GHORAHI-DANG

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2080-2081 BS

A PROJECT WORK ON

“TYPES OF COMPUTER”

GRADE-11, Computer

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

MS. SANJILA THAPA ER.SANTOSH GUPTA
SECTION: DALTON GIPSS, GHORAHI-DANG

IN PARTIAL FUILFIMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR GRADE 11 ENGLISH CURRICULUM

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those
who had helped me to complete the project. Special thanks of
gratitude To our subject teacher and project guide SANTOSH
GUPTA sir Who had helped me to write this project my
providing various Reference.

Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge with much

appreciation of the crucial role of the other teachers, who gave
me encouragement and advice to make any project effective
named “TYPES OF COMPUTER”. Special thanks goes to
my colleagues for the encouragement and positive response
towards my project. I would like to extend my
acknowledgements to all the sources for their authentic
material.

SANJILA THAPA
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
…………………………

This is certify that the project word entitled “TYPES OF

COMPUTER” by SANJILA THAPA of Grade: ELEVEN,
SECTION: DALTON, Year 2080-2081 BS has been
successfully completed under my guidance and supervision.
_____________
ER SANTOSH GUPTA
SUPERVISION
 LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that the project had been carried

out by “Sanjila thapa” on “TYPES OF COMPUTER”
under my supervision. To the best of my
knowledge, this work has not been submitted to
any other purpose in this institute.

………………………..
ER SANTOSH GUPTA
Department of Computer
GIPSS
Ghorahi-15, Dang
 DECLARATION

I Sanjila Thapa hereby declare that the work present

here in is genuine work done originally by me and has
not been published or submitted elsewhere for the
requirement of a grade 11. Any literature, Data or
works done by others, presented in thus dissertation
are cited, has been given due to acknowledgement and
listed in the reference section.

………………
…..Sanjila Thapa
Grade: 11
Email:
[email protected]
 LIST OF FIGURES:
Fig: 1 = Super computer

Fig: 2 = Mainframe computer

Fig: 3 = Mini computer

Fig: 4 = Micro computer

Fig: 5 = Desktop

Fig: 6 = Laptop

Fig: 7 = Handheld computer

Fig: 8 = PDA computer

 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

PC- Personal Computer

IBM- International Business Machine
XT- Extended Technology
AT- Advanced Technology
PS/2- Personal System-2
MS-DOS- Microsoft Disk Operating System
MCA- Micro Channel Bus
 ABSTRACT

This abstract categorizes computers based on their working principles,

highlighting fundamental distinctions in computational methodologies.
The classifications include analog computers, digital computers, and
hybrid computers. Analog computers process continuous data using
physical quantities such as voltage or current, making them suitable for
tasks like simulations and real-time control systems. Digital computers
operate on discrete data represented in binary form, employing logic
gates and arithmetic units for computation, which enables precise
calculations and versatile programming. Hybrid computers combine
analog and digital components, leveraging the strengths of both
paradigms for applications requiring fast computation and precise
control over analog processes. Understanding the working principles
underlying each type of computer facilitates informed decision-making
regarding their deployment and optimization for specific tasks and
domains.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction
1.1) On the basis of working principle
1.2) On the basis of size
1.3) On the basis brand
1.4) On the basis of model
1.5) On the basis of purpose

2. Materials and Methods

3. Discussions and Result

4. Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
Computer is an electronic device which accepts data as input, and transforms
it under the influence of set of special instruction called program, to produce
the desired output. Computer are classified on the basis of working principle,
size, brand, model and purpose.
1.1) On the basis of working principle
1) Analog Computers: Analog computers process continuous data and use
physical quantities like voltage, current, or resistance to represent
variables. They are suitable for tasks involving real-world phenomena that
can be represented by analog signals, such as simulations and control
systems.
2) Digital Computers: Digital computers operate on discrete data
represented in binary form (0s and 1s). They use digital logic gates and
arithmetic units to perform calculations and execute instructions stored
in memory. Digital computers are versatile and widely used in various
applications including data processing, software development, and
scientific computations.
3) Hybrid Computers: Hybrid computers combine analog and digital
components to leverage the advantages of both paradigms. They are
used in applications requiring real-time control and fast computation over
analog inputs, such as industrial automation and scientific
instrumentation.

1.2) On the basis of size

1) Supercomputer: Supercomputers are high-

performance computing machines designed to perform
extremely complex computations at exceptionally high
speeds. They are used for tasks that require massive
computational power, such as weather forecasting,
climate modeling, molecular modeling, and simulations
in physics, chemistry, and engineering.
Fig: 1
 2) Mainframe Computers: Mainframes are large-scale machines
designed to handle extensive processing tasks for organizations.
They are typically housed in specialized data centers and provide
centralized computing resources for multiple users and
applications. Fig: 2
3) Minicomputers: Minicomputers are mid-range computers smaller
than mainframes but larger than microcomputers. They were
popular in the 1960s and 1970s, providing computing capabilities
to small to medium-sized businesses institutions.

Fig: 3

4) Microcomputers: Microcomputers, also known as personal

computers (PCs), are small-sized computers designed for
individual use. They include desktop computers, laptops,
tablets, and smartphones. Microcomputers are widely used in
homes, offices, and educational institution. There are four
typed of desktop computer. They are:
Fig: 4

I. Desktop =

Fig: 5

II. Laptop =

Fig: 6

III. Handheld =

Fig: 7

1. IBM PC: The IBM PC, introduced in 1981 by International Business Machines
(IBM), was one of the first mass-produced personal computers. It set industry
IV: PDA =

Fig: 8

1.3) on the basis of brand

IBM-PC: The IBM Personal Computer (IBM-PC) was the original personal computer
introduced by IBM in 1981. It set a standard for hardware architecture and used the
MS-DOS operating system. While IBM PCs are no longer produced, their architecture
influenced the design of subsequent PCs.

IBM Compatibles: IBM compatibles, or PC compatibles, are personal computers

manufactured by various companies but designed to be compatible with the original
IBM-PC architecture. They typically use Intel processors and can run MS-DOS,
Windows, and other operating systems compatible with x86 hardware.

Apple/Macintosh Computers: Macintosh computers, commonly known as Macs, are

personal computers developed by Apple Inc. since 1984. They use Apple's proprietary
hardware and software, running the mac OS operating system. Macs are known for
their sleek design, user-friendly interface, and integration with other Apple products
and services.
1.4) On the basis of Model
1. XT: XT, or "extended Technology," was a line of personal computers
introduced by IBM in 1983. These computers were an extension of the original
IBM PC line and featured enhancements such as support for a hard disk drive,
increased memory capacity (up to 640KB), and improved expansion
capabilities. XT computers typically used an Intel 8088 processor and were
popular during the early to mid-1980s.
2. AT: AT, or "Advanced Technology," was a line of personal computers
introduced by IBM in 1984. These computers represented a significant
advancement over XT models, featuring a more powerful Intel 80286
processor, improved graphics and sound capabilities, and support for
expanded memory beyond 640KB. AT computers also introduced the AT bus
architecture, which became a standard for expansion cards.
3. PS/2: PS/2, or "Personal System/2," was a line of personal computers
introduced by IBM in 1987. These computers featured several innovations,
including the introduction of the PS/2 connector for keyboards and mice, VGA
graphics support, and the Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) for expansion
cards. However, the PS/2 line did not achieve the same level of success as its
predecessors due to compatibility issues and the emergence of competing
platforms.
1.5) on basis of Purpose
1. General-Purpose Computer: A general-purpose computer is designed to
perform a wide range of tasks and operations. These computers are versatile
and can be used for various applications, from word processing and web
browsing to gaming and multimedia production. General-purpose computers
are typically equipped with a standard set of hardware components and a
general-purpose operating system that allows users to install and run different
software applications.
2. Specific-Purpose Computer: A specific-purpose computer, also known as a
dedicated or specialized computer, is designed to perform a specific set of
tasks or functions. These computers are optimized for particular applications
or industries and often have hardware and software tailored to meet specific
requirements. Examples of specific-purpose computers include embedded
systems in cars, industrial control systems, and gaming consoles. They are
optimized for efficiency, reliability, and performance within their designated
domain.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Work (Analog, Digital, and Hybrid):
 Analog Computers:
 Materials: Analog computers traditionally used electrical circuits, resistors,
capacitors, and operational amplifiers to perform computations.
 Methods: Analog computers represent data using continuous signals and perform
calculations by manipulating these signals through analog circuitry.
 Digital Computers:
 Materials: Digital computers primarily utilize semiconductors, such as silicon, for
integrated circuits (ICs), transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other electronic
components.
 Methods: Digital computers process data in discrete binary digits (bits) using
Boolean logic operations. They employ digital circuits and microprocessors to
perform arithmetic, logic, and control operations.
 Hybrid Computers:
 Materials: Hybrid computers combine elements of both analog and digital
computers, incorporating analog components like sensors and actuators alongside
digital processing units.
 Methods: Hybrid computers leverage the strengths of both analog and digital
approaches, utilizing analog subsystems for continuous signal processing and
digital subsystems for precise control and computation.
2. Size (Super, Mainframe, Mini, and Micro):
 Supercomputers:
 Materials: Supercomputers use high-performance components such as advanced
microprocessors, specialized accelerators (e.g., GPUs), and high-speed
interconnects.
 Methods: Supercomputers employ parallel processing techniques to tackle
complex computations, typically utilizing massive numbers of processing cores
and specialized architectures optimized for high-speed computation.
 Mainframe Computers:
 Materials: Mainframe computers are built with robust hardware components,
including high-capacity memory, multiple processors, and redundant subsystems
for reliability.

 Methods: Mainframes are designed for processing large volumes of data and
supporting multiple concurrent users or applications through time-sharing
and virtualization technologies.
  Mini Computers:
 Materials: Minicomputers incorporate mid-range hardware components, often
using custom-designed integrated circuits, magnetic core memory, and
peripheral devices suitable for medium-scale computing tasks.
 Methods: Minicomputers are capable of handling moderate workloads and
supporting multiple users or applications in smaller organizations or
departments.
 Micro Computers:
 Materials: Microcomputers, or personal computers (PCs), utilize compact and
cost-effective components, including microprocessors (e.g., Intel or AMD CPUs),
memory chips, storage devices (e.g., SSDs or HDDs), and peripheral interfaces.
 Methods: Microcomputers are versatile machines used for a wide range of
general-purpose computing tasks, from office productivity and gaming to
programming and multimedia applications.
2. Brand (IBM PC, IBM Compatible, Apple):
 IBM PC and IBM-Compatible Computers:
 Materials: IBM PCs and compatibles use standardized hardware components
conforming to IBM's original PC architecture, such as Intel x86 processors,
memory modules, expansion cards, and peripheral devices.
 Methods: These computers typically run MS-DOS or Windows operating systems
and rely on compatible hardware and software to maintain interoperability with
IBM's original design.
 Apple Macintosh Computers:
 Materials: Macintosh computers feature proprietary hardware components
designed by Apple, including Apple-designed processors (e.g., Apple Silicon),
memory modules, storage devices, and high-resolution displays.
 Methods: Macintosh computers run the mac OS operating system and integrate
seamlessly with other Apple products and services, offering a user-friendly
interface and ecosystem-driven approach to computing.
3. Model (XT, PS/2, AT):
 IBM XT (Extended Technology):
 Materials: IBM XT computers utilized early x86 processors (e.g., Intel 8088),
expansion slots for add-on cards, and storage devices such as floppy disk drives
and hard disk drives.
 Methods: XT models introduced improved performance and expandability
compared to earlier IBM PC models, offering support for larger memory
capacities and storage options.
 IBM PS/2 (Personal System/2):
1.

 IBM PS/2 (Personal System/2):

 Materials: IBM PS/2 computers featured more advanced hardware components,
including Intel 80286, 80386, or 80486 processors, enhanced graphics and audio
capabilities, and proprietary connectors for peripherals.
 Methods: PS/2 models introduced improved system architecture, including the
Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, and standardized features such as the
PS/2 keyboard and mouse connectors.
 IBM AT (Advanced Technology):
 Materials: IBM AT computers incorporated the latest hardware innovations of
their time, such as Intel 80286 or 80386 processors, high-speed memory
modules (e.g., SIMMs), and larger capacity storage devices.
 Methods: AT models introduced significant performance enhancements and
expanded capabilities, including support for higher-resolution graphics,
multitasking operating systems, and more extensive software applications.
2. Purpose (Specific and General):
 Specific Purpose Computers:
 Materials: Computers designed for specific purposes, such as embedded
systems, industrial control systems, or scientific instrumentation, often use
custom-designed hardware components optimized for their intended
applications.
 Methods: These computers are tailored to perform specialized tasks efficiently,
leveraging dedicated sensors, actuators, and processing algorithms to meet
specific requirements.
 General-Purpose Computers:
 Materials: General-purpose computers incorporate versatile hardware
components capable of running a wide range of software applications and
handling diverse computing tasks.
 Methods: These computers are designed for flexibility and usability, offering
standard interfaces, operating systems, and software compatibility to support
various user needs and computing scenarios.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
After conducting the project work, Different types of computers serve unique
purposes in modern computing. Analog computers are adept at real-time
processing of continuous data, while digital computers offer versatility and
precision across a wide range of applications. Hybrid computers combine analog
and digital technologies, providing efficiency in tasks requiring a balance between
speed and precision. Supercomputers deliver unmatched computational power for
complex simulations and research, while mainframes ensure high reliability and
scalability for critical business operations. Mini computers offer cost-effective
solutions for moderate computing needs, while microcomputer, or PCs,
revolutionize personal computing with accessibility and versatility. Embedded
systems power specialized devices, while servers and workstations cater to
networked computing and high-performance tasks, respectively. Each type plays a
vital role in advancing technology and meeting diverse computing needs across
industries.
 CONCLUSION

The project successfully developed a reliable and accurate thesis on different

types of computer using different types of figure and explanation. This project
work help us understand more about different types of computer according to
their size, work, brand, model, and purpose. In conclusion, the various
types of computers, including analog, digital, hybrid, supercomputers,
mainframes, mini computers, micro computers (PCs), embedded
systems, servers, and workstations, each serve distinct purposes in
modern computing. From real-time processing to complex simulations,
and from personal computing to specialized applications, these types of
computers collectively drive innovation, empower users, and meet
diverse computing needs across industries. By leveraging different
technologies and architectures, they contribute to advancing
technology and shaping the future of computing.
 REFERENCES

https://www.vedantu.com/computer-science/classification-of-computer-
based-on-size-and-capacity
https://www.askmattrab.com/notes/1236-classification-of-computer-on-
the-basis-of-brand-and-model
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-computers/