25/06/2024

Content at glance
• This note covers the following topics
CS 221 • Complex data types
– Structures
Computer Programming II – Union
(Lecture Note 3: Complex data types & OOP) – records
By
Isma’il Aliyu • Object Oriented Programming in C++
Department of Mathematical Sciences – Objects & classes
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi
– Inheritance

CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) OOP

• Object Oriented Programming is a programming paradigm • Usually, a given programming language is targeted for a
alongside the following specific application domain. For eg, system programming,
• Procedural (imperative) paradigm Web etc.
• Functional programming paradigm
• C++, however, is not confined to any specific application
• Logic Programming paradigm
domain and it supports many useful programming
• What is programming paradigm? paradigms
• A programming paradigm defines the methodology of designing and
implementing software, the program structure and how the problems • As stated earlier, C++ is a multi-paradigm language meaning
are generally analysed and solved. that it supports more than one paradigms.
• A programming language provides the linguistic means (keywords, • Procedural paradigm
constructs and syntax governing their use) as well as the extra- • Object Oriented Programming paradigm
linguistic capabilities, like standard libraries and programming
environment, to support a specific programming paradigm. • OOP enable the creation of user-defined types (objects),
and bundle data and meaningful operations in a single
entity called class.

CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI

 25/06/2024

OOP Class?
• In a nutshell, object oriented programming • A class is a unit of program that contain executable
statements organised in sub-units (functions or
(OOP) is style of programming involving methods).
classes and objects. • A class houses data (fields) and functions that perform
• Object oriented program is composed of one the class’s task.
or more class and set of objects. • C++ classes bundle data declarations with function
declarations, thereby coupling data with behavior.
• OOP has the following principles. • Access modifiers; eg, public or protected or private are
– Encapsulation (information hiding) used as part of class members (fields, & functions) to
control their visibility. That is, information hiding.
– Inheritance – This is the concept of information hiding also called
– Polymorphism encapsulation

CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI

Object? Creating Object

• Once a class is created, it can be used. • Objects are sometimes called instance variables.
• To access the class’s content (functions & data), • To create an object of a class, here is the syntax. You
its object must be created. can use any one convenient for you.
– className object-name;
• Object is defined as an instance of a class. – ClassName objectName (parameters)
• Defining or creating objects is similar to defining – className objectName = className(parameters)
a variable of any data type. • Examples; suppose ABC is class with different
– Creating objects of a class is also called instantiation constructors, its objects can be created as follows:
• The term instantiating arises because an instance – ABC o1;
of the class is created. – ABC o2(2,5);
– ABC o3 = ABC (3,4);
CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI
 25/06/2024

Class Members Declaring/Defining a class

• The class or struct type allows the programmer to • When you define a class, • an opening brace, and then
aggregate components into a single named variable. you define a blueprint for a lists the data members and
data type. member function of that
• What can be found in a class? • This doesn't actually define class. End the declaration
– A class has components, called members that are any data, but it does define with a closing brace and a
what the class name means, semicolon.
individually named.
that is, what an object of • The syntax of declaring a
• The class members are 3: the class will consist of and class is:
– Data members (fields) – variables declared outside what operations can be class ClassName {
functions. These variables are global all the functions in performed on such an // member 1
the class object. // member 2
….
• To declare a class, use the
– Member Functions (functions) class keyword followed by
// member n;
};
– Constructors the class name,

CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI

Class members – functions & fields Constructor

• Functions • A constructor is a special member function that has the same name
as its class, which initializes objects.
– Performs a particular task.
• Constructor is automatically invoked or called when an object
– We treated functions. Please refer to note #1 (instance) of a class is created.
– They are divided into 2; • A class can have many constructors. But they must have different
• Accessor function – returns instance variables parameters.
• Mutator functions – changes or modify instance variables • A constructor does not have return type.
• Fields • There are 2 types of constructors:
– Are the variables declared outside functions. The syntax of – default constructor – a constructor that does not accept any
argument. If you create a class without explicitly creating a
instance field declaration is: constructor, compiler generates a default constructor which is invoked
• accessModifier: fieldName; OR automatically when objects are created but doesn’t perform any
• accessmodifier: fieldName = value; initialization.
– Accessmodifier can be any of these keywords: public, – parametered constructors – accepts parameters
private, protected

CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI

 25/06/2024

Creating Constructor Example 1

public:
• The syntax of creating constructor is: class ABC { void displayS(){
cout<<“Sum of X and Y = ”<<
private:
Class className { int x = 0, y = 0; }
x+y<<endl;

accessModifier: };
public:
int main(){
className (parameters){ ABC (){
x = 1; y = 1; ABC obj1(); // call default construc
//… } obj1.displayS();
ABC (int a){
} X = a; y = a;
ABC obj2 = ABC(5); // call construct 1
} obj2.displayS();
} ABC(int a, int b){
X = a; y = a;
ABC obj3(6,7); // call constructor 2
obj3.displayS();
• Where accessModifier can be any of the these }

}
return 0;

keywords: public, private, protected

CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI

Example 1 Example 2
• In the above example, a class ABC • Which initializes each of the •
is created. instance fields to 1. #include <iostream> public: void setSpec(string m, int
• ABC class has • The second object obj2 is created #include <string> cn, float c) {
– two instance fields: x and y. by passing one argument model= m;
– Two parameterized constructors /parameter. In this case, the first using namespace std;
chasisnumber = cn;
and a default constructor. constructor is called which cost = c;
– One function, when invoke displays initializes the instance fields to class Car {
the sum of the values in instance the same value (parameter) }
// instance fields
fields x and y. passed private:
• In the main function. We • Similarly, the third object obj3 string model; public: string getInfo() {
instantiated the ABC class. invoke the second constructor int chasisnumber; string info;
• The first object is obj1 which is with 2 parameters which float cost; info = “Model: “ + model + “\n
created without passing any initializes x and y respectively Chasis Num: ”+ chasisnumber +
parameter to the constructor. In “\n Cost: ”+ cost ;
that case, the default constructor return info;
is invoked }
};

CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI

 25/06/2024

Example 2
• The values of the instance
int main() { fields are set via a setSpec
// create object of Car class function. getInfo function
Car c1; returns a string which is the
// call member functions concatenation of the instance
c1.setSpec(“ EOD 2006”, 373, fields with their values.
756170.5);
string car_info = c1.getInfo(); • Note:
cout<< car_info << endl; – This example has one default
return 0; constructor but it is implicit. It
} is automatically called when
the state Car c1; is executed.
• In the above example, a class
Car is created. It has two
functions; getInfo and setSpec
and 3 instance fields and a
default constructor.

CS221_22/23_I. Aliyu. DMS,ATBU BAUCHI