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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4 Name

The relative amount of in a cell at various stages of the cell cycle is shown in Figure 1 .
1.

Figure 1. Amount of per cell during different stages of the cell cycle, relative to the beginning of the
stage
Which of the following best describes how the amount of in the cell changes during phase?

A The amount of doubles as the is replicated.

B The amount of slightly increases as a result of new organelle synthesis.

C The amount of does not change while the cell grows.

D The amount of is halved as the cell divides into two daughter cells.

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

2. Researchers performed an experiment to determine the effect of certain genetic mutations on mitosis in
tropical fruit fly embryos. They determined the percentage of cells in each of four phases of mitosis as
shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Percent of cells in phases of mitosis

Which of the following patterns is shown by the data?

A Mutant 1 cells are more similar to mutant 3 cells than to wild-type cells.

B In wild-type cells, the percent of cells in anaphase is twice the amount of those in telophase

C In mutant 3 cells, more time is spent in prophase/prometaphase than in the later stages of mitosis.

D The percent of mutant 2 cells in anaphase is higher than that of mutant 1 cells.

What is the expected percent change in the content of a typical eukaryotic cell as it progresses
3.
through the cell cycle from the start of the phase to the end of the phase?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

4. Figure 1 shows the number of chromosomes observed in an actively dividing human cell at each stage of
cell division.

Figure 1. Number of chromosomes in a human cell at different stages of cell division

Which of the following presents a correct interpretation of the changes in chromosome number depicted in
Figure 1 ?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

replication occurs between metaphase and anaphase, doubling the number of chromosomes. Between
A telophase and cytokinesis, the cell divides in two, with each cell receiving half of the replicated
chromosomes.

New chromosomes formed during prophase are doubled during anaphase and are recombined before
B
cytokinesis.

Chromosomes enter metaphase containing two chromatids attached by a centromere. During anaphase, the
C chromatids are separated, each becoming a chromosome. Cytokinesis distributes the chromosomes into two
separate cells.

At anaphase a cell contains two identical copies of each chromosome, but following telophase, one of the
D
copies is broken down into nucleotides.

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling
pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the
epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells

5. Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

A It involves the opening and closing of ion channels.

B In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.

C It involves changes in the expression of target genes.

D It involves protons moving down a concentration gradient.

6. Which of the following statements best describes the role of adenylyl cyclase in the epinephrine signaling
pathway?

A It converts a polymer to its monomer subunits.

B It moves substances across the plasma membrane.

C It accelerates the production of a second messenger.

D It transfers phosphate groups from to protein substrates.

Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the irreversible binding of to the G
7.
protein?

A The intracellular concentration of glycogen will increase.

B The intracellular concentration of activated protein kinase A will increase.

C The intracellular concentration of cyclic will increase.

D The intracellular concentration of glucose-1-phosphate will increase.

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

8. A researcher claims that the epinephrine signaling pathway controls a catabolic process in muscle cells.
Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?

A Epinephrine is a signaling molecule that binds to a transmembrane protein.

B The G protein in the epinephrine signaling pathway consists of three different subunits.

C Phosphorylase kinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of .

D Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.

Cyclic phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cyclic to a different

9.
molecule. Which of the following best predicts the effect of inhibiting cyclic phosphodiesterase in a
muscle cell stimulated by epinephrine?

A The concentration of cyclic will decrease because adenylyl cyclase will no longer be activated.

B The G protein will diffuse out of the cell because it will no longer bind to the plasma membrane.

C Phosphorylase kinase will remain active because protein kinase A will no longer be deactivated.

D Glycolysis will stop because epinephrine signaling will no longer stimulate glycogen breakdown.

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

10. Figure 1 is a proposed model of the feedback system controlling erythrocyte (red blood cell) production.

Figure 1. Model of erythrocyte production control

Air is less dense at very high elevations, so less oxygen is available than in the denser air at sea level. Based
on the model in Figure 1, if a person travels from sea level to a high elevation location, which of the
following correctly predicts the response to the decreased blood oxygen level?

A More erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, decreasing production of erythrocytes.

B More erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes.

C Less erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, decreasing production of erythrocytes.

D Less erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes.

11. Ethylene causes fruits to ripen. In a signaling pathway, receptors activate transcription factors, which
ultimately leads to ripening.
Which of the following best supports the claim that ethylene initiates the signal transduction pathway that
leads to ripening of fruit?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

A Ethylene is a simple gaseous molecule, which makes it easily detected by receptors.

B Fruit will ripen in closed containers without exposure to air.

C Ethylene synthesis is under both positive and negative feedback regulation.

D Loss-of-function mutations in ethylene receptors result in changes to the ripening process.

12. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that control cellular responses through several different signaling
pathways. One of the signaling pathways involves the glucocorticoid receptor, an intracellular protein that is
activated by binding to a glucocorticoid molecule. A simplified model of the glucocorticoid receptor
signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. A simplified model of the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a mutation that results in a loss of the
glucocorticoid receptor's ligand binding function?

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Unit 4

A The transduction of the glucocorticoid signal across the plasma membrane will be blocked.

B The glucocorticoid receptor will remain associated with the accessory proteins.

C The rate of diffusion of glucocorticoid molecules into the cell will increase.

D The concentration of glucocorticoid receptors inside the nucleus will increase.

Glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta is a protein kinase that has been implicated in many types of cancer.
13.
Depending on the cell type, the gene for glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta can act either as an
oncogene or as a tumor suppressor.
Which of the following best predicts how mutations can lead to the development of cancer?

A Cells with inactive fail to trigger apoptosis.

B Cells with inactive fail to proceed past the checkpoint.

C Cells with overactive are more likely to repair damage.

D Cells with overactive have longer cell cycles.

Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following
14.
statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as proteins and T cell receptors, mediate
cell communication over short distances?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

A The proteins receive electrical signals from nerve cells.

B The proteins leave the cell and travel in the bloodstream to other cells.

C The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.

D The proteins bind to molecules secreted by cells located in other parts of the body.

Figure 1 shows a model of a signal transduction cascade, initiated by the binding of a ligand to the
15.
transmembrane receptor protein .

Figure 1. Model of signal transduction cascade incorporating protein

A mutation changes the shape of the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor protein
produced by the cell. Which of the following predictions is the most likely consequence of the mutation?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

A Production of activated molecule 1 will stop, but production of activated molecules 2 and 3 will continue.

B The molecule that normally binds to protein will no longer attach, deactivating the cellular response.

C The molecule that normally binds to protein will not enter the cell, thus no cellular response will occur.

Since protein is embedded in the membrane, the mutation will be silent and not affect the cellular
D
response.

16. Cancer cells behave differently than normal body cells. For example, they ignore signals that tell them to
stop dividing.
Which of the following conditions will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell?

A The environment already contains cancer cells.

B The environment has an abundance of nutrients.

C The environment lacks signals that would otherwise tell the cell to stop dividing.

D The environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins.

17. Notch is a receptor protein displayed on the surface of certain cells in developing fruit fly embryos. Notch's
ligand is a membrane-bound protein called Delta that is displayed on the surface of adjacent cells. When
Notch is activated by its ligand, the intracellular tail of the Notch protein becomes separated from the rest of
the protein. This allows the intracellular tail to move to the cell's nucleus and alter the expression of specific
genes.
Which of the following statements best explains Delta's role in regulating cell communication through the
Notch signaling pathway?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

A Delta transmits a chemical signal to all the cells of a developing embryo.

B Delta allows the cells of a developing embryo to communicate without making direct contact.

C Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo.

D Delta determines which cells in a developing embryo express the gene that encodes the Notch protein.

18. In flowering plants, plasmodesmata are narrow channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of
adjacent cells. An explanation of how plant cells communicate across cell walls will most likely refer to the
diffusion through plasmodesmata of which of the following?

A Membrane-bound organelles

B Condensed, duplicated chromosomes

C Branched polysaccharides

D Small, water-soluble molecules

In a certain signal transduction pathway, the binding of an extracellular molecule to a cell-surface protein
19.
results in a rapid increase in the concentration of cyclic inside the cell. The cyclic binds to and
activates cytosolic enzymes that then activate other enzymes in the cell.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic in the signal transduction
pathway?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

A It acts as a signaling molecule that passes the signal from the cell to other cells.

B It acts as a receptor that carries the signal from outside the cell to inside the cell.
 C It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.

D It acts as a channel protein that transmits the signal across the cell's nuclear membrane.

20. A student claims that the chromosome contains the sex-determining region gene, known as the
gene, which causes male fetuses to develop testes.
Which of the following provides correct information about cell signaling that supports the claim?

The gene produces a protein that binds to specific regions of in certain tissues, which affects the
A
development of these tissues.

The gene produces a protein that deletes portions of the chromosome in males so that male
B
characteristics can develop.

The gene produces an segment that is exported from specific cells and targets the developing
C
gonads.

D The gene is found only in tissues of the developing gonads.

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Page 13 of 17

AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

21. The coagulation cascade controls blood clot formation in response to blood vessel injury. Thrombin is an
enzyme that plays a key role in regulating the coagulation cascade. A simplified model of thrombin's role in
regulating the coagulation cascade is represented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. A simplified model of thrombin's role in regulating the coagulation cascade

Argatroban is a competitive inhibitor of thrombin. Which of the following effects on the coagulation
cascade is most likely to result from inhibiting thrombin activity with argatroban?

A The activation of clotting factors will be blocked.

B The rate of fibrin formation will decrease.

C Thrombin will be converted to prothrombin.

D The rate of blood clot formation will increase.

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Page 14 of 17

AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

22. Researchers determined the average amount of time that a particular type of eukaryotic cell spends in each
phase of the cell cycle. The data collected by the researchers are represented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The average amount of time spent by a particular type of eukaryotic cell in each phase of the cell
cycle
Based on Figure 1, what percent of the time required to complete a full cycle do the cells typically spend in
interphase?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

23. Researchers studying cell cycle regulation in budding yeast have observed that a mutation in the CDC15
gene causes cell cycle arrest in telophase when the yeast cells are incubated at an elevated temperature.
Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of the cell cycle arrest on proliferating yeast cells?

A The yeast cells will transition out of but will fail to complete the phase.

B The yeast cells will initiate mitosis but will fail to complete the phase.

C The yeast cells will replicate their chromosomes but will fail to complete cytokinesis.

D The yeast cells will replicate their organelles but will fail to complete the S phase.

24. A group of researchers cultured yeast cells in a nutrient-rich environment and a nutrient-poor environment
and observed the duration of the stages of their cell cycles. The results of their study are summarized in
Table 1.
Table 1. Duration (in minutes) of yeast cell cycle phases in a nutrient-rich environment and a
nutrient-poor environment
Cell Cycle Stages Nutrient-rich environment Nutrient-poor environment

and 23 33

Mitosis 48 61

20 57

Cytokinesis 5 10
The cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-poor environment is approximately what
percent of the cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-rich environment?

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AP Biology Test Booklet

Unit 4

A 168

B 127

C 179

D 160

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