Transient Response of RL Circuits

Our problem is to study the growth of current in the circuit through two stages,
namely; (i) dc transient response (ii) steady state response of the system
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF RL CIRCUITS:
So far we have considered dc resistive network in which currents and voltages
were independent of time. More specifically, Voltage (cause input) and current
(effect output) responses displayed simultaneously except for a constant
multiplicative factor (VR). Two basic passive elements namely, inductor and
capacitor are introduced in the dc network. Automatically, the question will arise
whether or not the methods developed in lesson-3 to lesson-8 for resistive circuit
analysis are still valid. The voltage/current relationship for these two passive
elements are defined by the derivative (voltage across the inductor
Our problem is to study the growth of current in the circuit through two stages,
namely; (i) dc transient response (ii) steady state response of the system.
D.C Transients: The behavior of the current and the voltage in the circuit switch is
closed until it reaches its final value is called dc transient response of the
concerned circuit. The response of a circuit (containing resistances, inductances,
capacitors and switches) due to sudden application of voltage or current is called
transient response. The most common instance of a transient response in a circuit
occurs when a switch is turned on or off –a rather common event in an electric
circuit.

Growth or Rise of current in R-L circuit

To find the current expression (response) for the circuit shown in fig. 10.6(a), we
can write the KVL equation around the circuit
The table shows how the current i(t) builds up in a R-L circuit.
Consider network shown in fig. the switch k is moved from position 1 to 2 at
reference time t = 0.
Now before switching take place, the capacitor C is fully charged to V volts and it
discharges through resistance R. As time passes, charge and hence voltage across
capacitor i.e. Vc decreases gradually and hence discharge current also decreases
gradually from maximum to zero exponentially.

After switching has taken place, applying kirchoff’s voltage law,

Where VR is voltage across resistor and VC is voltage across capacitor.

Above equation is linear, homogenous first order differential equation. Hence

rearranging we have,

Integrating both sides of above equation we have

Now at t = 0, VC =V which is initial condition, substituting in equation we have,

Where Q is total charge on capacitor

Similarly at any instant, VC = q/c where q is instantaneous charge.

Thus charge behaves similarly to voltage across capacitor.

Now discharging current i is given by
but VR = VC when there is no source in circuit.
The above expression is nothing but discharge current of capacitor. The variation
of this current with respect to time is shown in fig.

This shows that the current is exponentially decaying. At point P on the graph. The
current value is (0.368) times its maximum value. The characteristics of decay are
determined by values R and C, which are 2 parameters of network.

For this network, after the instant t = 0, there is no driving voltage source in circuit,
hence it is called undriven RC circuit.

Transient Response of RC Circuits

Ideal and real capacitors: An ideal capacitor has an infinite dielectric resistance and
plates (made of metals) that have zero resistance.
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF RC CIRCUITS

Ideal and real capacitors: An ideal capacitor has an infinite dielectric resistance and
plates (made of metals) that have zero resistance. However, an ideal capacitor does
not exist as all dielectrics have some leakage current and all capacitor plates have
some resistance. A capacitor’s of how much charge (current) it will allow to leak
through the dielectric medium. Ideally, a charged capacitor is not supposed to
allow leaking any current through the dielectric medium and also assumed not to
dissipate any power loss in capacitor plates resistance. Under this situation, the
model as shown in fig. 10.16(a) represents the ideal capacitor. However, all real or
practical capacitor leaks current to some extend due to leakage resistance of
dielectric medium. This leakage resistance can be visualized as a resistance
connected in parallel with the capacitor and power loss in capacitor plates can be
realized with a resistance connected in series with capacitor. The model of a real
capacitor is shown in fig.

Let us consider a simple series RC−circuit shown in fig. 10.17(a) is connected

through a switch ‘S’ to a constant voltage source .

The switch ‘S’ is closed at time ‘t=0’ It is assumed that the capacitor is initially
charged with a voltage and the current flowing through the circuit at any instant of
time ‘’ after closing the switch is
Current decay in source free series RL circuit: -

At t = 0- , , switch k is kept at position ‘a’ for very long time. Thus, the network is
in steady state. Initial current through inductor is given as,

Because current through inductor can not change instantaneously

Assume that at t = 0 switch k is moved to position 'b'.
Applying KVL,

Rearranging the terms in above equation by separating variables

Integrating both sides with respect to corresponding variables

Where k’ is constant of integration.
To find- k’:
Form equation 1, at t=0, i=I0
Substituting the values in equation 3

Substituting value of k’ from equation 4 in

fig. shows variation of current i with respect to time

From the graph, H is clear that current is exponentially decaying. At point P on

graph. The current value is (0.363) times its maximum value. The characteristics of
decay are determined by values R and L which are two parameters of network.
The voltage across inductor is given by
ransient Response of RLC Circuits
Dynamic response of such first order system has been studied and discussed in
detail. The presence of resistance, inductance, and capacitance in the dc circuit
introduces at least a second order differential equation or by two simultaneous
coupled linear first order differential equations.

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF RLC CIRCUITS

In the preceding lesson, our discussion focused extensively on dc circuits having

resistances with either inductor () or capacitor () (i.e., single storage element) but
not both. Dynamic response of such first order system has been studied and
discussed in detail. The presence of resistance, inductance, and capacitance in the
dc circuit introduces at least a second order differential equation or by two
simultaneous coupled linear first order differential equations. We shall see in next
section that the complexity of analysis of second order circuits increases
significantly when compared with that encountered with first order circuits. Initial
conditions for the circuit variables and their derivatives play an important role and
this is very crucial to analyze a second order dynamic system.
Response of a series R-L-C circuit
Consider a series RLcircuit as shown in fig.11.1, and it is excited with a dc voltage
source C−−sV.
Applying around the closed path for ,

The current through the capacitor can be written as Substituting the current
‘’expression in eq.(11.1) and rearranging the terms,

The above equation is a 2nd-order linear differential equation and the parameters
associated with the differential equation are constant with time. The complete
solution of the above differential equation has two components; the transient
response and the steady state response. Mathematically, one can write the complete
solution as
Since the system is linear, the nature of steady state response is same as that of
forcing function (input voltage) and it is given by a constant value. Now, the first
part of the total response is completely dies out with time while and it is defined as
a transient or natural response of the system. The natural or transient response (see
Appendix in Lesson-10) of second order differential equation can be obtained from
the homogeneous equation (i.e., from force free system) that is expressed by

and solving the roots of this equation (11.5) on that associated with transient part
of the complete solution (eq.11.3) and they are given below.

The roots of the characteristic equation are classified in three groups depending
upon the values of the parameters ,,RLand of the circuit
Case-A (overdamped response): That the roots are distinct with negative real parts.
Under this situation, the natural or transient part of the complete solution is written
as

and each term of the above expression decays exponentially and ultimately reduces
to zero as and it is termed as overdamped response of input free system. A system
that is overdamped responds slowly to any change in excitation. It may be noted
that the exponential term t→∞11tAeαtakes longer time to decay its value to zero
than the term21tAeα. One can introduce a factorξ that provides an information
about the speed of system response and it is defined by damping ratio

RLC Circuit:
Consider a circuit in which R, L, and C are connected in series with each other
across ac supply as shown in fig.

The ac supply is given by, V = Vm sin wt

The circuit draws a current I. Due to that different voltage drops are,
1. Voltage drop across Resistance R is VR = IR

2. Voltage drop across Inductance L is VL = IXL

3. Voltage drop across Capacitance C is Vc = IXc The characteristics of three

drops are,

(i) VR is in phase with current I

(ii) VL leads I by 900

(iii) Vc lags I by 900
According to krichoff’s laws

Steps to draw phasor diagram:

1. Take current I as reference
2. VR is in phase with current I

3. VL leads current by 900

4. Vc lags current by 900
5. obtain resultant of VL and Vc. Both VL and Vc are in phase opposition
(1800 out of phase)

6. Add that with VRby law of parallelogram to get supply voltage.

The phasor diagram depends on the condition of magnitude of VL and Vc which

ultimately depends on values of XL and Xc.
Let us consider different cases:
Case(i): XL > Xc
When X L > Xc
Also VL > Vc (or) IXL > IXc
So, resultant of VL and Vc will directed towards VL i.e. leading current I. Hence I
lags V i.e. current I will lags the resultant of VL and Vc i.e. (V L - Vc). The circuit
is said to be inductive in nature.
From voltage triangle,
If , V = Vm Sin wt ; i = Im Sin (wt - ф )
i.e I lags V by angle ф
Case(ii): XL < Xc
When XL < Xc
Also VL < Vc (or) IXL < IXc

Hence the resultant of VL and Vc will directed towards Vc i.e current is said to be
capacitive in nature
Form voltage triangle

i.e I lags V by angle ф

Case(iii): XL = Xc
When XL = Xc
Also VL = Vc (or) IXL = IXc

So VL and Vc cancel each other and the resultant is zero. So V = VR in such a

case, the circuit is purely resistive in nature.
Impedance:

In general for RLC series circuit impedance is given by, Z = R + j X

X = XL –Xc = Total reactance of the circuit
If XL > Xc ; X is positive & circuit is Inductive
If XL < Xc ; X is negative & circuit is Capacitive
If XL = Xc ; X =0 & circuit is purely Resistive
Tan фL - =Xc[(X)∕R]
Cos ф = [R∕Z]
Z = 2 √+(X L(R-Xc ) 2)
Impedance triangle:
In both cases R = Z Cos ф

X = Z Sin ф

Power and power triangle:

The average power consumed by circuit is,

Pavg = (Average power consumed by R) + (Average power consumed by L) +

(Average power consumed by C)

Pavg = Power taken by R = I2R = I(IR) = VI

V = V Cos ф P = VI Cos ф
Thus, for any condition, XL > Xc or XL < Xc General power can be expressed as

P = Voltage x Component in phase with voltage

Power triangle:
S = Apparent power = I2Z = VI

P = Real or True power = VI Cos ф = Active po Q = Reactive power = VI Sin ф

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Chapter: Electrical and electronics : Circuit Theory : Transient Response For DC
Circuits
Important Short Questions and Answers: Transient Response For DC Circuits
Electrical and electronics - Circuit Theory - Transient Response For DC Circuits

1. Define response.
The current flowing through or voltage across branches in the circuit is called
response.

2. Define steady state response.

The behavior of voltage or current does not change with time is called steady state
response

3. Define transient response.

The voltage or current are changed from one transient state to another transient
state is called transient response.

4. Define natural response.

The response determined by the internal energy stored in the network is called
natural response. It depends upon the type of elements, their size and the
interconnection of elements. The response is independent of the source.

Energy may be stored internally in the form of electric field of capacitor or in the
magnetic field of an inductor.

The natural response also known as transient response.

5. Define forced response.

The response determined by the application of external energy source is called

forced response. The external energy source of forcing function may be direct
voltage or current, sinusoidal source, exponential function, ramp function.

6. What is transient?
The state (or condition) of the circuit from the transient of switching to attainment
of steady state is called transient state or simply transient.
7. Why transient occurs in electric circuits?
The inductance will not allow the sudden change in current and the capacitance
will not allow sudden change in voltage. Hence inductive and capacitive circuits
(or in general reactive circuits0transient occurs during switching operation.
8. Define time constant of RL circuit.

The time constant of RL circuit is defined as the ratio of inductance and resistance
of the circuit.
(Or)
The time constant of RL circuit is defined as the time taken by the current through
the inductance to reach 63.21%of its final steady state value.
(Or)
The time constant of RL circuit is defined as the time taken by the voltage across
inductance to fall to 36.79% of its initial value.
(Or)
The time constant of RL circuit is defined as the time taken by current through the
inductance to reach steady state value if initial rate of rise is maintained.
9. Define time constant of RC circuit.

The time constant of RC circuit is defined as the product of capacitance and

resistance of the circuit.
(Or)
The time constant of RC circuit is defined as the time taken by the voltage across
the capacitance to reach 63.21%of its final steady state value.
(Or)
The time constant of RC circuit is defined as the time taken by the current through
the capacitance to fall to 36.79% of its initial value.
(Or)
The time constant of RL circuit is defined as the time taken by the voltage across
the capacitance to reach steady state value if initial rate of rise is maintained.
10.Sketch the transient current and voltages of RL circuit.
11.Sketch te transient current and voltages of RC circuit.
12.Voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously. Justify.
If the voltage across capacitance changes instantaneously then the current IL=a
which is impossible
since it requires infinite power. Hence voltage across capacitor cannot change
instantaneously.
13. Current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously. Justify.

If the current through inductor changes instantaneously then the current

VL= α which is impossible since it requires infinite power. Hence current through
inductor cannot change instantaneously.
14.What is the initial condition of the elements capacitor and inductor that have no
initial energy storage?
The capacitor acts as a short circuit and the inductor acts as an open circuit.
15.What is the final condition of the elements inductor and capacitor?
The capacitor acts as an open circuit and the inductor acts as a short circuit.

16. Write the conditions for response of an RLC series network?

17. Sketch the response of RLC circuit.

18. What is the time constant of RL circuit with R=10Ω and L=20mH.
19. What is the time constant of RL circuit.

20. What is the time constant of RC circuit with R=10KΩ and C=40μF.

21. What is the time constant of RC circuit.

22. What is damping ratio?

The ratio of resistance of the circuit and resistance for critical damping is called
damping ratio.

23. What is critical damping?

The critical damping is the condition of the circuit at which the oscillations in the
response are just eliminated. This is possible by increasing the value of resistance
in the circuit..

24. What is critical resistance?

The critical resistance is the value of the resistance of the circuit to achieve critical
damping.

25. Write the expression for critical resistance and damping ratio of RLC series
circuit.
26. What is natural and damped frequency?

The response of under damped circuit is oscillatory with a frequency of wn and

these oscillations are damped as t tends to infinity. The frequency of damped
oscillatory response is called damped frequency.

27. A RC series circuit is excited by a dc voltage source 80V by closing the switch
at t=0.Determine the voltage across the capacitor in a time of one constant.

28. A RL series circuit with R=10 Ω is excited by a dc voltage source 30V by

closing the switch at t=0.Determine the current in the circuit at t=2

29. A RLC series circuit with R=5 Ω is excited by a dc voltage source 10V by
closing the switch at t=0.Draw the initial and final condition of the circuit.

30. Sketch the transient current given by

31. A pure inductance of 1.273 mH is connected in series with a pure resistance of
30 Ω. If the frequency of the sinusoidal supply is 5 kHz and the p.d. across the 30Ω
resistor is 6 V, determine the value of the supply voltage and the voltage across the
1.273 mH inductance. Draw the phasor diagram.
The phasor diagram is shown in Figure .
(Note that in a.c. circuits, the supply voltage is not the arithmetic sum of the p.d.’s
across components but the phasor sum)

Time constant and step response of series RL circuit

What is time constant? Explain time constant in case of series RL circuit. Or A
series RL circuit with initial current I0 in the inductor is connected to a dc voltage
V at t = 0. Derive the expression for instantaneous current through the Inductor for
t>0. Or Explain in brief about the step response of series RL circuits.

1) What is time constant? Explain time constant in case of series RL circuit.

Or
2) A series RL circuit with initial current I0 in the inductor is connected to a dc
voltage V at t = 0. Derive the expression for instantaneous current through the
Inductor for t>0.
Or
3) Explain in brief about the step response of series RL circuits.
The response or the output of the series RL and RC circuits driven dc excitations
is called step response of the network.
Consider that a dc voltage is applied to any general network through a switch k as
shown
in fig.

Initially switch k is kept open for very long time. So no voltage is applied to the
network. Thus the voltage at input-terminals of network is zero. So we can write
voltage across terminals A and B V.
(l) is zero. When the switch k is closed at t=0, the dc voltage v gets applied to the
network. The voltage across terminals A and B suddenly or instantaneously rises to
voltage V. the variation of voltage across terminals +1 and B against time t as
shown in fig (b).
 In fig (b) it is observed that at t=0, there is a step of V volts. Such signal or
function is called step function. We can define step function as

When the magnitude of the voltage applied is 1 volt then the function is called unit
step function.
When the circuits are driven by driving sources, then such circuits are called driven
circuits. When the circuits are without such driving sources, then such circuits are
called undriven circuits or
source free circuits.
Step response of Driver series RL circuit:-
Consider a series RL circuit.
At t=0-, switch k is about to close but not fully closed. As voltage is not applied to
the circuit, current in the circuit will be zero.

In this current through inductor can not change instantaneously.

Let initial current through inductor can be represented as I0. in above case I0 is
zero. Assume that switch k is closed at t =0.
From above fig (a) shows variation of current I with respect to time (t) i.e. current
increases exponentially with respect to time. The rising current produces rising
flux, which induces emf in coil. According to Lens’s law, the self induced emf
opposes the flow of current. Because of this induced emf and its opposition, the
current in the coil don’t reach its max value.
The point p shown on graph indicates that current in circuit rises to 0.632 time’s
maximum value of current in steady state.
“the time required for the current to rise to the 0.632 of its final value is known as
time constant of given RL circuit. The time constant is denoted by z”. Thus for
series RL circuit, time constant is

The initial rate of rise of current is large up to first time constant. At later stage, the
rate of rise of current reduces.
Theoretically I reach maximum value after infinite time.
Voltage across inductor L is given by
Time constant and step response of series RL circuit
What is time constant? Explain time constant in case of series RL circuit. Or A
series RL circuit with initial current I0 in the inductor is connected to a dc voltage
V at t = 0. Derive the expression for instantaneous current through the Inductor for
t>0. Or Explain in brief about the step response of series RL circuits.

1) What is time constant? Explain time constant in case of series RL circuit.

Or
2) A series RL circuit with initial current I0 in the inductor is connected to a dc
voltage V at t = 0. Derive the expression for instantaneous current through the
Inductor for t>0.
Or
3) Explain in brief about the step response of series RL circuits.
The response or the output of the series RL and RC circuits driven dc excitations
is called step response of the network.
Consider that a dc voltage is applied to any general network through a switch k as
shown
in fig.

Initially switch k is kept open for very long time. So no voltage is applied to the
network. Thus the voltage at input-terminals of network is zero. So we can write
voltage across terminals A and B V

(l) is zero. When the switch k is closed at t=0, the dc voltage v gets applied to the
network. The voltage across terminals A and B suddenly or instantaneously rises to
voltage V. the variation of voltage across terminals +1 and B against time t as
shown in fig (b).

In fig (b) it is observed that at t=0, there is a step of V volts. Such signal or
function is called step function. We can define step function as

When the magnitude of the voltage applied is 1 volt then the function is called unit
step function.
When the circuits are driven by driving sources, then such circuits are called driven
circuits. When the circuits are without such driving sources, then such circuits are
called undriven circuits or
source free circuits.

Step response of Driver series RL circuit:-

Consider a series RL circuit.

At t=0-, switch k is about to close but not fully closed. As voltage is not applied to
the circuit, current in the circuit will be zero.

In this current through inductor can not change instantaneously.

Let initial current through inductor can be represented as I0. in above case I0 is
zero. Assume that switch k is closed at t =0.
From above fig (a) shows variation of current I with respect to time (t) i.e. current
increases exponentially with respect to time. The rising current produces rising
flux, which induces emf in coil. According to Lens’s law, the self induced emf
opposes the flow of current. Because of this induced emf and its opposition, the
current in the coil don’t reach its max value.
The point p shown on graph indicates that current in circuit rises to 0.632 time’s
maximum value of current in steady state.
“the time required for the current to rise to the 0.632 of its final value is known as
time constant of given RL circuit. The time constant is denoted by z”. Thus for
series RL circuit, time constant is

The initial rate of rise of current is large up to first time constant. At later stage, the
rate of rise of current reduces.
Theoretically I reach maximum value after infinite time.
Voltage across inductor L is given by
Time constant and step response of series RL circuit
What is time constant? Explain time constant in case of series RL circuit. Or A
series RL circuit with initial current I0 in the inductor is connected to a dc voltage
V at t = 0. Derive the expression for instantaneous current through the Inductor for
t>0. Or Explain in brief about the step response of series RL circuits.

1) What is time constant? Explain time constant in case of series RL circuit.

Or
2) A series RL circuit with initial current I0 in the inductor is connected to a dc
voltage V at t = 0. Derive the expression for instantaneous current through the
Inductor for t>0.
Or
3) Explain in brief about the step response of series RL circuits.

The response or the output of the series RL and RC circuits driven dc excitations is
called step response of the network.
Consider that a dc voltage is applied to any general network through a switch k as
shown
in fig.

Initially switch k is kept open for very long time. So no voltage is applied to the
network. Thus the voltage at input-terminals of network is zero. So we can write
voltage across terminals A and B V.
(l) is zero. When the switch k is closed at t=0, the dc voltage v gets applied to the
network. The voltage across terminals A and B suddenly or instantaneously rises to
voltage V. the variation of voltage across terminals +1 and B against time t as
shown in fig (b).
In fig (b) it is observed that at t=0, there is a step of V volts. Such signal or
function is called step function. We can define step function as

When the magnitude of the voltage applied is 1 volt then the function is called unit
step function.
When the circuits are driven by driving sources, then such circuits are called driven
circuits. When the circuits are without such driving sources, then such circuits are
called undriven circuits or
source free circuits.
Step response of Driver series RL circuit:-
Consider a series RL circuit.
At t=0-, switch k is about to close but not fully closed. As voltage is not applied to
the circuit, current in the circuit will be zero.

In this current through inductor can not change instantaneously.

Let initial current through inductor can be represented as I0. in above case I0 is
zero. Assume that switch k is closed at t =0.
From above fig (a) shows variation of current I with respect to time (t) i.e. current
increases exponentially with respect to time. The rising current produces rising
flux, which induces emf in coil. According to Lens’s law, the self induced emf
opposes the flow of current. Because of this induced emf and its opposition, the
current in the coil don’t reach its max value.

The point p shown on graph indicates that current in circuit rises to 0.632 time’s
maximum value of current in steady state.

“the time required for the current to rise to the 0.632 of its final value is known as
time constant of given RL circuit. The time constant is denoted by z”. Thus for
series RL circuit, time constant is

The initial rate of rise of current is large up to first time constant. At later stage, the
rate of rise of current reduces.

Theoretically I reach maximum value after infinite time.

Voltage across inductor L is given by
Solved Problems: Transient Response For DC Circuits
Electrical and electronics - Circuit Theory - Transient Response For DC Circuits
1. An alternating current of frequency 60Hz has a maximum value of 12A

1. Write down value of current for instantaneous values

2. Find the value of current after 1∕360 second
3. Time taken to reach 9.6A for the first time.

In the above cases assume that time is reckoned as zero when current wave is
passing through zero and increase in positive direction.
Solution:
Given:
F = 60Hz
Im = 12A
W = 2πf = 2π x 60 = 377 rad∕sec

(i). Equation of instantaneous value is i = Im Sin wt

i = 12 Sin 377t
(ii). t = 1∕360sec
i = 12 Sin (377∕360) = 12 Sin 1.0472 = 10.3924 A
i = 10.3924 A

(iii). i = 9.6 A

9.6 = 12 Sin 377t Sin377t = 0.8 377t = 0.9272

2. A 50 Hz, t = 2.459 x 10-3sec alternating voltage of 150V (rms) is applied

independently

a. Resistance of 10Ω
b. Inductance of 0.2H
c. Capacitance of 50uF

Find the expression for the instantaneous current in each case. Draw the phasor
diagram in each case.

Solution:
Given ,
F = 50Hz
V = 150 V

Im = Vm∕R = 212.13∕10 = 21.213

ф =0
For pure resistive current circuit phase different ф

i = Im Sin wt = Im Sin 2πft

i = 21.213 Sin (100 πt) A

Phasor diagram: Case (ii):

L = 0.2H
XL = wL =2πfL XL = 2π x 50 x0.2
XL = 62.83 Ω
Im = Vm∕XL = 212.13∕62.83 = 3.37A
Ф A = -900 = π∕2 rad
In pure Inductive circuit, I lags V by 90 degree i= Im Sin (wt - ) A

i = 3.37 Sin Ф (wt - Ф) A

i = 3.37 Sin (100 πt - π∕2) A
Phasor diagram

Case(iii):
C= 50uf

Xc = 1∕wC = 1∕2πfC

Xc = 1∕(2π x 50x 50 x 10-6) = 63.66Ω

Im = Vm∕Xc = 212.13∕63.66 = 3.33 A

In pure capacitive circuit, current leads voltage by 900

= 90o = π∕2 rad

i = Im Sin (wt +ф )A
i = 3.33 Sin (wt +ф ) A

i = 3.33 Sin (100 πt + π∕2) A

Phasor Diagram:

3. An alternating current i= 414 Sin (2π x 50 x t) A is passed through a series

circuit of a resistance of 100 ohm and an inductance of 0.31831 H. find the
expression for the instantaneous values of voltage across,
a. The resistance ,
b. Inductance
c. Capacitance
Solution:
Given
i = 414 Sin (2π x 50 t) A
R = 100 Ω
L = 0.31831 H
XL = 2π x 50 x 0.31831 = 100 Ω
(i) Voltage across Resistance:

VR = iR = 1.414 sin (2π x 50 t) x 100

VR = 141.4 Sin (2π x 50 t) V

(ii) Voltage across Inductance:

VL = i XL = 1.414 Sin (2π x 50 t + 900) x 100

VL = 141.4 Sin (2π x 50 t + 900) V

4. The wave form of the voltage and current of a circuit are given by
e= 120 Sin (314 t)
i= 10 Sin (314 t + π∕6)

Calculate the value of resistance, capacitance which is connected in series to form

the circuit. Also, Draw wave forms for current, voltage and phasor diagram.
Calculate power consumed by the circuit.

Solution:
5. A resistance of 120 Ω and a capacitive reactance of 250Ω are connected in series
across a AC voltage source. If a current 0.9 A is flowing in the circuit find out,
(i). Power factor
(ii). Supply voltage
(iii). Voltage across resistance and capacitance
(iv). Active power and reactive power
Solution:
Given :
R = 120Ω
6. A series circuit consisting of 25 Ω resistor, 64mH inductor and 80uF capacitor to
a 110V, 50Hz, Single phase supply as shown in fig. Calculate the current, Voltage
across individual element and overall p.f of the circuit. Draw a neat phasor diagram
showing
7. A series circuit having pure resistance of 40 , pure inductance of 50.07mH and a
capacitance is connected across a 400V, 50Hz Ac supply. This R, L, C combination
draws a current of 10A. Calculate
1. Power factor of circuit
2. Capacitor value

Solution: