2023

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
DBB1105

KAUSHIK SHARMA
ROLL NO – 2314104967
JAN – FEB – 2023 - BBA
 SET – 1

1. CLASSIFICTIONS OF COMPUTER.

PC - PERSONL OR MICRO COMPUTER

WORKSTATION

MINI-COMPUTER

MAIN FRME

SUPER COMPUTER

#1. SUPER COMPUTER.

 Are the most fastest and most powerful type of
computer. super computers are very expensive and
are employed for specialized application that requires
immense amounts of mathematical calculation.
 Types of applications Ex- animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and
petroleum exploration etc.
#2. MAINFRAME COMPUTER.
 A very large and expensive computer capable of
supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously. Mainframes are below the super
computers.
#3. MINI COMPUTER.
 A mid sized computer is minicomputer system is
capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 user
simultaneously.
#4. MICRO COMPUTER OR PEERSONAL
COMPUTER.
 A computer which is sufficient to fit on a desk.
 Ex- a laptop, a home computer or an office pc.
#5. WORKSTATIONS
 A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this
context, workstation is just generic term for a user’s
machine (client machine) in contrast to a “server” or
“ mainframe”.
CHARACHTERISTICS OF GENRATIONS OF
COMPUTERS.
#1. First generation of computers.
 Main component – based on vacuum tubes.
 Main memory – magnetic drum.
 Secondary memory – magnetic drum and tape.
 Input & output media – punched cards & paper tape –
punched card & printed reports.
#2. Second generation of computers.
 Main component – based on transistor.
 Main memory – magnetic core.
 Secondary memory – magnetic tape and disk.
 Input & output media – punched cards & printed
reports.
#3. Third generation.
 Main component – based on integrated circuits (IC).
 Primary & secondary memory – magnetic core &
magnetic tape and disk.
 Input & output media – key to tape & disk – printed
reports and video displays.
#4. Fourth generation.
 Main component – large scale integrated ((LSI)
semiconductor circuits called micro processor or chip
and VLS (very large scale)
 Main & secondary memory – semi conductor
memory like RAM-ROM. – magnectic disk, floppy
disk, & optical disk.
 Input & output media – video displays, audio
responses & printed reports.
#5. Fifth generation.
 Main component – based on ULSI (ultra large scale
integrated) circuit. That is also called parallel
processing method.
 Memory – optical disk and magnetic disk.
 Input & output media – speech input, tactile input –
graphic displays and voice responses.
2. CONVERSTION OF (1D7F)16 TO OCTAL
SYSTEM NUMBER.
(1D7F)16 - 1 – 0001, D – 1101, 7 – 0111, F – 1111.
= (1D7F)16 = (0001110101111111)2
= (1D7F)16 = 001, 110, 101, 111, 111
= 001 - 1, 110 – 6, 101 - 5, 111 – 7, 111 – 7.
ANS - (1D7F)16 is (16577)8 in octal number system.
(5A9.63)16 to a decimal number system.
= 5 x 162 + 10 x 161 + 9 x 160 + 6 x 16-1 + 3 x 16-2
= 5 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 9 x 1 + 6/16 + 3/256
= 1280 + 160 + 9 + 0.375 + 0.012
= (1449.387)10
(5A9.63)16 is (1449.387)10 in decimal system number.

3. ADVANCED FORMATTING OPTIONS IN MS

WORD.

CHARACTER PAGE OR
PARAGRAPH SECTION
OR FONT DOCUMENT
FORMATTING FORMATING
FORMATTING FORMATTING
#1. character formatting.
 It includes font typeface, size, style, colour, and other
font enhancement.
 The character formatting could be applied to is one
character ex- letter, number, or other. with this, a line
of text could have a different style of font for every
single letter and number.
#2. Paragraph formatting.
 This formatting can be applied to one paragraph. A
paragraph is defined by paragraph mark at the end of
the text.
 Ex- text alignment, line spacing, tabs, indents, bullets
& numbering, border shading and etc.
#3. Page formatting.
 In this most of page formatting of most documents
can be easily modified, that is until you want to
change the formatting only for a specific page or
starting a particular location.
 Ex- margins, page size and orientation, headers and
footers, page numbering and columns etc.
#4. Section formatting.
 It inserts a section break at the beginning of where the
one want the change. Is means the segmentation of
the documents.
WAY TO CREATE A CUSTOM TEMPLATE AND
APPLY IT TO THE SLIDERS.
 To create a file as a template, click file > New >
custom save as.
 Double – click computer or, in office 2016 programs,
double – click this pc.
 Type a name for your template in the file name box.
 For the basic templates, click the template item in the
save as type list. In word for example, click eord
template. If your document contains macro, click
word macro-enabled template.
 Click save.

APPLY TEMPLATES TO THE SLIDES.

 Open the file that contains existing slides.
 Click the thumbnail pane and then select the slides
you want.
 Copy the selected slides (crtl+c).
 Switch to new file, right – click the thumbnail pane,
and under paste options select use destination theme.
 All copied slides are inserted in the new presentation.
 SET – 2

4. DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR SOFTWARE

SYSTEM DESIGN.
#1. STRUCTURED DESIGN.
 This is a conceptualisation of problems into several
well organized elements of solutions.
 It is mainly concerned about the solution design.
 It gives a better prospect of how problem is being
solved.
 It also has some rules communication among multiple
modules, like cohesion and coupling, where cohesion
is the grouping of all functionally related elements
and coupling is the communication between different
modules.
#2. Function oriented design.
 This is one of the classical methods of software
design, where decomposition centres on identifying
the major software function oriented and then
elaborating and refining in a top-down manner.
 These functions are capable of performing significant
task in the system. Also in the system is considered as
top view of all functions.
#3. Object-oriented design.
 Object oriented design works around the entities and
characteristics rather than the function involved in the
software system.
 Object - these are all entities involved in the solution
design.
 Classes – it is generalised description of an object.
 Encapsulation – the attributes and methods bundled
together are known as encapsulation.
 Inheritance – in this the similar classes are stacked up
together in a hierarchical manner.
 Polymorphism – object oriented design provides a
mechanism where methods performing similar tasks.

Four quality measures for building software products.

CODE QUALIUTY
PERFORMANCE
SECURITY
USABILITY
#1. Code quality.
 Code standard is divided into qualitative and
quantitative.
 Quantitative quality metrics measures how big or
complex the software program is. Like the number of
 lines and functions it contains bugs as per 1000 lines
of code.
 Qualitative code quality metrics measures how easy
the code is to read. Like readability, clarity,
efficiency, maintainability and documentations.
#2. Performance.
 Performance metrics measures if the product fulfils
its purpose and if it performs the way its meant to.
 It also refers to how the application uses resources, its
scalability, customer satisfaction, and response times.
#3. Security.
 Software security metrics measures the inherent
safety of a software program.
 It also ensure there are unauthorised changes in the
product when it is handed over to the clients.
#4. Usability.
 This usability metrics checks weather the program is
practicable and user friendly.
 It also ensures weather the client is happy with the
performance and features.

5. KEY FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 Memory management
 Processor management
 Device management
 File management
 User interface or command interpreter.
 Booting the computer
 Security & control over system performance
 Job accounting & error detecting aids
 Coordinate between other software and users
 Network management.

Various components of operating system.

1. Process management – a process or a fraction of
program that is loaded in main memory.
2. I/O device management – is one of the purpose of an
operating system to hide the peculiarities of specific
hardware devices from the user.
3. File management – file is defined by the correlated
information and managing this file info is known as file
management.
4. Network management – it’s a process of managing
and administering a computer network.
5. Main memory management – it is the repository of
quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O
devices.
6. Security management – the purpose for the various
mechanism which can be used to ensure that the files,
memory segment, CPU and other resources can be
operated only by those processors with proper
authorization from the operating system.

6. TCP/IP PROTOCOL LAYERS.

1. Application layer – it includes applications or
processes that use transport layer protocols to deliver
the data to destination computers.
Ex- HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) – FTP (file
transfer protocol) – SMTP (simple mail transfer
protocol) – SNMP (simple network management
protocol).
2. Transport layer – this layer provides backbone to data
flow between two hosts. This layer receives data from
application layer above it. Ex- TCP & UDP most
commonly used protocols.
3. Network layer – this layer is known as internet layer.
Main purpose of this layer is to handle or organize
movement of data on network. Ex- IP – IGMP – ICMP.
4. Data link layer – its known as network interface
layer. In this the drivers in the OS and the network
interface card take care of the communication details
with the media being used to transfer the data over the
network.
 APPLICATION-PRESENTATION-SESSION
• SMTP - FTP - DNS - HTTP
TRANSPORT
• SCTP - TCP - UDP
NETWORK
• ICMP - IGMP---IP---RARP - ARP
DATA LINK - PHYSICAL
• HOST TO NETWORK.

WAY THE INTERNET WORKS.

 It works by using a packet routing network that
follows internet protocol (IP) and transport protocol
(TCP).
 TCP & IP works together to ensure that data
transmission across the internet is consistent and
reliable.
 The data that transferred over the internet is in the
form of messages and packets.
 These messages and packets travel form one source to
the next using IP & TCP.
 The IP system receives further instruction that how
the data should be transferred. TCP ensures the data
is consistent and reliable.
 As the final step your browser reassembles the data
packets, the website loads allowing you to learn, shop
browse and engage.