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Improving Interchanges: Toward Better
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PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
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1. Which is not included in the elements of human settlements?
a. Man Mcq-Ud Ams
b. Network
c. Nature
d. Community
2. This is the golden era of urban design in the U.S. characterized with a 21 pages
totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a network of
parks, and clusters or focal buildings or building blocks of civic
centers. PDF 100% (1)
a. New Towns Builders: Demolition Excavation Hauling
b. Garden City Movement
c. Broadacre Design Painting
d. City Beautiful
3. These are centrally located parks with a service radius from 0.8 to 3.0
kilometers designed for both active and passive recreation. 2 pages
a. Neighborhood park
b. Municipal park
From Everand
c. Playlot
d. Community park Entourage 5th Edition: A Tracing File and
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Color Sourcebook
a. A total separation of vehicles and pedestrians is harmful for the Ernest Burden
development of a lively and active street.
b. Increasing competition for the driver’s attention has turned roadway
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signs into swirls of conflicting graphics and verbiage.
c. A street has a three-dimensional form which inhibit certain
activities and make others possible. PDF No ratings yet
d. According to Alberti, if the city is noble and powerful, streets
should be designed winding, rather than straight and broad, because
Quiz
this carries the air of greatness and majesty.
5. Responsible in the reconstruction of Paris which imposed a new pattern
of broad boulevards and great parks on the previous labyrinth street
pattern. 42 pages
a. Le Corbusier
b. Sir Barlow
c. George Hausmann PDF No ratings yet
d. Daniel Burnham Proprofs Trial Exam
6. Recommended maximum distance of commercial center to residential zones
as per HLURB planning standards.
a. 1200 meters
b. 800 meters
c. 1000 meters 29 pages
d. 900 meters
7. What type of street has high velocity and higher volume of traffic flow?
From Everand
a. Collector street
b. Main street Dockside Green: The Story of the Most
c. Arterial street Sustainable Development in the World
d. Corner street Kim Fowler
8. An urban ecology process that occurred as early as the late 19th century
in England and was attributable among others to the railway system, a No ratings yet
mobile middle class and the tendency to establish housing estates/model
dwellings was:
a. Suburbanization PDF 100% (4)
b. Gentrification REB-Basic Principles of Ecology
c. Sprawl
120

8 pages

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Planning Theories - Practice Quiz

d. Urbanization 12 pages
9. What would result in overload storm water when an urban area
experiences severe storms? PDF No ratings yet
a. Landslide
b. Surface water flooding 3-30-16 Mock Exam Quest 50 Items
c. Clogged sewer lines
d. Erosion
10. A street pattern used in highly mountainous sites following the
contours of the topography.
4 pages
a. Cul-de-Sac
b. Loops
c. Meandering PDF No ratings yet
d. Geometric
UAP Planning Questions
11. It mandates the protection of selected areas under the direction of the
PAMB that is locally constituted and chaired by the DENR.
a. Forestry Code
b. LGC
c. EIA 36 pages
d. NIPAS
12. Promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact,
vibrant, mixed-use communities of the same components as conventional PDF No ratings yet
development, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in the form of Site Planning and Urban Design 2
complete communities.
a. Gentrification
b. Yuppification
c. New Urbanism
d. New Town Development 16 pages
13. A map that shows the spatial allocation of built-up areas categorized
as residential, commercial, institutional, parks and open spaces, PDF No ratings yet
industrial and others.
a. Base map 366
b. General land use map
c. Urban land use map
d. Topographic map
14. The maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of a
64 pages
good service beyond which people will look to another center.
a. Market area analysis
b. Core periphery PDF No ratings yet
c. Market range
d. Hierarchy of services Planning Exit
15. Major and minor routes of circulation which people use to move about.
a. Pathways
b. Districts
c. Edges 15 pages
d. Landmarks
16. The larger the population of a city, the more likely its economy allows
for… PDF 100% (1)
a. Increased self-sufficiency Planning Exit Ots-1
b. Environmental protection
c. Higher demand for indigenous products
d. More specialization
17. The sole regulatory body for housing and land use development. It is
charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in low- 99 pages
cost housing through liberalization of development standards,
simplification of regulations and decentralization of approvals for
permits and licenses.
PDF No ratings yet
a. NHMFC Urban Planning
b. UDHA

c. HLURB

121 37 pages

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EnP Ultimate Reviewer No. 3

21 pages

d. HUDCC PDF No ratings yet

18. An in-design land use evaluation method for planning areas that retain
important natural environmental features. The outcome of the valuation EnP 201-250
depends to a large extent on expert judgment based on scientific
knowledge.
a. Market Forecasts
b. Carrying Capacity Analysis
c. Committed Lands Analysis 11 pages

d. Land Suitability Analysis

19. Parking lots should be located in an area where slope is below ____ PDF No ratings yet
otherwise grading is to be done.
a. 3% EnP Ultimate Reviewer No. 3A
b. 5%
c. 7%
d. 10%
20. A variable of urban decoration where the environment is to have an 9 pages
understandable simple pattern of signs and clues.
a. Rhythm
b. Unity PDF No ratings yet
c. Harmony WEEK 05 - Urban Planning - Design
d. Balance and symmetry
21. Where can we find the highest level policy statements on environmental
protection?
a. RA 5454
b. Constitution 11 pages
c. PD 1151
d. LOI 90
22. It is best for linear construction such as roads, paths, and utility
PDF 100% (1)
trenching. Site and Urban Planning
a. Contour Area Method
b. Borrow Pit Method/Grid Method
c. Average End Area Method
d. Grading by Cut
23. The type of street pattern wherein the site is divided into square or 33 pages
rectangular blocks.
a. Geometric PDF No ratings yet
b. Gridiron
c. Linear or ribbon Planning Notes
d. Combination
24. What site planning strategies are conductive to minimizing energy costs
and adverse impacts of development?
a. Minimize site disruption, protect natural drainage ways and other
276 pages
critical natural resources
b. Respond to local climatic conditions, and minimize water,
fertilizer, and maintenance needs, as well as add significant PDF No ratings yet
biomass to the landscape EnP 151-200
c. Minimize disruption of natural areas, extension of services, and
transportation needs
d. All of the choices
25. Patrick Geddes coined his team to mean the conglomeration of town
aggregates, describing the waves of population to large cities followed 12 pages
by overcrowding and slum formation.
a. Broadacre
b. Backflow PDF No ratings yet
c. Amorphic Planning Review Questions and Answers
d. Connurbation
3
26. It shall refer to a town deliberately planned and built which provides,
in addition to houses, employment, shopping, education, recreation,
culture and other services normally associated with a city or town.
a. Garden City 8 pages

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Reviewer

102 pages

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b. PUD PLANNING DEVELOPMENT AND ZONING
c. Neighborhood unit With Answers
d. New Town
27. A plan that has been formulated to check immediate problems of a

a. Action-oriented You're Reading a Preview

community on a short-term basis.
8 pages
b. Comprehensive planning
c. CLUP
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d. Sectoral planning
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28. He wrote the book Image of the City EnP Sample Questions
a. Freidman and Douglas
b. Ebeneezer Howard Upload to Download
c. Kevin Lynch
d. Unwin Raymund
14 pages
29. The elements of the human settlements.
a. Nature, man, society, shells,OR networks
b. Nature man, society, networks, hamlet PDF No ratings yet
c. Nature, man, community, hamlet, networks
Final Quiz Template Mmep 621 Batch 9 Sid
d. Nature, man, community, shells, networks
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30. Which of thea Scribd member
following to read is
statements andtrue?
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a. Operable windows allow the natural ventilation to reduce the
operation period of A/C System during the mild season
b. Based on a given climatological-condition, a logical planning-design 19 pages
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response is unimportant.
c. Fungi rarely thrive in warm humid regions.
d. The need and benefits of protecting the natural environment can be PDF No ratings yet
considered minor consideration in site selection or planning. Conejero, Kimberly Claire C. Conejero Sid
31. Secondary roads include:
Sections 12 - Mmep 621
a. Minor road
b. Boulevard
c. Avenue
d. All of the choices 19 pages
32. Under the Water Code of the Philippines, the use of banks of rivers,
lakes, streams and shores of seas, throughout their entire length must PDF No ratings yet
have an easement of _____ in agricultural areas/rural areas where the
building of structures of any kind is prohibited. Planning, Development and Zoning
a. 10 meters
b. 40 meters
c. 20 meters
d. 3 meters
13 pages
33. An overlay method of mapping natural determinants used to determine the
suitability of a particular site for prospective land uses.
a. Site suitability PDF No ratings yet
b. Site analysis
c. GIS Review #1: Day 1 Subjects: Arkitektura
d. Sieve-mapping
34. Which of the following statements is true?
a. An isolated building is surrounded by structures.
b. The physical well-being and attitudes of people are directly 307 pages
affected by climate, and these in turn prescribe the planning needs.
c. Combining cut-and-fill is considered the most expensive grading
methods. PDF No ratings yet
d. Monotony is not a common problem for roads using modified grids. Arc4201 Questionnaire
35. A type of restoration technique that preserves the object without
direct intervention on its materials; has something to do with
preventing or avoiding agents of degradations of the object’s fabric,
function, form (appearance), intrinsic values and attributes.
a. Anastylosis 8 pages
b. Substitution
c. Static restoration
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d. Quasi-restoration
36. Radbum represented a dramatic advance in community planning. It
introduced the following except one.
a. Houses were oriented towards the streets. 284 pages

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b. Introduced the concept of the residential superblock.
c. Introduced a hierarchy of roadways. PDF No ratings yet
d. Deliberately separated pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
37. A survey technique used in moderate to large scale projects involving Sample Qs
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understanding the your
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loci as a key to
todownload.
charting the direction for
future development.
a. Historical analysis
b. Permeability analysis Upload to Download
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c. Visual survey
d. Townscape analysis
38. Places and objects that are associated with an event, achievement, PDF 0% (1)
characteristics or modification ORthat present a turning point or stage
in Philippine history. Q & A 2017 On Urban & Land Use Planning
a. National monuments - Enp - Jeffy Baluran - Ab - LLB - Reb - Rea
b. Cultural properties
Become alandmarks
c. National Scribd member to read and download full documents.
d. Shrines 10 pages
39. The prominent visual feature of a city and seen at great distances. To
help define orientation and identify the area.
a. Pathways Start your 30 day free trial PDF No ratings yet
b. Edges Set Eight
c. Landmarks
d. Districts
40. Recommended maximum distance of residential area to health facilities
as per HLURB planning standards.
a. 3 to 4 km 11 pages
b. 4 to 5 km
c. 0.5 to 2 km
d. 2 to 3 km
PDF 100% (2)
41. It combined the advantages of the town by way of access and all the Ep Quiz No 3-6-8
advantages of the country by the way of the environment without any of
the disadvantages of either.
a. New Urbanism
b. New Towns
c. Garden Cities 27 pages
d. Neighborhood Unit
42. A clearance issued to a project that is allowed under the provisions of PDF No ratings yet
the Zoning Ordinance as well as other standards, rules and regulations
on land use. URBAN PLANNING
a. Variance
b. Zoning clearance
c. Locational clearance
d. Deed restrictions
16 pages
43. A special type of bar chart that shows the distribution of a population
by age and sex.
a. Population projection PDF No ratings yet
b. Population density
Estrada, Mechel F. Activity-In-Urban-
c. Population implosion
d. Population pyramid Geography
44. Early pioneer of the concept of nodal region. Promoter of Garden City
Movement.
a. Lewis Mumford 11 pages
b. Ebeneezer Howard
c. UnwinRaymund
d. Barry Parker PDF 50% (2)
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REview Questions Answers

45. Refers to all cities regardless of their population density and to

municipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons per 4 pages
hectare.
a. Highly urbanized city
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b. Independent city
c. Component city AREA 1 Pre - History, Theory
d. Urban area
46. Refers to an area with at least 200,000 people and income of P50M or
more. Upload your documents to download.
a. Metropolitan area
b. Highly-urbanized city 44 pages
c. Component city Upload to Download
d. Independent component city PDF 100% (2)
47. Conditions of the site are the basis for harmony between the buildings
and site. The building and large part of its success depends on its 2016 05 26 Mock Exam
harmonious relation with nature.OR
a. Deference
b. Geometric contrast
c. Extension
44 pages
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d. Accent
48. What is the first university town?
a. Vienna PDF No ratings yet
b. Paris
Start your 30 day free trial Practice Quiz 4 Enp
c. Karlsruhe
d. Versailles
49. He is the author of the 10-volume treatise “de Arkitektura” which
relates experience of Roman architecture and town planning.
a. Leonardo da Vinci 11 pages
b. Nicoletus
c. Vitruvius
d. Hipodamus PDF No ratings yet
50. Built the first Garden City “Letchworth” in 1920. Answer - Hidden EP Quiz 04
a. UnwinRaymund/Barry Parker
b. Lewis Mumford
c. Freidman and Douglas
d. Abercrombie
51. Acknowledged as the oldest city in the history of settlements 15 pages
a. Babylon
b. Eridu PDF No ratings yet
c. Constantinopole
d. Damascus En Planner Reviewer: A. LDC & LFC
52. Acknowledged as the oldest continually inhabited city in the world
a. Babylon
b. Eridu
c. Damascus
22 pages
d. Athens
53. Roman forum designed with formalism
a. Freedom Forum PDF 100% (1)
b. Triumphal Forum
c. Republican Forum
Hidden EP Quiz 05
d. Imperial Forum
54. The first noted urban planner because of his design of the city of
Miletus
a. Vitruvius 16 pages
b. Hippodamus
c. Damascus
d. Paleo PDF 100% (2)
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SemiFinal Highway and Railroad

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55. The first city that signified the rise of the church, with the church
being an integral part of its urban design
a. Rome PDF No ratings yet
b. Constantinople Planning 1 Module Aug. 31, 2014
c. Madrid
d. Versailles You're Reading a Preview
56. Leader of the reform movement during the Industrial Revolution
a. Robert Owen
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b. Ebenezer Howard 38 pages
c. James Oglethorpe
d. Soria Y Mata PDF No ratings yet
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57. The military towns of Spanish to Download
a. Laws of the Indies LA 1201 - Final
b. Pueblo
c. Presidio
d. Missions OR
58. Acknowledged as the icon of middle class suburbanization during the
8 pages
1950’s
a. Projects 1 to 8
b. Become a Scribd
PhilAm-Life member to read and download full documents.
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c. Forbes Park
d. Quezon City Board Exam - January 2009
59. Largest in land area among Metro Manila’s cities
a. City of Manila Start your 30 day free trial
b. Caloocan City
c. Quezon City 5 pages
d. Muntinlupa City
60. Among Kevin Lynch’s elements of the city, these are defined as lateral
references that are not coordinate axes PDF No ratings yet
a. Paths Planning Q 4
b. Edges
c. Nodes
d. Districts
61. Defined as intensive foci from which the observer is traveling
a. Paths 5 pages
b. Edges
c. Nodes
d. Districts
PDF No ratings yet
62. Most dominant element for most person’s image of the city PART 2
a. Paths
b. Edges
c. Nodes
d. Districts
63. Responsive environments that focus on details, with a wide vocabulary 203 pages
of visual cues possess
a. Legibility PDF No ratings yet
b. Variety
c. Visual appropriateness Unit 9 Key Premium
d. Personalization
64. The shape of urban cities formed by two corridors of intense
development crossing the center
a. Radio-centric
4 pages
b. Rectilinear
c. Articulated sheet
d. Linear PDF No ratings yet
65. Determines current housing needs
Pre-Board Examination: Landscaping
a. Housing to be replaced
b. Housing for new family formation Technology and Materials
c. Housing for new family formation
d. All of the above
4 pages
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THEORY of PLANNING - Urban & Regional
Planning and Urban Design

21 pages

66. Describes the housing shortage or backlog From Everand

a. Difference between number of acceptable housing & number of families Soil Bioengineering for Infrastructure
b. Housing for new family formation
Development in Cambodia: A Study on…
c. Housing produced minus existing housing
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d. All of the above Asian Development Bank
67. Type of urban ecological process in land use planning patterning in
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and/or facilities into an occupied area
a. Succession Upload your documents to download. From Everand
b. Concentration
c. Invasion Urban Sustainability and River Restoration:
d. Decentralization Upload to Download Green and Blue Infrastructure
68. In the increase of urban population, which of the following factors Katia Perini
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b. Concentration OR
c. Net Migration
d. Reclassification From Everand
69. Factors indicating Net Migration How Roads Form
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over deaths Amelia Khatri
b. Excess in young population
c. Excess of in-migration over out-migration
d. Rural areas having achieved urban status
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70. Urban design control that your 30builders
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they provide desirable features such as plazas, arcades, and other open
spaces PDF No ratings yet
a. Flexible zoning
b. Incentive zoning Cost Estimating Stages
c. Cluster zoning
d. Land use planning
71. The largest and simplest function of a city
a. Economic
4 pages
b. Government
c. Housing
d. Transportation PDF No ratings yet
72. Intersections that separate lanes of traffic by use of islands Company Name: 123 Anystreet Your City,
a. Channelization
b. Rotaries USA 12345 Phone (123) 456-7890
c. Clover leafs
d. Diamonds
73. Basic subdivision design 1 page
a. Grid iron
b. Radial on grid iron
c. Curvilinear
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d. Radial super blocks Alternative Transportation: Parking
74. What major problem brought about the discipline of city planning? Capacity
a. Physical chaos
b. Urban growth
c. Land value
d. Crime 24 pages
75. What part of basic data and planning studies in a comprehensive
development plan describes the physical setting of the community or PDF No ratings yet
region?
a. Economic base study Tondo
b. Land use survey and inventory
c. Man-made features
d. History and geography
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76. The urban model of growth and development that presents the emergence Company Profile
of self-sufficient sectors
a. Concentric zone model
b. Sector model
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9 pages
c. Multiple nucleic model
d. Urban realms model
77. Density control method that regulates the proportions between the built PDF No ratings yet
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c. Floor area ratio
d. Floor space index Upload to Download
78. A general term to describe the idea of consciously renewing the outworn 8 pages
areas of towns and cities
a. Historic preservation
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b. Urban renewal OR
c. Adaptive reuse Filmographia v12.05.1
d. Urban gentrification
79. A mixed use community with an average 670 meters distance of a transit
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core area
a. Transit oriented development
b. Traditional neighborhood development 326 pages
c. Planned unit development
d. New urbanism Start your 30 day free trial PDF No ratings yet
80. A group of architects, planners, and urban designers formed to educate
citizens worldwide of the benefits of new urbanism 25 August 2012 To: Mr. Melchor Ong
a. The Council of New Urbanism General Manager LT Steel Center Subject:
b. The Congress for New Urbanism
Proposal For Painting Works of External…
c. The New Urbanism Movement
d. The Association of New Urbanists
1 page
81. According to the new theory of New Urbanism, neighborhoods must have a
discernible center within a five minute of walk of all dwellings, and
equivalent to PDF No ratings yet
a. 200 to 300 meters
b. 300 to 500 meters
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c. 600 to 700 meters
d. Approximately 1 kilometer
82. Minimum width of sidewalks, according to New Urbanism principles
a. 1.20 meters 18 pages
b. 2.00 meters
c. 2.50 meters
d. 3.00 meters PDF 0% (1)
83. Which of the following indicates good site planning OW Building Specifications
a. Maximized land use/space
b. Controlled environmental hazards
c. Efficient maintenance
d. All of the above
84. The document issued by the DENR Secretary certifying that based on the 20 pages
representations of the proponent and the preparers, as reviewed and
validated by the EIARC, the project will not pose negative impact to PDF No ratings yet
the environment
a. ECC R.D. Sablan Construction & Metal Works:
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Ra 7279
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Plumbing 46

85. One of the key housing agencies of HUDCC that concentrates on the
production aspect of housing
1 page
a. HLURB
b. NHMFC
c. NHA
d. HIGC You're Reading a Preview PDF 75% (8)
Plumbing Final Pre-Borad
86. One of the funding agencies of Housing, locally known as the Pag-ibig
Fund
a. GSIS Upload your documents to download.
b. SSS
c. HDMF 12 pages
d. 143 Fund Upload to Download
87. An urban design control that is used to limit height and building bulk,
creates setbacks and open space, and ultimately generate a relatively PDF 100% (1)
uniform urban fabric, computed as the ratio of the total floor area and PD 1216 - Open Space
the lot area OR
a. Building Code
b. Floor Space index
c. Floor Area ratio
d. Become a Scribd member to read and download full documents.
Land Zoning 2 pages
88. The salient provision of this law requires developers of propsed
subdivision project at least 20% of the total subdivision area or total
subdivision project cost for socialized housing
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a. RA 7279 Start your 30 day free trial PLPEM Vol 2 (p.148)
b. RA 9266
c. RA 1432
d. RA 1680
89. The wet and dry market is its main feature with quasi-residential
commercial or mixed use development 1 page

a. Central Business District

b. Town Center PDF No ratings yet
c. Neighborhood Center
d. Minor CBD CDP (P. 109)
90. Refers to the acquisition of land at values based on existing use in
advance of actual need to promote planned development and socialized
housing programs.
a. Land investing 1 page
b. Land banking
c. Land swapping
d. Land assembly PDF No ratings yet
91. Refers to the process of land acquisition by exchanging land for E V Design: Associates
another piece of land of equal value, or for shares of stock in a
government or quasi-government corporation.
a. Land investing
b. Land banking
c. Land swapping 3 pages
d. Land assembly
92. Refers to the acquisition of lots of varying ownership through
purchase or expropriation for the purpose of planned and rational
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development and socialized housing programs without individual boundary Planning Usable Open Space Guidelines
restrictions.
a. Land investing
b. Land banking
c. Land swapping
d. Land assembly 16 pages

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Site Planning

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Where can buy Principles of
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93. Refers to those areas declared as such under existing statutes and 40 pages

pertinent executive issuances.

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b. Blighted lands Report TTR LATAM 1Q 2019 PDF
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c. Areas for priority development
d. Component lands
94. Refers to the areas where the structures are dilapidated, obsolete and
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the value of the land and prevent
normal development and use of the area. 66 pages

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c. Areas for priority development
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d. Component lands Risk Management FoldRite Furniture

95. Refers to non-agricultural lands in urban and urbanizable areas on Assignment
which no improvements, as herein defined, have been made by the owner,
OR
as certified by the city, municipality or provincial assessor.
a. Idle lands 8 pages
b. Blighted lands
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d. Component lands
96. A tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496 which is Behind The Supply Curve: Inputs and
partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lot with
Start your 30 day free trial Costs
or without improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, in
cash or in installment terms.
a. Condominium Project 26 pages
b. Subdivision Project
c. Economic and Socialized Housing
d. Open Market Housing
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97. The entire parcel of real property divided or to be divided primarily Note On Monet Pol
for residential purposes into condominium units including all
structures thereon.
a. Condominium Project
b. Subdivision Project 21 pages
c. Economic and Socialized Housing
d. Open Market Housing
98. Constructed and financed by the private sector as a business venture PDF No ratings yet
and sold at prevailing market prices and interest. Payout Policy
a. Condominium Project
b. Subdivision Project
c. Economic and Socialized Housing
d. Open Market Housing
99. Housing project for moderately low income families with lower interest 4 pages
rates and longer amortization periods.
a. Condominium Project PDF No ratings yet
b. Subdivision Project
c. Economic and Socialized Housing What Is Globalization
d. Open Market Housing
100. As per NSO, what structure is 3 or more units, intended for residential
use only, usually consisting of 3 or more housing units?
a. Single House 5 pages
b. Duplex
c. Multi-Unit Residence
d. Medium-Density Residence
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Foreign Exchange Market P P T

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Chapter I

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Uncertainty and The Welfare Economics of
IDEAL SIZE OF A CITY = 10,000 – 20,000 (by Aristotle) Medical Care: Arrow, Kenneth Joseph,
HIPPODAMUS You're Reading a Preview 1921
Gridiron Layout
34 pages
City in the form of Grid
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URBAN DESIGN
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MEDIEVAL ERA
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Proposed Movable Houses
Anticipated the “Greenbelt Concept”
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REBUILDING LONDON
Several Designers :
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INDUSTRIAL TOWNS 16 pages

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SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
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‫دور أسواق األوراق المالية العربية في التنمية االقتصادية‬

Une Ville Contemporaine

Plan Voisin (Neighborhood Plan)
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Broadacres – every Family on acreland
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The Concepts of City and Urban Planning

Definitions of the term CityStart

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Urban
appear in the literature every now and then. But none of these definitions BUDGET of 2024 25 SUMMARY -
can claim to be the “official” or “standard” one simply because definitions A0bc693c b381 41de 8f7e B83c7a2dfc5f
vary from country to country in the Philippines, for example, the official
definition of urban areas as developed by the National Statistics Office
(NSO) is as follows: 19 pages

In their entirety, all cities and municipalities have a population density of PDF No ratings yet
at least 1,000 persons per square kilometer
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Poblacion or central districts of municipalities and cities which have a
population density of at least 500 persons per square kilometers

Poblacion or central districts (not included in 1 and 2) regardless of 4 pages

population size, which have the following:

Street pattern, i.e. network of streets in either parallel or right angle;

At least six establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational, and/or
personal services); and

Any of the three of the following:

A town hall, church or chapel with religious services at least one a month;
A public plaza, park or cemetery;
A market place, or building where trading activities are carried out at least
once a week;
A public building like a school, hospital, puericulture and health centers or
library.
Barangays, having at least 1,000 inhabitants, which meet the conditions set
forth in 3 above, and where the occupation of inhabitants is predominantly
non-agricultural.

The impracticality of adopting a worldwide standard definition has led to the

established practice of adopting the particular country’s definition of
“urban” when cross-country comparisons are being made (Pernia 1993,2).

133

Nevertheless, the following definition of city or urban by Hartshorn is worth

quoting:

You're Reading a Previewspecialized land

"A concentration of people with a distinctive way of life in terms of
employment patterns and lifestyle…[with] a high degree of
uses and a wide variety of social, economic and political institutions that
coordinate the use of facilities and resources (Hartshorn 1992,3)
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From the above definition a number of operative phrases, which characterize
an urban area, can be identified and which find correspondence in the
Philippine definition: Upload to Download

Concentration of people. Various countries have adopted different minimum

population sizes to designate as urban, ranging from a low of 200 as in the
cases of Denmark and Sweden, to a highOR
of 30,000 as in Japan (Hartshorn 1992,
quoting UN sources). In the Philippines, concentration is expressed (and
rightly so) in terms of density, and, to a lesser degree, population size
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(criteria 1,2 and 4).

Distinctive employment patterns. In contrast to rural occupations, urban

production activities are dominated by manufacturing and services, or
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census definition reflects
this observation by considering a barangay as urban when more than half of
total employment, therein is accounted for by non-agricultural activities
(criterion 4)

Distinctive Lifestyle. Compared to his rural counterpart, the urban dweller

exhibits a faster pace of living because he/she operated in an environment
that demands more discipline, firmer scheduling, and more precise deadlines.
This is the only feature not captured in the NSO definition.

Specialized land uses. There is a discernible segregation of residential,

industrial, commercial, and institutional uses in urban areas. Segregation
and spatial structuring of land uses are achieved in part through the design
of the circulation system. Or conversely, the street pattern has evolved from
the necessity to link together spatial segregated land-use areas.

Wide Variety of institutions. The presence of economic, social, religious,

cultural and administrative buildings and institutions are sufficient
condition to make an area urban.

Under RA 7160 (LGC 1991), the requisites for the creation of a city are:
A minimum income of 20 million pesos, and
Any of the following:
Minimum land area of 10,000 hectares, or
A minimum population of 150,000.

Local Government Code (1991) further classifies Philippine cities using the
same variables of income and population size:

Highly urbanized city – A population of not less than 200,000 and an income
of 50 million pesos
Component City – a population and income below those of a highly urbanized
city
Independent City – a chartered city with a population and income below those
required for a city but whose charter makes it independent from the province.

134

OVERBOUNDED CITIES – town or cities classified as completely urban may still

contain a sizable rural hinterland and a town that is classified as rural
does have an urban core or Poblacion.

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UNDERBOUNDED CITIES –when cities or towns overstep their legal boundaries and
their built-up areas extend beyond their city limits.
True-bound Cities – cities whose urban areas fit their legal boundaries.

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND your documents
URBANISATION to download.

Urban development pertains to the process of occupation and use of land or

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space for such activities as residential, industrial, commercial, and the
like, necessary to carry out the functions of city life.

Urbanization. Urban development entails the building and rebuilding of more

OR
or less permanent structures over land that is withdrawn or converted from
its original use, resulting in the creation of a built environment where
people in large numbers tend to move and concentrate themselves.
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Urban area or urban space is the built environment that is thus adapted as
human settlement with a high degree of concentration.
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Cities or urban areas, which are the product of urban development process,
perform at least three main functions:

Providing an environment for a peculiar type of human settlements,

Providing the locus of, and conditions for faster economic growth, and
Facilitating the integration between these two functions.

State Intervention derives justification from a number of social, economic

and environmental conditions arising from the following:

The failure of the market mechanism to provide for social goods and to deal
satisfactorily with negative externalities of urban activities.
There is inequality in almost every respect and the market tends to reinforce
these inequalities.
Strong social classes, usually the land owning classes, dominate the weaker
classes.

Government policies and actions can be grouped under any or a combination of

the following functions of the state:
As supplier or provider of public or social goods and services; only when:
There is an existence of natural monopolies
When decreased cost is attained by enlarged scale of production
When externalities are created by market transactions
When goods provided are pure public goods
When merit goods are involved.
As regulator or facilitator of the operations of the market;
As an arbiter between contending social groups or classes; and
As social engineer.

135

EVOLUTION AND TRENDS

The Legacy of the past:

The ancient world: You're Reading a Preview

Fertile Crescent 4000 BC
Urban planning @ the development of city-kingdoms at Assyria by the Sumerians
The Greeks – Athens, the Parthenon
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The medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Periods
The Industrial City-reform movements, the garden city concept
The Americas
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Models of Urban Development in the Philippines:

Prototypes of Urban development:OR

MODEL I Urban development through influx of Population

Squatter Resettlement
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Insurgency victims
Victims of natural calamities
Persons displaced by major infrastructure projects
Alternatives to Start your 30 day free trial
resettlement

MODEL II Urban Growth through inflow of capital

Remittances from OCWs
Investment in local tourist potentials
Location of major institutions
Location of regional government centers

MODEL III Urban growth through agricultural modernization

MODEL IV Urban growth through Industrial location expansions

MODEL V Cities in towns and social equity Issues

MODEL VI Metropolitanization

THE NEED FOR PLANNING

Shaping the pattern of growth to achieve a sensible and attractive land-use
pattern

• Avoiding both oppressively dense development or overly scattered

and fragmentary development
• Encouraging a pattern of development that gives residents ready
access to recreational, cultural, school, shopping and other
facilities
• Having a street pattern that is convenient to use and through
which traffic flows without excessive congestion. An adequate
road system with utility facilities.
• Separating incompatible land uses and activities.
• Providing a system of pathways so that pedestrian and bicycle
traffic is separated from automobile traffic.
• Providing housing for the lower-income residents
• Preserving historic buildings and other landmarks
136

• Implementing street improvements and other changes to help

downtown
•
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businesses compete successfully with establishments in outlaying
areas.
• Creating conditions that encourage existing industry to remain
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to locate within the community.
• Guide and manage development to minimize environmental damage
• Improving region wide sewage disposal and water systems
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Coordinating between the to Download
planning efforts of the various
municipalities in the region to avoid duplication of capital
faculties and interference effects.

THE PLANNING/ POLICY-MAKING/ MANAGEMENT CYCLE

OR
• The cycle of activities involved may include the following:
• Survey and analysis
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• Survey of existing situation
• Analysis of economic and development potentials
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• Evaluation of results of 30 dayinterventions
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• Responses from the public
• Development of strategies and policies
• Clarification of goals and objectives
• Identification of key issues/problems
• Identification of alternative strategies/policies
• Analyzing costs and benefit alternatives
• Identification of the likely consequences of adopting the various
alternative courses of action
• Prioritization of alternatives
• Selection of alternatives which achieve the optimum balance
between goal achievement and resource utilization
• Implementation
• Identification of implementing agencies
• Mobilization of the necessary resources
• Specification and coordination of activities
• Specification of programs and projects
• Preparation of program budgets
• Specification of terms for implementation
• Specification of performance measures and targets
• Supervision of routine operations and maintenance functions
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Regular monitoring of performance against targets
• Ex-post evaluation of performance and impact
• Feedback of results into previous stages through an effective
information system

INSTRUMENT OF URBAN PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

The following could be categorized in terms of function: regulatory
mechanisms, fiscal mechanisms (taxation & subsidies), and direct public
provision or ownership. They could also be categorized in terms of subject
area or elements: land/land use, public services and infrastructure.

137

• Public ownership of land (including open-market, land

acquisition, compulsory acquisition, land nationalization)
• Legal regulations of private land ownership/tenure.
•
•
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Legal powers to control private use and development of land
Legal powers and fiscal penalties to control public nuisances
(pollution, etc)
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and transportation.
• Government provision of infrastructure
• Government construction of housing
•
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Government construction of other public buildings and facilities.
• Direct government provision of public services (water, refuse
collection, transport, etc) or contracting of these services from
OR
other agencies/private sector
• Regulation of private provision of public services (transport,
commercial activities, etc)
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• Recovery of costs of public services from beneficiaries
• Subsidies for public or private provision of public services.
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CHOICES AND CONFLICTS
• Major areas of potential conflicts:
• Between politicians.
• Politicians/administrators
• Administrators/professionals
• Between administrators
• Between professionals
• External consultants/internal
• Between departments
• Central government/local government
• Statutory body and voluntary body
• Donor agency/national government
• Public authorities/community
• Within communities.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PERFORMANCE

• Improving standard of living has been achieved
• There is Distribution and equity
• Environmental sustainability is enforced
• Fundamental rights, freedoms and personal needs are considered
• There is Effectiveness and the ability to implement
• Conflicts and uncertainty are resolved

CAPITAL FACILITIES PLANNING

Capital facilities is the single most powerful tools to shape the
community’s development and implement the comprehensive development plan.
This includes roads, bridges, schools, parking structures, public
buildings water supply, waste disposal facilities, sewer and solid waste
systems.

138

Strategies:
• Making projection and forecasts of population needs and economic

•
conditions
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Analysing future revenue and expenditure requirements
• Evaluatiing costs and benefits associated with alternative
investments
•
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Assessing various fiscal policies and methods of financing
capital facitilities

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Planning Framework Considerations:
• External factors that may influence public programs
• Total public service needs and demands
• ORcapital facilities of the community
An inventory of the present
• An evaluation of the present and future plans of various
government levels and private enterprises for the provision of
public facilities and services.
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Forecasting Community Growth and Change
• Population projects are the fundamental component in forecasting
capital facilityStart your 30 day free trial
requirements
• Economic projects assists in estimating future traffic flows,
water and sewage disposal requirements, etc.
• Land use Studies determines the type of development, and land
suitability.

REVENUE ANALYSIS
• Revenue analysis separates sources of revenue into categories
like property tax, fees and licenses projected over a number of
years.

Evaluation Criteria
• Fiscal impacts. Explicit consideration of initial cost of
development and subsequent cost for operation, maintenance and
repairs of the capital facility. Other fiscal impacts:
• Changes in revenue. Capital projects may generate new revenues
for the locality.
• Impact on energy requirements. Estimated changes in energy
requirements should be included as part of the project’s
operating and maintenance cost impacts.
• Legal liability are potential costs of undertaking a project such
as for flood damages resulting in the diversion of a natural
stream course.
• Health and safety effects. Data on the estimated number of
persons affected and the severity of effect should be provided on:
• Reductions/increase in traffic accidents
• Elimination of health hazards arising from sewer problems or poor
water quality
• Long-term health hazards like asbestos in public buildings.
• Community Economic effects. Economic effects should include the
likely impact of the project on:
• Property values
• Tax base
• Employment opportunities
139

• Personal income
• Business income
• Stabilization or revitalization on declining neighborhoods

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• Quality of life and quality of service. Beneficial and adverse
effects on the quality of life –environmental, aesthetic and
social considerations. Although perhaps not resulting in major
health problems, the potential for noise, air or water pollution
should be Upload your account.
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Increased travel times and other
inconvenience to the public should also be evaluated.
• Disruption and inconvenience. Some projects can involve lengthy
disruptions of service and inconvenience to users. Repairs or
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constructionof bridges, streets, water and sewer lines can
involve rerouting of traffic, temporary interruption of services,
or even relocate households
• Distributional effects. Capital projects can deliver financial
OR
gains or losses to individuals or firms. Where appropriate, these
costs and benefits should be broken down by: age groups, economic
status, neighborhood or districts, residential or commercial
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persons, and download full documents.
• Project feasibility. Projects should be evaluated on:
• Compatibility and compliance with the comprehensive plan
• Degree of public support for or opposition to the project
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• Implications of project deferral. Impacts to deferring the
projects:
• Costs
• Beneficiaries
• Availability of inter-governmental assistance
• Risk and uncertainty.
• Cost estimates
• Effects of the quality of service
• Inter-jurisdictional relations. Special coordination may be
required if the project has significant adverse or beneficial
effects on other jurisdictions or agencies that serve the same
area.
• Advantages accruing from other proposals. If two or more projects
could be undertaken together at a lower cost than if done
separately, the combined effort might rate at a higher priority.

URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Transportation planning is a process that has as its goal the
determination of needed improvements or new facilities in order to meet
transportation needs of a specific region or areas. A comprehensive
process encompassing travel demand, facility construction, and
comprehensive needs assessment.

Theoretical Foundations of Transportation Planning

• Land use. Difference of patterns of land development result in
varying demands for transportation: conversely, the type of
transportation systems configuration influences the pattern of
land development. The urban environment, transportation systems
and land use patterns all interact with changes in one produces
changes in other parts.
• Delivery of Goods and Services. Transportation is the result of a
derived demand attributable to the need for goods and services in
specific places at specific times.

140

URBAN ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS

Plants, animals, soils, and water are functional elements of the city
or suburban landscape, just as in rural forest areas or wild lands.
These natural resources perform important services for the urban
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environment and even provide cost savings to cities. Urban Ecosystem
Analysis (UEA) is a process developed by AMERICAN FORESTS for measuring
the dollar value of urban ecology. The analysis maps local ecology and
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estimates the economic valuedocuments to download.
of important ecosystem services such as

Storm water runoff reduction,

Air pollution reduction and
Energy conservation.
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Environmental PlanningOR

PHYSICALBecome
PLANNING
a Scribd member
– shall meanto read
the and download
rational full documents.
use of land for development
purposes.

Factors to Study:
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• Land Use Planning
• Planning Principles
• Ecological Balance
• Preservation/Conservation
• Urban Land Use Planning
• Physical Infrastructure Development

SOCIAL PLANNING – refers to those activities concerned with planning,

development, and management of social services, facilities required by
specific population groups, community, town, city, province, region, or
nation.

Factors to Study:
• Demography
• Education
• Housing
• Health Services
• Social Welfare Services
• Protective Services
• Sports and Recreation

ECONOMIC PLANNING – refers to those activities concerned with uplifting

the quality of life and income levels of the population through assessment of
advantages from economic activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism,
services, etc.

Factors to Study:
• Commerce
• Industry

141

• Tourism
• Agriculture

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P. D. 1308: Environmental Planning Practice (March 2, 1977)

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ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING documents
refers to download.
to activities concerned with the
management and development of land, as well as, the preservation,
conservation, and rehabilitation of the human environment.
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Scope of Practice:
• Development of a community, town, city, or region.
• OR
Development of a site for a particular need such as housing, education,
etc.
• Land Use and zoning plans for the management and development,
preservation, conservation, control, and rehabilitation of the
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environment.
• Pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies.

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Theories in Urban and Regional 30 day free trial
Planning

PLANNING DEFINITIONS. Planning in general is a thinking and social

process. Intellectual thought processes (thinking aspect) as well as
policies and actions (social aspect) are needed to bridge the gap between
what is likely and what is desired.

Other specific definitions of planning include:

• A process for determining appropriate future action through a sequence
of choices (Davidoff & Reiner, 1962)
• A process of preparing a set of decisions for action in the future
directed at achieving goals by preferable means (Dron, 1963)
• An orderly sequence of actions which is designed to achieve a stated
goal (Hall, 19??)
• A sequence of actions which are designed to solve problems in the
future (Glasson, 1974)
• Foresight in formulating and implementing programs and policies
(Hudson, 1979)

142

PLANNING PROCESS

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Whatever the purpose may be, the planning process generally includes a set of
activities that remain invariant across different planning philosophies – a
sort of general format to follow.

To illustrate, severalUpload yourare

examples documents to
presented: download.
Example 1
Problem Structuring
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↓
Identification and Evaluation of Alternative Responses
↓
OR
Implementation
↓
Monitoring and Evaluation
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From Thomas a Scribd
Saaty, 1985 member to read and download full documents.

Example 2
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Identification of free trial
a Problem
↓
Formulation of Goals
↓
Identification of Objectives and Targets
↓
Determination of Constraints and Opportunities
↓
Projection for Future Situation
↓
Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Courses of Action
↓
Implementation of Preferred Plan
↓
Monitoring and Evaluation
From John Glasson, 19??

Example 3
Data
↓
Description
↓
Desires
↓
Designs
↓
Decision
↓
Deed
From Britton Harris, 19??

143

SYSTEMS PLANNING – derived from the science of cybernetics: cybernetics

was identified by Norman Weiner in 1948, an American mathematician and

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thinker.
Concerned with urban and regional systems viewing them as complex interacting
systems.
The planning or controlling system and the system which it seeks to control.
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Three leading British exponents of cybernetics-based planning:
George Chadwick
Alan Wilson Upload to Download
Brian McLoughlin

COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING – evolved from a physical planning model from the

OR planner Patrick Geddes’s S-A-P and
1920s to 1930s as exemplified by British
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City.
Ceased to be the universal planning standard by 1970.
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GROWTH POLE/CENTER THEORY
Francis Perroux – Growth Pole
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Boudeville (1966) – Growth Center trial
Concept of Leading Industries
Concept of Propulsive Firms
Albert Hirshman – Polarization
Gunnar Myrdal – Backwash and Spread Effects
Scale Economies
Agglomeration Economies

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY. By Walter Christaller, 1933. Explains the size

and function of settlements and their relationship with their hinterlands.
Hierarchy of Services – hierarchical arrangement of centers and functions
based on service activities from low order to high order services found only
in major urban centers.
Market Range – maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of a
good or service beyond which people will look to another center.
Threshold Population – minimum population necessary to support a service.

CORE-PERIPHERY.
By John Friedmann. Unbalanced growth results to dualism – North and South,
growing points and lagging regions.
Dualistic economies.
Toffler – technological apartheid.

DEPENDENCY THEORY.
Development of First World derived from underdevelopment of Third World, neo-
colonialism.
Advocated by Latin American economists and planners like Cesar Furtado.

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY. Generally, an economic theory that attempts

to incorporate the location factor into the “theory of the firm” and tries to
explain the existing structure of industrial location and changes in that
structure.

Least Cost Approach. – Minimization of total costs (transport and production

costs) in site selection. Supply-oriented.

144

Market Area Analysis. – Optimum location is the site of maximum profit, one
that affords greatest access to market and serve greatest demand. Demand-
oriented.
Profit Maximizing Approach. – Cost and demand factors of location combined.
Cost reducing and revenue increasing.
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STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. By Walt w. Rostow, 1960. “The Stages of
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Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.

A neo-classical theory on economic growth and development. A take-off

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theory, wherein there are five stages of economic development:

1. Traditional Society – basically an agricultural society characterized by

low productivity, low technology. Power is concentrated in the hands of the
landed elite, and value system is oriented towards fatalism.
OR
2. Preconditions for Take-Off – transitional period when a society prepares
itself for take-off, new and higher functions due to modern science.
Investments are used for social overhead capital and infrastructure.
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manufacturing
Start of self-sustaining growth. Profits are reinvested.
sectors.

4. Drive to Maturity – the “automobile age,” modern technology and

techniques, growth of urban population, white-collar workers.
Start your
5. Age of High Mass Consumption 30 day freepurchasing
– increasing trial power of the
consumer, service/tertiary sector become dominant. Welfare state.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (DOXIADIS)

Nature – the natural physical environment.

Man – an individual, Homo Sapiens – biological needs (oxygen, nutrition),
sensation and perception (five senses), emotional needs (satisfaction,
security, sense of belonging), moral values.
Society – a group of individuals sharing the same culture, values, norms,
mores, and traditions.
Shells – buildings, the built component – housing, hospitals, schools, town
halls, commercial establishments, recreational facilities, industrial
buildings, etc.
Networks – links within the settlement and with other settlements,
transportation systems, communication systems, water supply systems, power
and electrical systems, etc.

HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
A hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village.
A community, a town.
A city, an urban area.
A metropolis.
A conurbation – a composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
A megalopolis – merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10
million or more, a 20th century phenomenon.

CITY vs. URBAN

City – as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P20 M, at least 10,000 has.
In land area or minimum population of 150,000, a political or legal status
granted by the government.
Highly Urbanized City – at least 200,000 people; income of P50M or more.
Component City – population & income below that of highly urbanized city.

145

Independent Component City – a chartered city with a population and income

below those required for a city but whose charter makes it independent from
the province.
Urban Area – as defined by NSO: in their entirety, all cities and
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municipalities with a density of at least 1000/sq km; central districts
(poblaciones) of municipalities and cities with a density of at least 500/sq
km; central districts, regardless of population size, exhibiting a street
pattern or street network, at least 6 establishments, a town hall, church or
chapel, public plaza, Upload your documents
park, cemetery, market;toand
download.
barangays having at least
1000 people and meeting the previous conditions.

Upload
INTERNAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE to Download
OF CITIES
CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Monocentric). By E. W. Burgess, a University of
Chicago sociologist, in 1925. The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or circles such as in Chicago.
CBD (Core, Loop).
OR
Zone of Transition.
Homes of Factory Workers.
Become
Residential a Scribd
Zone of member
High Class to read and
Apartment download
Buildings full documents.
or Single-Family Dwellings.
Commuters Zone.
The process of invasion and succession explains the successive rings.

SECTOR THEORY. Start your 30 day free trial

By Homer Hoyt, an economist, in 1939. Hoyt examined the
spatial variations in household rent in 142 American cities.

Rent patterns are not in the form of successive circles but appear as
sectors. High rent residential sectors are most important in explaining city
growth as it pulls the growth of entire city in the same direction, usually
outward along transport routes.

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric). Developed by two geographers

Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945. Cities tend to grow around not one
but several distinct nuclei.

The process is historical due to certain highly specialized activities,

certain unrelated functions which repel each other, etc.

INVERSE CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY. The preceding three theories apply

primarily to cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many cities in the LDCs
follow somewhat different patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY. A collective image – map or impressions – map of a
city, a collective picture of what people extract from the physical reality
of a city.

There are five basic elements which people use to construct their mental
image of a city:
• Pathways – major and minor routes of circulation to move about, the
city has a network of major routes and a neighborhood network of minor
routes; a building has several main routes which people use to get to
it or from it. An urban highway network is a network of pathways for a
whole city.

146

• Districts – A city is composed of component neighborhoods or

districts; its center, uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas,
trainyards, factory areas, suburbs, college campuses, etc. Sometimes

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they are considerably mixed in character and do not have distinct
limits like the midtown in Manhattan.
• Edges – the termination of a district is its edge. Some districts
have no distinctUpload
edges your documents to download. and blend into
at all but gradually taper off
another district. When two districts are joined at an edge they form a
seam. A narrow park may be a joining seam for two urban neighborhoods.
• Upload
Landmarks – the prominent to Download
visual features of the city; some are very
large and are seen at great distances; some are very small and can only
be seen up close (street clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a
park). Landmarks help in orienting people in the city and help
identify an area.
OR
• Nodes – a center of activity; distinguished from a landmark by virtue
of its active function; it is a distinct hub of activity. Times Square
Become
in New York aCity
Scribd
ismember to read and
both a landmark anddownload
a node. full documents.

These five elements of urban form are sufficient to make a useful visual
StartThey
survey of the form of a city. yourare
30 day
the free trial elements of city form.
skeletal

PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS

Regional Planning Urban Planning

NEDA – National Economic HUDCC – Housing and Urban

Development Development
Authority Coordinating Council
NLUC – National Land Use HLURB – Housing & Land Use
Committee Regulatory
RDC – Regional Development Board
Council RLUC – Regional Land Use
PDC – Provincial Committee
Development Council M/CDC – Municipal/City
PLUC – Provincial Land Use Development Council
Committee BDC – Barangay
Sanggunian Panlalawigan Development Council
Sanggunian Panglunsod/Bayan
Barangay Council

HLURB (HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD) – the planning,

regulatory and quasi-judicial instrumentality of government for land use
development.
Town Planning and Zoning Assistance Program
Provide technical assistance in CLUP preparation.
Identification and zoning of site for socialized housing
Ratification of land use plans and zoning ordinances

147

Real Estate Management Program

Formulation of design standards and guidelines of subdivisions and
condominiums
Issuance of Permits and Licenses
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Land Use Enforcement Plan
Upload
Monitoring of all projects your documents
issued permits by to download.
LGUs and HLURB
DZA supervision
Adjudication of complaints
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PLANNING – the key to orderly and rational land development in any local
government unit, i.e. a city or municipality.

CLUP (Comprehensive Land Use Plan) – prescribes the development pace,

OR use of land resources in a community
direction and strategies for the optimum
as well as its role in provincial and national development.

CONCEPTSBecome a Scribd
RELATED member
TO LAND USEto read and download full documents.

REVERSIBLE USES – cases when the inherent features and characteristics of

Start youraltered
the land have not been considerably 30 day free trial
or modified such that the soil
horizon, landform, and structure remain intact so that the land can be
reverted to its former use or original condition.

IRREVERSIBLE USES – when land is subject to applications which brought

about changes, alteration or modifications so much so that it preempts the
original use or it is physically impossible to restore the land to its
previous state or condition.

MULTIPLE LAND USES – combining different land uses, whether reversible or

irreversible, in an orderly and desirable pattern because:
Land is finite and supply is finite
Demand is ever increasing
Competition is there
Land can indeed have more than one use and uses can be combined in different
ways.

COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE LAND USES – a related concept of multiple

uses of land is the compatibility of uses. Some land uses are innately
incompatible while others are completely compatible. Compatible uses can
coexist harmoniously and effectively in an orderly management.

HIGHEST AND BEST USE OF THE LAND

The use of land which generates the maximum profit without negative
consequences especially on the environment
Land should be used in such a manner consistent with its natural qualities to
maximize its productivity and also adhere to the principles of sustainable
development.
Simply put, it is utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both man
and environment.

148

MAPS/MAPPING – a graphical representation of a place or particular

phenomena or themes in an area. It is a convenient visual form of spatial
data, their distribution and relationships.

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MAPS/MAPPING – a reduced and simplified model of reality containing
geographic information. It is a graphic depiction of all or part of a
geographic realm whereUpload your documents
the real-world to download.
features have been replaced with
symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.

URBAN LAND USE MAP COLOR CODES

Upload to Download
Category Color

RESIDENTIAL OR YELLOW
By dwelling type
COMMERCIAL RED
Become a Scribd
Wholesale, member
Retail (Gen.to Merchandise),
read and download full documents.
Services (Auto Repair, Hotels, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL VIOLET
Start your 30 day
Manufacturing, Fabricating, free trial
Assembly,
Industries, etc. BLUE
INSTITUTIONAL
Schools, Church, Protective Services, GREEN
Government Buildings, etc.
PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS GRAY
Golf Courses, Race Tracks, Country Club,
etc. YELLOW
INFRASTRUCTURE/ UTILITIES
Railroad, Land Transport, Water LIGHT GREEN
Transport, Air Transport, etc.
BUILT-UP AREAS LIGHT
Cluster of at least 10 structures or if VIOLET
activity occupies sizable land
AGRICULTURE DARK GREEN
Cropland, Riceland, etc.
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BROWN
Piggery, Poultry OLIVE GREEN
FOREST AQUA
Production Forest, Wildlife, Watershed, APPROPRIATE
National Parks COLORS
MINING/QUARRYING
GRASSLAND/PASTURE
SWAMPLAND/MARSHES
OTHER LAND USE
Cemeteries, Dumpsite, Landfill,
Reclamation, Idle Vacant Lots, etc.

149

SITE: CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES (By Kevin Lynch)

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Every site is a unique interconnected web of things and activities that
imposes limitations and offers possibilities.

Upload your documents to download.

A site or project/planning area varies in size, location, and
characteristics. “A site in its own right is a living, changing community of
plants and animals.” Such a community also has its own interests that should
be conserved, preserved or protected.
Upload to Download
Knowledge of the site is vital in planning especially in mitigating competing
or conflicting interests between potential users and existing occupants to
avert natural disasters such as severeOR
erosion, water intrusion, flooding, a
drop in the water table, etc.

The site and its intended purpose are closely interrelated. Understanding
Become a Scribd member to read and download full documents.
the site to define or establish the essential character or nature of the site
or “the spirit of the place” to maintain, to some degree, a continuity of the
preexisting conditions within the locale.
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A sufficient knowledge and understanding of the nature of the site would make
the planner much conscious and sensitive to the site’s distinct character and
“closely knit” complexity “as to be worthy of his interest, concern, and even
his affection.”

Understanding the site has two branches – one oriented to the users and the
other to the site itself.

SITE INVENTORY and ASSESSMENT

Involves a thorough assessment of the natural environment and the associated

physical characteristics of the site and its surroundings.
Such factors are found above, below, and on the ground, for they make up the
nature of the site.
Knowing these factors and their interrelationships enables one to determine
site constraints (threats) and potentials (opportunities).
Knowledge of constraints and threats can mitigate or minimize potential
damage or adverse effects that site development may cause on the ecological
and social fabric within the site or within the general vicinity of the site.
Knowledge of the potentials and opportunities of the site can clarify,
reveal, or enhance the nature of the site as well as the plan or design.

PREPARING A SITE PROFILE. Site inventory and assessment require the

collection of comprehensive and structured sets of data descriptive of the
geophysical, biological, and social environment in the site and around the
site. A site profile is the outcome of this activity.

For planners, site profile provides information on the status and

characteristics of the various aspects of the environment which are
indicative of the potentials and weaknesses of a particular area.

150

TYPES OF SUBDIVISION

Subdivision Project – a tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496

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which is partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lot
with or without improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, in
cash or in installment terms.
Upload your documents to download.
Condominium Project – the entire parcel of real property divided or to be
divided primarily for residential purposes into condominium units including
all structures thereon.
Upload to Download
Economic and Socialized Housing – housing project for moderately low income
families with lower interest rates and longer amortization periods.

Open Market Housing – constructed and OR

financed by the private sector as a
business venture and sold at prevailing market prices and interest.

SHELTER NEEDS CATEGORY

Become
New housing units aneeded
Scribd to
member
answertothe
readrequirements
and downloadof full documents.
future generations
New units to cover for housing backlog
Upgrading need
Start your 30 day free trial
TYPES OF DENSITIES
• Low Density – less than 150 persons per hectare of residential area
• Medium Density – 151 to 250 per ha.
• High Density – more than 250 per ha.

INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Potable water
Power and electricity and adequate power distribution system
Access to primary roads and transport facilities
A.O. 353: GUDELINES FOR PROTECTION OF AREAS NON-NEGOTIABLE FOR CONVERSION

RA 7279: The Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992

Affordable Cost refers to the most reasonable price of land and shelter based
on the needs and financial capability of Program beneficiaries and
appropriate financing schemes.

Areas For Priority Development refers to those areas declared as such under
existing statutes and pertinent executive issuances.

Blighted Lands refers to the areas where the structures are dilapidated,
obsolete and unsanitary, tending to depreciate the value of the land and
prevent normal development and use of the area.

Consultation refers to the constitutionally mandated process whereby the

public, on their own or through people’s organizations, is provided an
opportunity to be heard and to participate in the decision-making process on
matters involving the protection and promotion of its legitimate collective
interests, which shall include appropriate documentation and feedback
mechanisms.

151

Idle Lands refers to non-agricultural lands in urban and urbanizable areas on

which no improvements, as herein defined, have been made by the owner, as
certified by the city, municipality or provincial assessor.

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Improvements refers to all types of buildings and residential units, walls,
fences, structures or constructions of all kinds of a fixed character or
which are adhered to the soil but shall not include trees, plants and growing
Upload
fruits, and other fixtures yourare
that documents to download. on the land, and
mere superimpositions
the value of improvements shall not be less than 50% of the assessed value of
the property.
Upload to Download
Joint Venture refers to the commitment or agreement by two or more persons to
carry out a specific or single business enterprise for their mutual benefit,
OR
for which purpose they combine their funds, land resources, facilities and
services.

Land Assembly or Consolidation refers to the acquisition of lots of varying

ownership Become
through apurchase
Scribd member to read andfor
or expropriation download full documents.
the purpose of planned and
rational development and socialized housing programs without individual
boundary restrictions.
Start your 30 day free trial
Land Banking refers to the acquisition of land at values based on existing
use in advance of actual need to promote planned development and socialized
housing programs.

Land Swapping refers to the process of land acquisition by exchanging land

for another piece of land of equal value, or for shares of stock in a
government or quasi-government corporation.

Land Use Plan refers to the rational approach of allocating available land
resources as equitably as possible among competing user groups and for
different functions consistent with the development plan of the area and the
Program.

On-Site Development refers to the process of upgrading and rehabilitation of

blighted and slum urban areas with a view of minimizing displacement of
dwellers in said areas, and with provisions as provided thereof.

Professional Squatters refers to individuals or groups who occupy lands

without the express consent of the landowner and who have sufficient income
for legitimate housing.

Resettlement Areas refers to areas identified by the appropriate national

agency or by the local government unit with respect to areas within its
jurisdiction, which shall be used for the relocation of the underprivileged
and homeless citizens.

Security of Tenure refers to the degree of protection afforded to qualified

Program beneficiaries against infringement or unjust, unreasonable and
arbitrary eviction or disposition, by virtue of the right of ownership, lease
agreement, usufruct and other contractual arrangements.

152

Slum Improvement and Resettlement (SIR) Program refers to the program of the
National Housing Authority of upgrading and improving blighted squatter areas
outside of Metro Manila pursuant to existing statutes and pertinent executive

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issuances.

Small Property Owners refers to those whose only real property consists of
residential lands not exceeding 300sqm in highly urbanized areas and 800sqm
in other urban areas. Upload your documents to download.

Socialized Housing (same asto

Upload A.O. 353 Def’n)
Download
Squatting Syndicates refers to groups of persons engaged in the business of
squatter housing for profit or gain.
OR
Underprivileged or Homeless Citizens refers to the beneficiaries of this Act
and to individuals or families residing in urban and urbanizable areas whose
Become
income falls a Scribd
within memberthreshold
the poverty to read and
as download
defined byfull documents.
NEDA and who do not
own housing facilities.

Start your
Urban Areas refers to all cities 30 day free
regardless trial population density and
of their
to municipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons per
square kilometer.

Urbanizable Areas refers to sites and lands which, considering present

characteristics and prevailing conditions, display marked and great potential
of becoming urban areas within the period of five years.

Zonal Improvement Program (ZIP) refers to the program of the NHA of upgrading
and improving blighted squatter areas within the cities and municipalities of
Metro Manila pursuant to existing statutes and issuances.

153

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