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Materials and Their Structure Part 1

Chapter 2 discusses the kinetic theory of matter, explaining how particles in solids, liquids, and gases behave differently based on their arrangement and energy levels. It covers processes such as boiling, melting, freezing, condensation, and sublimation, detailing how temperature affects particle movement and state changes. Additionally, it introduces the concept of Brownian motion, illustrating the random movement of particles in fluids.

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154 views4 pages

Materials and Their Structure Part 1

Chapter 2 discusses the kinetic theory of matter, explaining how particles in solids, liquids, and gases behave differently based on their arrangement and energy levels. It covers processes such as boiling, melting, freezing, condensation, and sublimation, detailing how temperature affects particle movement and state changes. Additionally, it introduces the concept of Brownian motion, illustrating the random movement of particles in fluids.

Uploaded by

Praveena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Materials and their structure


Part 1

The kinetic theory of matter


 All matter is made up of tiny, moving particles, invisible to the naked eye.
 Different substances have different types of particles which have different
sizes.
 The particles move all the time. The higher the temperature, the faster they
move.
 Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter particles.

Particle model of solid:


 Strong forces of attraction between particles.
 The particles are packed closely together in fixed, regular three-dimensional
pattern are called lattice.
 Atoms vibrate and rotate but can’t change position.
 Solid have definite volume, mass and shape.
 They cannot be compressed. The gap between the particle is tiny.
Particle model of liquid:
 They have a definite volume and mass but no fixed shape. Liquids take up the
shape of their container in which they are kept.
 They cannot be compressed as the particles have less space between them.
 The forces that hold the particles together are weaker than the solids.
 The particles are close together in an irregular pattern.
 Particles can vibrate, rotate, move freely and can collide often.
 The particles can change position by sliding over each other.

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Particle model of gas:
 The particles are far apart and arranged in irregular pattern.
 Gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.
 It will take up the shape of any container into which it is placed and will spread
out evenly within it.
 Almost no intermolecular forces
Particles are far apart, and move quickly
They collide with each other and bounce in all directions.

Vacuum
A vacuum is a space devoid of matter. The two types of vacuums are,
 Perfect vacuum is an ideal state of no particles at all.
 Partial vacuum is a vacuum with low amounts of matter enclosed.

 A perfect vacuum is a theoretical space completely devoid of matter. This type


of vacuum also goes by the name “free space”. In the real world, a vacuum is
partial or imperfect1. A few atoms or molecules always remain.
 A few examples of partial vacuum are vacuum cleaners and vacuum tubes.

Particles arrangement in processes

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Kinetic theory of boiling and evaporation

Boiling Evaporation

 Boiling is the process that Evaporation is the process that


changes liquid to gas in its changes liquid water to gaseous
boiling point. water.
 The temperature at which the
liquid boils called the boiling
point.

 Boiling occurs throughout the Evaporation occurs only at surface


liquid. of the liquid.

 The particles of liquid water Particles with high energy can


gain energy and move faster. escape from the surface of the
 The energy is enough to break liquid. These form a vapour above
the bonds between holding the the liquid surface.
particles and changes to the
gaseous state.
 The bubbles rise through the
water and escape out.

Kinetic theory of melting

 Melting is the process that changes solid to liquid in its melting point
 The temperature at which the solid melts called the melting point.
 When a solid is heated, the particles in the solid gain kinetic energy and
vibrate more vigorously.
 The heat energy causes the forces of attraction to weaken.
 The regular pattern of the structure breaks down.
 The particles can now move around each other. This causes the solid to
melt.

Kinetic theory of freezing

 Freezing is the process that changes liquid to solid in its freezing point.
 The temperature at which the liquid freezes called the freezing point.

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 When a liquid gets cold enough, the particles move slowly enough for
forces to attract them together again, pulling them into rigid rows and
preventing movement. At this point, the liquid has frozen.

Kinetic theory of condensation

 Condensation is the process that changes gas to liquid when it touches the
cooler surface.
 As a gas is cooled, its particles lose energy.
 Particles move less vigorously, allowing the attraction.
 This forces the particles closer together and limits their motion to sliding
over each other. This makes the substance a liquid.

Kinetic theory of sublimation

 Sublimation is the process that directly changes solid to gas without


passing through the liquid state. Examples - Solid carbon di oxide and
Iodine.
 Particles gain enough energy to break free from their fixed positions and
move around freely in the gas phase.

Brownian motion
 Brownian motion is the random motion of particles in liquids and gases.
 This happens because they collide with other moving particles.
 Robert Brown observed the random movement of pollen grains within
water.

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