Signals and Systems Course # EE 2235

Lecture #6 Topic: Problems and Solutions – Haykins (chapter-1)

Problem 1: Find the even and odd components of each of the following signals

Problem 2:
(a) Periodic: Fundamental period = 0.5s
(b) Nonperiodic
(c) Periodic: Fundamental period = 3s
(d) Periodic: Fundamental period = 2 samples
(e) Nonperiodic
(f) Periodic: Fundamental period = 10 samples
(g) Nonperiodic
(h) Nonperiodic
(i) Periodic: Fundamental period = 1 sample

Problem 1.3:
Answer: Here, x(t )  3 cos(200t   / 6)
9   
y (t )  3 cos(200t   / 6) 2  9 cos2 200t   / 6  1  cos 400t  
2  3 
(a) DC component = 9/2
9  
(b) Sinusoidal Component = cos 400t  
2  3
Amplitude =9/2, Fundamental Frequency = 400/(2π)=200/π Hz

Problem 1.6:
Answer: Let N denote the fundamental period of x[N], which is defined by N=2
The average power of x[n] is therefore,
N 1 N 1 2 N 1
 2n  A  2n 
  
1 1
P x 2 ( n)  A 2 cos2    cos2  
N n 0
N n 0  N  N n 0  N 

Problem 1.7:
Answer: The energy of the raised cosine pulse x(t) is

  
 /w  /w
E 
1
cos(wt )  12 dt  1 cos 2 ( wt )  2 cos wt  1 dt
 / w 4 2 0
1  / w 1  1  3    3

1
  cos 2wt   2 cos wt  1dt     
2 0 2 2  2  2  3  4w

Problem 1.8:
Answer: The signal x(t) is even; its total energy is therefore

5 4 5 5
 1 
E  2 x (t )dt 2 1 dt  (5  t )dt  2t 

2

2

4
t 0  2 5  t 3   8  2 / 3  26 / 3
 3 
0 0 4 t 4
Problem 1.9:
Answer: (a) The differentiator output is
1 for  5  t  4

y (t )    1 for 4  t  5
 1 otherwise

(b) The total energy is
4 5

 
E  (1) dt  (1) 2 dt  1  1  2
2

5 4
Problem 1.10:
t

Answer: The output of the integrator is 

y(t )  A d  At
0
for 0  t  T

T
A2T 3

Hence the energy of y(t) is E  ( At ) dt 
3
3
0
Answer: Problem 1.11:

(a) y(t) for a=5

(b) y(t) for a=0.2

Problem 1.13:
Problem 1.14:

(a) (b)

1.14 (c) Answer: 1.14(d) answer

1.14 (e) Answer: 1.14(f) answer

1.14 (g) Answer:

1.15 Answer: We may represent x(t) as the superposition of 4 rectangular pulses as follows:

To generate g1(t) from the prescribed g(t), we let g1 (t )  g (at  b) where a and b are to be
determined. The width of pulse g(t) is 2, whereas the width of pulse g1(t) is 4. We therefore need to
expand g(t) by a factor of 2, which, in turn, requires that we choose
1
a
2
The mid-point of g(t) is at t = 0, whereas the mid-point of g1(t) is at t = 2. Hence, we must choose b to
satisfy the condition
a (2)  b  0
1
 b  2a  2  1
2
1
Hence, g1 (t )  g ( t  1)
2
In the similar way, we can determine
 2 5
g 2 (t )  g  t  
 3 3
g 3 (t )  g t  3
g 4 (t )  g 2t  7 
Accordingly, we may express the staircase signal x(t) in terms of the rectangular pulse g(t) as follows:

1  2 5
x(t )  g  t  1  g  t    g t  3  g 2t  7 
2  3 3
1.16 Answer:
1.17 Answer: We may generate x(t) as the superposition of 3 rectangular pulses as follows:

All three pulses, g1(t), g2(t), and g3(t), are symmetrically positioned around the origin:
1. g1(t) is exactly the same as g(t).
2. g2(t) is an expanded version of g(t) by a factor of 3.
3. g3(t) is an expanded version of g(t) by a factor of 4.
Hence, it follows that
1  1 
g1 (t )  g (t ), g 2 (t )  g  t , g 3 (t )  g  t 
3  4 
1  1 
Therefore, x(t )  g t   g  t   g  t 
3  4 
1.18 Answer:
Problem 1.20
Answer:
The fundamental period of the sinusoidal signal x[n] is N = 10.
Hence the angular frequency of x[n] is
2m
 , where m: integer
N
2 
The smallest value of Ω is attained with m = 1. Hence,    radians/cycle
10 5

Problem 1.21
Answers:
(a) Periodic, Fundamental period = 15 samples
(b) Periodic, Fundamental period = 30 samples
(c) Nonperiodic
(d) Periodic, Fundamental period = 2 samples
(e) Nonperiodic
(f) Nonperiodic
(g) Periodic, Fundamental period = 2seconds
(h) Nonperiodic
(i) Periodic, Fundamental period = 15 samples

Problem 1.22
Answers:

Problem 1.23
t
Answer: real part of x(t) is Re{ x(t )}  Ae cos(wt )
t
Imaginary part of x(t) is Im{x(t )}  Ae sin( wt )
Problem 1.24
Answer: The continuous-time signal is given
t / T  0.5,  T / 2  t  T / 2

x(t )   1, t  T / 2
,
 0, t  T / 20

The waveform of x(t) is as follows: Here, T=Δ

The output of a differentiator in response to x(t) has the corresponding waveform:

y(t) consists of the following components:

1. Rectangular pulse of duration and amplitude 1/centered on the origin; the area under this pulse
is unity.
2. An impulse of strength 1/2 at t = /2.
3. An impulse of strength -1/2 at t = -/2.
As the duration is permitted to approach zero, the impulses (1/2)(t-/2) and -(1/2)(t+/2) coincide
and therefore cancel each other. At the same time, the rectangular pulse of unit area (i.e., component
1) approaches a unit impulse at t = 0. We may thus state that in the limit:
d
lim y (t )  lim x(t )   (t )
 0   0 dt
Problem 1.25
Answer: The triangular pulse of total duration and unit area are given, which is symmetrical about
the origin: (Let T=Δ)

(a) Applying x(t) to a differentiator, we get an output y(t) depicted as follows:

(b) As the triangular pulse duration approaches zero, the differentiator output approaches the
combination of two impulse functions described as follows:
• An impulse of positive infinite strength at t = 0-.
• An impulse of negative infinite strength at t = 0+.
(c) The total area under the differentiator output y(t) is equal to (2/+ (-2/) = 0.
In light of the results presented in parts (a), (b), and (c) of this problem, we may now make
the following statement:
When the unit impulse (t) is differentiated with respect to time t, the resulting output consists
of a pair of impulses located at t = 0- and t = 0+, whose respective strengths are +and -.

Problem 1.27
Answer: From Fig. P1.27 we observe the following:
x1 (t )  x2 (t )  x3 (t )  x(t )
x4 (t )  y3 (t )
Hence, we may write
y1 (t )  x(t ) x(t  1) (1)
y2 (t ) | x(t ) | (2)
y4 (t )  cos( y3 (t ))  cos(1  2 x(t )) (3)
The overall system output is
y (t )  y1 (t )  y2 (t )  y4 (t ) (4)
Substituting Eqs. (1) to (3) into (4):
y (t )  x(t ) x(t  1) | x(t ) |  cos(1  2 x(t )) (5)

Equation (5) describes the operator H that defines the output y(t) in terms of the input x(t).
Problem 1.28
Answer:

Problem 1.29
Answer:
Problem 1.30
Answer:

Using the given input-output relation:

where M X | x(n) | . Hence, provided that MX is finite, the absolute value of the output will always be
finite. This assumes that the coefficients a0, a1, a2, a3 have finite values of their own. It follows
therefore that the system described by the operator H of Problem 1.29 is stable.

Problem 1.31
Answer: The memory of the discrete-time described in Problem 1.29 extends 3 time units into the
past.

Problem 1.32
Answer: It is indeed possible for a noncausal system to possess memory. Consider, for example, the
system illustrated below:

That is, with Sl{x[n]} = x[n - l], we have the input-output relation
y[n]  a0 x[n]  a k x[n  k ]  al x[n  l ]
This system is noncausal by virtue of the term akx[n + k]. The system has memory by virtue of the
term alx[n - l].