exerting a horizontal force of 120 N on it.
The mass has gained 1 840 J of gravitational potential energy.
(a). What is resultant force on the box?

(b). How much work is done by the man in 5 seconds?

If the force and displacement are not in the same direction, the
component of 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 is the direction of the displacement used.
Solution:

(a). The resultant force is zero. This is because the box is moving at a
constant speed (applied force = frictional force, i.e. 120 N = -120 N). If
there is a resultant force, it will cause the box to accelerate and the
speed would not be constant.
W = F cos θ × s
(b). In five seconds, 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 = 0.5 × 5 = 2.5 m
Where 𝐹 cos 𝜃 is the horizontal component force, where the object
move. ∴ W = Fs = 120 N × 2.5 m = 300 J

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Example 7 4. How much work is done to pull a block of wood with a force of 60
N on a rough surface with a frictional force of 20 N over a distance of
The engine in a radio-controlled toy car applies a constant force of 10 m?
1.25N to accelerate the car of mass of 500 g from rest. If there is a
constant frictional force of 0.75 N. 5. A hiker climbs a hill 300 m high, if she weighs 50 kg, calculate the
work she does in lifting her body to the top of the hill.
(a). what is the net force on the car?
6. A car of mass 500 kg travels at a constant velocity of 5 m/s when the
(b). what is the acceleration of the car? engine applied a force of 150 N covering a distance of 20 m in 4
(c). what is the speed gained by the car after 10 seconds? seconds.

(d). what is the work done on the car as it moves 40 m? (a). What is the frictional force acting on the car?

(b). what is the resultant force? Explain your answer.

Solution: (c). Calculate the work done by the car against friction.

(a). 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑎 − 𝐹𝑓 = 1.25 N – 0.75 N = 0.5 N (d). what is the acceleration of the car after 2 seconds?

Fnet 0.5 7. A box of weight 50 N is pulled 2 m along a horizontal floor by a

(b). a = = = 1.0ms −2 force of 10 N and then is lifted vertically to a height m as shown below.
m 0.5
What is the total work done on the box?
(c). v = at + u = (1×10)+ 0 = 10 m/s

(d). W = Fs = 0.5 N × 40 m = 20 J

EXERCISE 1

1. How much work is done if a force of 12 N moves an object moves

an object over a distance of 5000 cm?
9. What is the mass of a body if 9000 J of work are required to
2. If you use a force of 40 N to lift a bag to do a work of 20 J, how far accelerate it by 4 ms-2 on a frictionless surface for a distance of 30 m?
do you lift it?
10. A crate has a force of 6000 N acting on it as shown in the diagram
3. Joel is on the moon in his space suit. His mass (and the suit) is 80 kg. below. The frictional force between the ground and the crate is 2000
The gravitational field strength on the moon is 1.6 N/kg. N. The acceleration of the crate is 2 ms-2, starting from rest.
(a). What is Joel’s weight?

(b). Joel now climbs up a 30 m ladder into his spacecraft. How much
work does he do?

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(a). What is the size and direction of the net force? (b). Calculate the force provided by the engines to accelerate the
aircraft to lift off speed. (Ignore air resistance).
(b). What is the mass of the crate?
(c). Calculate the time from rest to lift off.
(c). What is the weight of the crate?
(d). Calculate the work done by the engines during this time.
(d). How work is done by the applied force if the crate moves 100 m?
14. A man pulls a sledge with rope inclined to the horizontal at 60°,
(e). How much work is done against friction when the crate moves 100 when the force is 200 N. The frictional force of 50 N is acting on the
m? sledge.
11. A man of mass 60 kg walks up a track inclined at an angle of 30° to
the horizontal as shown below. If he walks 400 m along the track, how
much work does he do?

(a). Calculate the horizontal component force.

(b). Calculate the net force acting on the sledge.

12. A towing force of 350 N is applied to a dingy at an angle of 12°. The (c). Calculate the work done if the sledge moves 15 m.
dingy moves 100 m from rest while the force is applied (ignore
friction), as shown. Force- Distance graph

The area under the force-distance graph or force-displacement

graph is equal to the work done.

(a). Calculate the work done?

(b). Calculate the acceleration of the dingy if it has a mass of 150 kg.

(c). Calculate the speed attained after 15 seconds if the dingy starts
from rest.

13. An air craft of total mass 40 000 kg (including passenger and cargo)
accelerates from rest for a distance of 600 m down a runway before
lifting off with a speed of 60 m/s.

(a). calculate the acceleration of the air craft along the runway.

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Example 1 EXERCISE 2

The graph below shows how horizontal force varies with a distance as
it acts on a mass of 2 kg initially at rest. The mass moves in a straight 1. Calculate the work done over a distance of 16 m as shown by the
line on a frictionless horizontal surface. graph.

ENERGY

Energy is the capacity for doing work and it is measured in joules (J). It
exists in variety of forms and is given different names, although all
(a). How much work is done by the force in moving the body in the energy is the same.
first 4 seconds?

(b). Calculate the total work done in moving the mass a distance of 16 FORMS OF ENERGY
m.
Chemical Energy
Solution:
This is the energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds and may
(a). Work done = area under the graph be released during chemical reactions such as burning or respiration to
1 1 do work. Food, and fuels, like oil, gas, coal and wood, and batteries are
= bh = × 4 × 8 = 16 J
2 2 stores of chemical energy.
1
(b). Work done = (a + b)h
2

1
= (16 + 6) × 8 = 88 J Potential Energy
2
This is the energy that is stored of a body because of its position or
condition. A body above the Earth’s surface, like the water stored in
the mountain has potential energy stored in the form of gravitational
potential energy. Wound up springs and rubber bands has elastic
potential energy when it is compressed or stretched. An object has

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more gravitational potential energy when raised above the ground than ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
it has after falling to the ground.
According to the law of conservation of energy:
Kinetic energy
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can changed from
It is the energy possessed by all moving objects. As a moving object one form into another, but the total amount of energy always remains
slows down, it loses kinetic energy, when it stops it has no kinetic
energy. Also the larger the mass of the moving object the larger the unchanged or the same.
kinetic energy. Therefore, the amount of kinetic energy depends on its
mass and how fast it moves. In other word energy is conserved.

An example of energy changes taking place when the ball is thrown

upwards, reaches the highest point, and turns back to finally hit the
Electrical energy highest ground is given below.
This form of energy is carried by charged particles called electrons. It is
easily transmitted by wires to the place where it is needed. The charged
particles flow along the conductors (wires).

Heat energy

Heat is a form of energy that hot objects have. If heat is taken away
from objects it becomes cooler.

Nuclear energy
chemical → kinetic → potential → kinetic → heat and sound
This is a form of energy stored inside atoms. It can be released from
some atoms, in nuclear power stations. Nuclear stored in hydrogen Kinetic Energy and the Work Done.
atoms is the source of the sun’s energy.
Kinetic energy of the moving body is calculated using the formula:

Sound Waves 𝟏
𝑬𝒌 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
Sound is a form of kinetic energy caused by vibrating objects. It travels
from place to place as sound waves. The louder the sound is, the more Where 𝐸𝑘 is the kinetic energy in J, 𝑚 is the mass of the body in kg. 𝑣
energy it has. is the velocity of the body in m/s.

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Example 1 (b). Work done = gain in kinetic energy.

A car of mass 1000 kg is moving at a speed of 20m/s. Calculate the = 135 000 J
kinetic energy of that speed.
W 135 000
(c). F= = = 13 500 N
s 10
1 1
Ek = mv 2 = × 1000 × (20)2 = 2 × 105 J
2 2

Gravitational Potential Energy and the Work Done.

Example 2
Gravitational Potential Energy of the the body is calculated using the
A rocket of mass 10 kg has a kinetic energy of 12500 J. Calculate the
formula:
speed of the rocket.

1 𝑬𝒑 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
Ek = mv 2
2

2Ek 2 × 12 500 𝐸𝑝 = gravitational potential energy, 𝑚 = mass of the body in kg, 𝑔 =

v=√ = √ = 50 ms −1 10 N/kg (gravitational field strength),, ℎ is the height in meters.
m 10
Example 1

A ball of mass 0.5 kg is thrown vertically upwards, and it reaches a

A force can cause a stationary object to move. When a force moves an
height of 45 m above the ground. Calculate the potential energy of the
object, it does work and the object gains kinetic energy. Hence we say
ball at its highest point.
that kinetic energy of the object is due to work done by the force.

Example 3 Ep = mgh = 0.5 × 10 × 45 = 225 J

A car of mass 1200 kg travels at 15 ms −1 . Example 2

(a). How much kinetic energy does it possess? If a stone of mass 2 kg has 250 J of potential energy at the top of the
building, what is the height of the building?
(b). What is the work done by the car?
Ep = mgh
(c). Calculate the size of the force that moves the object through a
Ep 250
distance of 10 m. ∴h= = =12.5 m
mg 2×10

Solution:
When an object of mass 𝑚, is raised above a certain height ℎ, the gain
1 1 in gravitational is equal to the work done.
(a). Ek = mv 2 = × 1200 × (15)2 = 135 000 J
2 2
i.e. Work done = gain in Ep = mgh

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Example 3 4. A car of mass 750 kg slows down from 30 ms −1 to 15 ms −1 over a
distance of 50 m.
A box of mass 5 kg is lifted from the floor to the shelf at the height of
10 m as shown below. (a). What is the change in kinetic energy?

(b). What is the average breaking force that acts on it?

5. A car of mass 900 kg is travelling at a speed of 20 ms −1

(a). Find its kinetic energy.

(b). calculate the driving force over a distance of 50 m.

(a). Calculate the work done. 5. A constant unbalanced force changes the speed of a 10 kg sledge
from 10 ms −1 to 30 ms −1 in a distance of 40 m. Calculate the size of
Work done = gain in Ep = mgh = 5 × 10 × 10 = 500 J the unbalanced force acting on the sledge.
(b). Calculate the minimum force required to lift the box. 6. A trolley of mass 2.5 kg is pulled along a flat bench by a force of 5 N.
W 500 When the trolley has travelled 4 m, find:
F= = = 50 N (the force is equal and opposite to the weight of
s 10
the box). (a). how much work has been done on it.

EXERCISE 3 (b). how much kinetic energy it has gained.

(c). its velocity.

1. Write the chain energy (energy conversion) for;
7. A golf ball of mass 0.1 kg rises vertically to 40 m above the ground.
(a). a ball thrown upwards and falls back to hit the ground. Calculate its gravitational potential energy at that height.

(b). a dry cell used to light a bulb. 8. A packing case has a gravitational potential energy of 400 J when it is
2 m above the ground. What is the mass of the case?
(c). Hammer used to drive the nail into the wood.
9. A man weighing 800 N carries a load of 200 N up some steps 2 m
high.
2. A rocket of mass 3000 kg has a kinetic energy of 6× 205 J. At what (a). what is the total work done?
speed is it travelling?
(b). what is the gain in potential energy?
3. An object of mass 6 kg is travelling at a velocity of 5 ms −1.
10. A car of mass 800 kg moves from point X to point Y along a section
(a). What is its kinetic energy? of a level road, down an incline, and along another section of level road.
(b). What will be its kinetic energy if the velocity is doubled? Figure on the next page shows the path followed by the car. The
acceleration of the free fall is 10 ms −2.

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 v2 202
∴h= = =20 m
2g 2×10

Example 2

The stone in the figure below has a mass of 4 kg. It is at a height of 8 m

above the ground. What is its kinetic energy as it passes a point 6 m
above the ground? Ignore air resistance.
(a). What is the loss in potential energy as the car moves from point X
to point Y?

(b). Calculate the work done in moving from X to Y?

Converting Potential Energy to kinetic Energy of Kinetic Energy

to Potential Energy.

In the figure shown, the ball had 20 J of potential energy before it was
dropped. As the ball falls towards the ground, it gains kinetic energy at When the stone drops from 8 m to 6 m, it loses as much gravitational
the expense of its gravitational energy that is loses, so these two potential energy as it gains kinetic energy.
quantities always add up to 20 J.
The change in height of the above stone = 2 m

Ep (loss) = mgh = 4 × 10 × 2 = 80 J

∴ Ek (gained) = 80 J

Or Ep at height 8 m = mgh = 4 × 10 × 8 = 320 J

Ep at height 6 m = mgh = 4 × 10 × 6 = 240 J

Thus, at the height of 6 m, Ek = 320 J – 240 J = 80 J

This is another example of law of conservation of energy, that is, loss of Example 4
potential energy is equal to the gain in kinetic energy.
A pendulum bob of mass 1.0 kg is moved sideways until it has risen by a
Example 1 vertical height of 0.45 m.

Cairos throws a ball into the air with an upward speed of 20 m/s. How
high will it go?

Loss of kinetic energy = gain in potential energy

1
mv 2 = mgh (a). Calculate the potential energy of the pendulum at point A.
2

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(b). What is the kinetic energy at point B? (d). the speed with which the ball hits the ground.

(c). Calculate the speed of the bob at its lowest point (point B). (e). the total amount of energy changed into heat and sound energies as
a result of the bounce.
(d). What is the potential and kinetic energy at point C?
3. A boy accidently dropped a marble from his apartment window. If
Solution: the mass of the marble is 10 g and the height from which it was
(a). Ep = mgh = 1.0 × 10 × 0.45 = 4.5 J dropped was 65 m, what was the speed of the marble when it hit the
ground? Ignore air resistance.
(b). Ep (loss) = Ek (gained)
4. A 2.0 kg sphere at the top of a 3.0 m hill is moving at 1 ms −1 as
Thus, Ek = 4.5 J shown. What will its velocity be at the bottom of the hill (point X).

2Ek 2×4.5
(c). v = √ = √ = 3 ms −1
m 1.0

(d). Ep = 4.5 J and Ek = 0 J

EXERCISE 4

5. A ball is released from a height of 1.0 m. It rebounds off the floor and
1. A stone of mass 0.1 kg is thrown vertically upwards. It arrives back at reaches a height of 0.75 m. How much of the ball’s total energy has
its starting point 4 s later. Calculate: been converted to other forms? What other forms are they?
(a). initial speed. 6. A 2kg block is raised to a height of 10 m and is released. How much
(b). the initial kinetic energy. kinetic energy will it have:

(c). the potential energy at its greatest height. (a). when it is 5 m from the ground?

(d). the maximum height of the stone above the starting point. (b). when it is 2 m from the ground?

(e). The speed as it arrives back at the starting point. 7. A catapult stores 10 J of strain energy when it is fully stretched.as it
is used to fire a marble of mass 0.02 kg straight up into the air.
2. A steel ball of mass 0.4 kg falls to the ground from a height of 1 m
and rebounds to a height of 0.8 m. Calculate: (a). calculate how high the marble rises.

(a). the initial gravitational potential energy. (b). how fast is the marble moving when it is 30 m above the ground?
Ignore air resistance.
(b). the kinetic energy just as the ball reaches the ground.
8. the stone in the figure on the other page has a mass of 2 kg. 72 J of
(c). the kinetic energy just after it leaves the ground after bouncing work were done in moving the stone up the smooth slope from D to
back. A.

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(a). What is the potential energy of the stone at A?

(b). If the stone falls, what is the potential energy at B, the midpoint of
its fall?
Taking the ground level as the zero level of gravitational potential
(c). What is the kinetic energy at B? energy, determine the following:

(d). What is the velocity of the stone as it passes B? (a). the kinetic energy of the body at A.

(e). What is the velocity of the stone just before it strikes the ground? (b). the potential energy of the body at A.

(f). If the store were to slide down the slope rather than fall, what (c). the kinetic energy of the body at B.
would be its kinetic energy and velocity as it reaches D?
(d). the velocity of the body at B.
9. The diagram shows a pendulum of mass 50 g. The pendulum is at rest
at position A. It is pulled aside to point B, at a height of 50 cm above A, (e). the kinetic energy of the body at C.
and then released. (f). the velocity of the body at C.

HOOKE’S LAW

Hook’s law states that:

In an ideal spring, the stretch or compression is directly

proportional to the force exerted by the spring.
(a). what is the change in potential energy of the pendulum as it rises
from A to B. Hooke’s law expresses this proportionality mathematically:

(b). What is the kinetic energy of the pendulum at A? 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥

(c). Calculate the velocity of the pendulum at A.

Where k, the slope of the graph, is called the spring constant. The units
10. A body of mass 0.5 kg is projected horizontally with a velocity of 6
for k are N/m. x is the distance the spring has been stretched or
ms −1 at point A on a frictionless track as shown in the diagram on the
compressed from its normal length
right.

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The minus sign (-k) shows that the spring force is opposite the (a). the extending force is the weight force on the 0.5 kg. The size of
distortion of the spring: Stretch it, and the spring responds with a force the force is:
opposite the stretching force; compress it, and the spring pushes back
against the compressing force. F = mg = 0.5 × 10 = 5 N

F = kx

The area under the force (stretched -distance graph or F 5

k= = = 20 N/m
x 0.25
force (stretched)-displacement graph is equal to the elastic
(b). at the extension of 25 cm, the potential energy stored is:
potential energy.
1 1
𝐸𝑝 = kx 2 = × 20 × (0.25)2 = 0.625 J
𝟏 𝟐 2 2
𝑬𝒑 = 𝒌𝒙
𝟐 (c). doubling the mass doubles the extending force to 10 N, which
doubles the extension to 50 cm.

(d). An extension of 50 cm, the potential energy stored is:

1 1
𝐸𝑝 = kx 2 = × 20 × (0.5)2 = 2.5 J
2 2
𝟏
The 𝑥 2 in the formula 𝑬𝒑 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐 shows that, proportionally, much EXERCISE 5
𝟐
more (a square function) elastic potential energy is stored in a spring as
it is stretched (or compressed) further. 1. A sling shot has a spring constant of 50 N/m.
Example

A mass of 0.5 kg hung from the end of a spring extends the spring by 25
cm.

(a). Calculate the spring constant.

(b). How much elastic potential energy is stored in the spring.

(c). Another mass of 0.5 kg is added to the first mass. What is the new
extension? (a). What is the force needed to pull the elastic band back 0.15m?

(d). How much energy is stored in the spring now. (b). What elastic potential energy is stored in the sling shot at that
extension?
Solution:

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2. A 30 kg child stands on a trampoline and causes the trampoline to POWER
sag by 10 cm.
Power is the rate of doing work.
(a). What is the child’s weight?

(b). What is the trampoline’s spring constant? Power is calculated using the formula:

(c). How much elastic potential is stored in the trampoline? W W = work done (concerted energy) in J, 𝑡 = time
P=
(d). The child bounces on the trampoline and at a maximum extension t in seconds, 𝑃 = Power in Watts or Joules/seconds
she presses the surface 30 cm down below its normal level. If the
trampoline’s spring constant is assumed to remain constant, how much The power of 1 W = 1 J/s
more elastic potential energy is stored in the trampoline at this Example 1
maximum extension?
What is Serah’s personal power if she runs up a flight of steps 400 high
3. The diagram below shows how the force F needed to compress a in 8 seconds. Her mass is 50 kg.
spring varies as the spring is compressed.

Work done = gain in potential energy

= mgh = 50 × 10 × 400 = 2 000 J

W 2000
(a). How much work is done to compress the spring 20 cm? P= = = 250 W
t 8

(b). What is the value of the spring’s constant, k?

(c). What is the elastic potential energy of the spring? Power in terms of Force and velocity

Power is equal to the product of the velocity and the component of the
force in the direction of the velocity.

P=Fv

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Example 1 Example 3

The car in the figure below is travelling at a steady velocity of 20 ms −1 A vehicle of mass 1400 kg climbs a hill inclined at 10°, at a steady speed
along a level road. If the total of the frictional forces acting on the car of 80 kmh−1 . The frictional force on the vehicle is 700 N. Calculate the
are 700 N, what is the power output of the engine? required power.

As the car has a constant velocity, the net force is zero (Newton’s First Force exerted by the car (applied by the car)
Law of motion). The engine there force provides a forward force of
700 N to balance the total frictional force. = Frictional Force + component of the force parallel to the hill
(horizontal component).
P = Fv = 700 N × 20 ms −1 = 14 000 W or 14 kW
= 𝐹𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 700 N + 1400 × sin 10° = 3131 N
80 000 m
V = 80 kmh−1 = = 22 ms −1
Example 2 3600 s

∴ 𝑃 = Fv = 3131 N × 22 ms −1 = 68 882 W
A car of mass 1 400 kg accelerates from 90 kmh−1 to 110 kmh−1 in 5
seconds to pass another car while on a level road. The friction force
provides a forward on the vehicle is 700 N. Calculate the power of the
car. Electrical Power
90 000 m
u = 90 kmh−1 = = 25 ms −1
3600 s Electrical power is the rate at which energy is consumed in an electrical
110 000 m circuit.
v = 110 kmh −1
= = 30.6 ms , t = 5 s
−1
3600 s
Example
𝑣−𝑢 30.6−25
a= = =1.12 ms −2
𝑡 5
A microwave has a power rating of 650 W. How much work can it do
Fnet = ma = 1400 × 1.12 = 1568 N in 2 minutes?

W = Pt = 650 W × 120 s = 78 000 J or 78 kJ

For the car to accelerate, it must apply a total force that will overcome EXERCISE 6
the frictional force.

Since Fnet = Fa − Ff 1. David runs up a flight of steps 6 m high in 4 s. If his mass is 100 kg,
what power did he develop?
Fa = Fnet + Ff = 1568 N + 700 N = 2268 N

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2. Agiru lifted 265 kg above his head. In the last stages of his lift he 9. A 45 kg person ran up 20 steps, each 25 cm high, in a time of 5.0
raised the bar 1 m in 2 s. What power did he develop? seconds, as shown in the figure below. At what rate was the work
done?
3. A girl who weighs 500 N runs up a flight of stairs in a time of 20 s. If
each step is 0.2 m high and there are 60 steps in the flight, calculate the
girl’s power.

4. An electric motor has an output power of 4 kW. How long would

the motor take to raise the load of 1000 N through a distance of 50 m?

5. Someone hauls a load weighing 600 N through a vertical height of 10

m in 20 s.

(a). How much work does she do? 10. The power consumption of a particular car engine at a constant
(b). How much work does she do in 1 s? 100 kmh−1 is 15 kW. Calculate:
(c). what is her useful power output? (a). The work done against resistance in 1 hour.
6. With frictional forces acting, a forward force of 2500 N is needed to (b). the size of the resistance force.
keep a lorry travelling at a steady speed of 20 ms −1 along a level road.
What useful power is being delivered to the driving wheels? 11. A car of mass 1 500 kg accelerates from 90 kmh−1 to 100 kmh−1
in 5 seconds while travelling on a level road. The friction force provides
7. A large box of mass 50 kg rests on a horizontal floor. A man moves a forward on the vehicle is 700 N. Calculate the power required by the
the box by pushing it with a horizontal force of 200 N. The box moves car.
at a constant speed of 0.5 ms −1 .
12. A car of mass 800 kg climbs a hill whose inclination is 10° at a
(a). Calculate the work done on the box each second by the man. steady speed of 70 kmh−1 . The frictional force on the car is 700 N.
(b). State the rate at which work is done on the box. Calculate the power required by the car.

(c). State the value of the force of friction between the floor and the 13. A heavy vehicle of mass 200 tonnes has a maximum speed of 20
box. Explain your answer. ms −1 uphill inclined at 1.15O to the horizontal when the engine is
working at 800 kW. Determine the resistance of the motion of the
(d). What is the acceleration of the box? vehicle.

8. Calculate the average power of the bicycle rider shown, who travels 14. A car of mass 75- kg has a maximum power of 30 kW and moves
1.5 km in 75 seconds against a frictional force of 220 N at a constant against a constant resistance of motion of 800 N. Calculate the
velocity. maximum speed of the car I the following situations:

(a). on level ground.

(b). up an incline hill at 5.74O to the horizontal.

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(c). down the hill.

15. A car of mass 500 kg has a maximum speed of 150 k,/h on a level
road, when working at its maximum power against resistance of 60 N.
Determine the acceleration of the car when it is travelling at 60 km/h
on a level road, with engine working at maximum power, assuming that
the resistance of motion remains constant.

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17 | P a g e PREPARED BY MR JACOB