GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR-28, GANDHINAGAR

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

LAB MANUAL
OF
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS & DESIGN
(Subject Code-BE01000061)
(FOR AY: 2024-2025 EVEN TERM)

Name:

Roll No: Enroll No:

Branch: Batch:
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Miss
of Branch Sem- 2, Enrollment No. ,
has satisfactorily completed his/her term work for the subject Engineering Graphics & Design
(BE010061) during Academic Year 2024-2025 Even Term.

Date: / / 202__

Signature of Faculty Head of the Department

 Name:

Roll No: Enroll No:

Branch: Batch:

INDEX
(Subject Code-BE01000061)

COMPLETION FACULTY MARKS

NO. TITLE OF SHEET
DATE SIGNATURE (10)
.
1 PRACTICE SHEET [CO-1]

2 SCALE [CO-1]

3 ENGINEERING CURVES [CO-2]

4 PROJECTIONS OF LINES [CO-2]

5 PROJECTIONS OF PLANES [CO-3]

PROJECTIONS OF SOLID AND SECTION OF
6
SOLID [CO-3]
7 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION [CO-3]

8 USE OF AUTOCAD [CO-4]

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 COURSE OUTCOME:

Sr. No. CO statement

Apply the conventions and the methods of engineering drawing also interpret engineering
CO 1
drawings.
CO 2 Construct basic and intermediate geometry and comprehend the theory of projection.
CO 3 Dissect the objects in three dimensions with different orientation.
CO 4 Make use of computer software for engineering drawings.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction a modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

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 PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Mapping of PO and COs of Courses for workshop/ manufacturing practices

CO/PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1
1 1
CO2
2 2 2 2

CO3
2 2 2 1 2 2

CO4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mapping
Strength 1.40 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.40 1.00 1.5

Program Outcomes:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT
tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The Engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering

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 practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and
in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community
and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects
and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and
life- long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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 Rubrics for Engineering Graphics & Design

Sheet No: 1: Practice sheet

Understood all the

Average understanding
R-1: Use of drawing theoretical concept Not understood the
of theoretical concept
instruments Accurately and properly concept properly
and instruments
used instruments

R-3 Clarity of drawing Drawing is accurate Drawing is messy Drawing is poor

R-4: Submission of Submitted on or before Submitted within week

Submitted a week later.
drawing sheet in time time after deadline
Cumulative Performance
Good (7 to 10) Average (4 to 6) Poor (0 to 3)
(Marks)

Sheet No: 2: Plane scale and diagonal scale

The student did not

The drawing represents
The drawing represents understand the
R-1: Reflection and a somewhat clear
the clear understanding information. The drawing
Knowledge understanding of the
of information presented is not representative of
material
knowledge gained

R-2 Clarity of drawing Drawing is accurate Drawing is messy Drawing is poor

R-3: Submission of Submitted on or before Submitted within week

Submitted a week later.
drawing sheet in time time after deadline

Cumulative Performance
Good (7 to 10) Average (4 to 6) Poor (0 to 3)
(Marks)

Sheet No: 4: Engineering curves

The student did not

The drawing represents
The drawing represents understand the
R-1: Reflection and a somewhat clear
the clear understanding information. The drawing
Knowledge understanding of the
of information presented is not representative of
material
knowledge gained

R-2 Clarity of drawing Drawing is accurate Drawing is messy Drawing is poor

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 R-3: Submission of Submitted on or before Submitted within week
Submitted a week later.
drawing sheet in time time after deadline

Cumulative Performance
Good (7 to 10) Average (4 to 6) Poor (0 to 3)
(Marks)

Sheet No: 5: Projection of line

The student did not

The drawing represents
The drawing represents understand the
R-1: Reflection and a somewhat clear
the clear understanding information. The drawing
Knowledge understanding of the
of information presented is not representative of
material
knowledge gained

R-2 Clarity of drawing Drawing is accurate Drawing is messy Drawing is poor

R-3: Submission of Submitted on or before Submitted within week

Submitted a week later.
drawing sheet in time time after deadline

Cumulative Performance
Good (7 to 10) Average (4 to 6) Poor (0 to 3)
(Marks)

Sheet No: 6: Projection of plane

The student did not

The drawing represents
The drawing represents understand the
R-1: Reflection and a somewhat clear
the clear understanding information. The drawing
Knowledge understanding of the
of information presented is not representative of
material
knowledge gained

R-2 Clarity of drawing Drawing is accurate Drawing is messy Drawing is poor

R-3: Submission of Submitted on or before Submitted within week

Submitted a week later.
drawing sheet in time time after deadline

Cumulative Performance
Good (7 to 10) Average (4 to 6) Poor (0 to 3)
(Marks)

Sheet No: 7: Projection of solid, section of solid and development of surfaces

The drawing represents The student did not

The drawing represents
R-1: Reflection and a somewhat clear understand the
the clear understanding
Knowledge understanding of the information. The drawing
of information presented
material is not representative of

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 knowledge gained

R-2 Clarity of drawing Drawing is accurate Drawing is messy Drawing is poor

R-3: Submission of Submitted on or before Submitted within week

Submitted a week later.
drawing sheet in time time after deadline

Cumulative Performance
Good (7 to 10) Average (4 to 6) Poor (0 to 3)
(Marks)

Sheet No: 8: Orthographic projection

The student did not

The drawing represents
The drawing represents understand the
R-1: Reflection and a somewhat clear
the clear understanding information. The drawing
Knowledge understanding of the
of information presented is not representative of
material
knowledge gained

R-2 Clarity of drawing Drawing is accurate Drawing is messy Drawing is poor

R-3: Submission of Submitted on or before Submitted within week

Submitted a week later.
drawing sheet in time time after deadline

Cumulative Performance
Good (7 to 10) Average (4 to 6) Poor (0 to 3)
(Marks)

Sheet No: 10: At least one orthographic drawing (three views) using above mentioned AutoCAD
commands
The student did not
The drawing represents
The drawing represents understand the
R-1: Reflection and a somewhat clear
the clear understanding information. The drawing
Knowledge understanding of the
of information presented is not representative of
material
knowledge gained
R-2: Drawing skill in Able to use AutoCAD to Partially Able to use Auto Unable to use Auto Cad
AutoCAD Software draw the problem Cad software software

R-3: Submission of Submitted on or before Submitted within week

Submitted a week later.
drawing sheet in time time after deadline

Cumulative Performance
Good (7 to 10) Average (4 to 6) Poor (0 to 3)
(Marks)

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 DRAFTING EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

1) Mechanical pencil (clutch pencil) – 0.5mm size. Lead box – 0.5mm size, 2H grade.
2) Eraser.
3) Ruler or Parallel ruler (roll-n-draw ruler) – 15cm to 30cm.
4) Set square – 30° & 45°.
5) Protector (no need to buy separate protector if it is inbuilt in set square).
6) French curve.
7) Rounder (which can accommodate Mechanical pencil).
8) Mini drafter.
9) Sheet box (Sheet container).
10) Drawing board – A2 size (optional).
11) Drawing clips (preferably made up of plastic).
12) Drawing sheets - A2 size.
13) Sketch book – A3 size (for lectures).

Note: Students can use second hand instruments which are in usable condition.

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 COMMON INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR LAB WORK

 All students are advised to draw all sheets during their respective LAB HOURS. It will help them
to understand drawing methodology, techniques and through knowledge of the subject.
 Steps to be followed to prepare & submit Drawing Sheet:

1) Draw border line & Title Block as per given sheet layout on A2 Size sheet.
2) Take ‘Starting Sign’ from concern faculty member.
3) Understand all the sheet problems and solve doubts if any from concern faculty.
4) Draw the solutions of problems on sheet. Do not write problem statement on sheet.
5) Take ‘Checking Sign’ from concern faculty member.
6) If any correction is given, correct them and take ‘Completion Sign’ from concern faculty
member.
7) Sheet is consider submitted only after it gets ‘Completion Sign’

 Drawing standard (for all sheets).

 All text must be drawn in CAPITAL LETTERS.
 Keep all text height 3mm. (except title block text & dimension text)
 Use ‘Aligned dimension style’ in all sheets.

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 SHEET NO 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GRAPHICS [CO-1]

1) Draw a straight line 129 mm long and divide it into 13 equal divisions.
2) Types of line. (Table-1)
3) Dimension system – Aligned & Unidirectional (Figure 3).
4) Draw regular polygons from triangle to octagon on common baseline of 50mm using ruler
and rounder.
5) ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM (Write the sentence with the help of 6 mm stencil)
6) Trisect the right angle.
7) Draw the figure to explain the aligned and unidirectional system of dimensioning. (S-2020)
8) Which type of line is use to indicate long break line (continuous thin with zig-zags line)? (W-21)
9) Which type of line is use to indicate hidden lines (dashed medium thick line)? (W-21)

LINES (IS 10714 (Part 20): 2001 and SP 46: 2003

Just as in English textbook the correct words are used for making correct sentences; in
Engineering Graphics, the details of various objects are drawn by different types of lines. Each
line has a definite meaning and sense to convey.

 Visible Outlines, Visible Edges: (Continuous thick lines) The lines drawn to represent the visible
outlines/visible edges/surface boundary lines of objects should be outstanding in appearance.
 Dimension Lines: (Continuous thin Lines) Dimension Lines are drawn to mark dimension.
 Extension Lines: (Continuous thin Lines) There are extended slightly beyond the respective
dimension lines.
 Construction Lines: (Continuous thin Lines) Construction Lines are drawn for constructing
drawings and should not be erased after completion of the drawing.
 Hatching /Section Lines: (Continuous thin Lines) Hatching Lines are drawn for the sectioned
portion of an object. These are drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis or to the main
outline of the section.
 Guide Lines: (Continuous thin Lines) Guide Lines are drawn for lettering and should not be
erased after lettering.
 Short Break Lines: Wavy continuous narrow line drawn freehand is used to represent break of
an object.
 Long Break Lines: Straight continuous thin line with zigzags is used to represent break of an
object.
 Dashed Lines: (Short Dashed Lines) Hidden edges/ Hidden outlines of objects are shown by
dashed lines of short dashes of equal lengths of about 3 mm, spaced at equal distances of
about 1 mm. the points of intersection of these lines with the outlines of another hidden line
should be clearly shown.

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  Center Lines: (Long Chain Thin) Center Lines are drawn at the center of the drawings
symmetrical about an axis or both the axes. These are extended by a short distance beyond
the outline of the drawing. The size of line segments of center lines in mm are as below.

 Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show the location of a cutting plane. It is
long-dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change of direction. The
direction of viewing is shown by means of arrows resting on the cutting plane line.
 Border Lines: Border Lines are continuous thick lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm.

Understanding the various types of lines used in drawing (i.e.,) their thickness, style of
construction and appearance as per BIS and following them meticulously may be considered as
the foundation of good drawing skills. Following Table-1 shows various types of lines with the
recommended applications.

Table 1 (Sheet 1 – Problem 2)

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 Line width means line thickness. Choose line widths according to the size of the drawing from the
following range: 0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 mm.
BIS recommends two line widths on a drawing. Ratio between the thin and thick lines on a
drawing shall not be less than 1: 2.

Precedence of Lines
1) When a Visible Line coincides with a Hidden Line or Center Line, draw the Visible Line. Also,
extend the Center Line beyond the outlines of the view.
2) When a Hidden Line coincides with a Center Line, draw the Hidden Line.
3) When a Visible Line coincides with a Cutting Plane, draw the Visible Line.
4) When a Center line coincides with a Cutting Plane, draw the Center Line and show the cutting
Plane line outside the outlines of the view at the ends of the Center Line by thick dashes.

LETTERING [IS 9609 (PART 0): 2001 AND SP 46: 2003

Lettering is defined as writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, etc., on a drawing.
1) Lettering Type A: (i) Vertical and (ii) Sloped (at 75 ° to the horizontal)
Types of Single Stroke Letters
2) Lettering Type B: (i) Vertical and (ii) Sloped (at 75° to the horizontal)
Type B Preferred over Type A
In Type A, height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts, while in Type B, height of the
capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts. Type B is preferred for easy and fast execution,
because of the division of height into 10 equal parts.
Vertical Letters Preferred
Vertical letters are preferred for easy and fast execution, instead of sloped letters.

Note: Lettering in drawing should be in CAPITALS (i.e Upper-case letters).

Size of Letters is measured by the height h of the CAPITAL letters as well as numerals.
Size of Letters
 Standard heights for CAPITAL letters and numerals recommended by BIS are given below:
1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20 mm
Note: Size of the letters may be selected based upon the size of drawing.

CAPITAL Letters
 Ratio of height to width for most of the CAPITAL letters is approximately= 10:6
 However, for M and W, the ratio= 10:8 for I the ratio= 10:2

Numerals
 For numerals 0 to 9, the ratio of height to width= 10: 5. For 1, ratio= 10: 2 Spacing
 Spacing between characters= a = (2 /10)h
 Spacing between words= e = (6/10)h

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Guide Lines
In order to obtain correct and uniform height of letters and numerals, guide lines are drawn.
1) Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance 'h' apart.
Procedure for Lettering
2) Lettering Technique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from left to right. Vertical,
inclined and curved lines are drawn from top to bottom.
3) After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.

Figure 1

Figure 2)

EXAMPLE IN LETTERING PRACTICE

Write freehand the following, using single stroke vertical CAPITAL letters of 5 mm (h) size

DIMENSIONING
Drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description, must also furnish
information regarding the size description. These are provided through the distances between
the surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface finish, type of material, etc. The expression of
these features on a drawing, using lines, symbols, figures and notes is called dimensioning.
 Different components of dimension & their size are as explained in following figure.

Methods of Indicating Dimensions

Method - 1 (Aligned method)

Dimensions should be placed parallel to and above their dimension lines and preferably at the
middle, and clear of the line. Dimensions may be written so that they can be read from the
bottom or from the right side of the drawing.

Method - 2 (Uni-directional method)

Dimensions should be indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing only.

Principles of Dimensioning
Some of the basic principles of dimensioning are given below.
1) All dimensional information necessary to describe a component clearly and completely shall
be written directly on a drawing.

1) Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a drawing, i.e., dimension marked in one view
need not be repeated in another view.
2) Dimension should be placed on the view where the shape is best seen.
3) As far as possible, dimensions should be expressed in one unit only preferably in millimeters,
without showing the unit symbol (mm).
4) As far as possible dimensions should be placed outside the view.
5) Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than from hidden lines.
6) Dimension lines of two different dimensions should not intersect with each other. (I.e. start
drawing from smaller dimension near view to bigger dimension.)
Figure 3 (Sheet 1 – Problem 3)

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 SHEET 2: SCALE [CO-1]

Attempt any FOUR problems (each should be of different category type)

1) What is representative factor? Construct a plain scale in which 1 cm represents 5 kms. It

should be long enough to measure a distance of 95 kms and 76 kms.

2) On map of Ahmedabad city 1 cm represents 1 Km. Construct a plain scale to measure the
distance between Gujarat Technological University and Lal Darwaja which is 6 Km. Also
indicate on scale, the distance between Geeta mandir and Kankariya lake which is 3 Km and
7 hectameters.

3) The length of the Khandala tunnel on the Mumbai-Pune expressway is 330m. On the road
map, it is shown by a 16.5 cm long line. Construct a scale to show metres and to measure up
to 400m. Show the length of a 289 metre long on the expressway.

4) Construct a diagonal scale of R.F. =1/2 to show millimeter and centimeter to measure upto
35 centimeter. Show on the scale a distance of 23.6 centimeter.

5) Construct a plain scale to show kilometers and hectometers when 25 mm is equal to 1 km

and long enough to measure up to 6 km scale.

6) Construct a diagonal scale with the scale 1 cm = 0.5 km. Showing kilometer, hectometer and
decameter. Scale should be long enough to measure upto 5 kms. Indicate on the scale the
distance of 3 kms 7 hm 8 dcm.

7) Draw a diagonal scale of R.F, 1:5 showing decimeters, centimeters and millimeters and long
enough to measure up to 8 decimeters. Show a distance of 5.35 dm

8) For 100 cm of a line compare size of drawing length on basis of full scale, reducing scale &
enlarged scale.

9) Prepare isometric scale to measure 40mm and 74mm.

10) Construct a scale of 1cm = 1 m to read meters and decimeters and long enough to measure up to
14 meters. Show on this scale a distance equal to 12.4 meters.(W-19)
11) Define Representative Fraction (RF). Find RF if 5 cm in the drawing is equal to 10 km (S-2020)

12) Draw a diagonal scale of R.F, 1:5 showing decimeters, centimeters and millimeters and long
enough to measure up to 8 decimeters. Show a distance of 5.35 dm. (W-19)

13) What is Representative Fraction/Scale Factor? (W-21)

14) Explain Representative Fraction. Construct a plain scale of R.F. = 1:50 to show meters and
decimeters and long enough to measure 8 meters. Indicate 5.7 m distance on it. (Summer-2022)

15) Construct a diagonal scale of RF = 1/4000 to show 374 meters and long enough to measure up to
500 meters. (Summer-2022)

16) The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km. In a railway map it is represented by a line 5 cm
long. Find it’s R.F. Draw a diagonal scale to show single km. And maximum 600 km. Indicate on it
the distance of 322 km. (Summer-2022)

------- ** -------
 SHEET NO 4: ENGINEERING CURVES [CO-2]

Attempt any FIVE problems (each should be of different category type)

1) An elastic string is unwounded to a length of 120 mm from a drum of diameter 30 mm. Draw
the locus of the free end of the string which is held tight during unwinding.

2) Draw an Ellipse using Directrix-Focus Method. Take distance of focus from directrix equal to
50mm & eccentricity as 2/3. Take suitable point and draw tangent and normal from that
point.

3) A circle of 45mm dia. rolls along the circumference of another circle of 150mm diameter
from [i] inside & [ii] outside without slipping. Draw the curve trace by a point on the
circumference of the rolling circle for one complete revolution. Draw tangent & normal to
curve at a suitable point.

4) Draw an Archimedean spiral of 1.5 convolutions, the greatest & the least radius being 55mm
& 10mm respectively. Draw tangent & normal to the spiral at a point 40mm from the pole.

5) A fish pond of elliptical shape is to be inscribed inside a rectangular plot size of 100 m X 50
m. draw the boundary line of the fish pond.

6) The major axis and the minor axis of Ellipse are 125 mm and 75 mm. Construct half ellipse
by Oblong method and another half by Concentric circle Method.

7) Two points A and B are 50mm apart. Draw the curve traced out by a point P moving in such
a way that the difference between its distances from A & B is always constant and equal to
20mm. (Foci & Vertices Method).

8) Construct an Archimedean spiral of one and half convolutions given the greatest and shortest
radii as 84 mm and the 00 mm respectively. Draw the tangent and normal at point 60 mm
away from the pole.

9) A string is kept tight while unwinding it from a square prism which is resting with its base on
the H.P. Trace the path of the end point of the string, if 100 mm long string can be unwound
in one turn. Name the path traced by the end point of the string.

10) Draw a cycloid for a rolling circle, of 60 mm diameter rolling along a straight line without
slipping. Take initial position of the tracing point at the bottom of the vertical centre line of
the rolling circle. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at a point 35 mm above the directing
line.

11) A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on another circle of 175 mm diameter, outside it. Trace the
locus of a point on the circumference of the rolling circle for one complete revolution. Name
the curve.
12) A string is unwound from a circle of 30 mm radius. Draw the locus {Involute of circle} of the
end of the string for unwinding the string completely. String is kept tight while being
unwound. Draw normal and tangent to the curve at any point.

13) Draw an involute of a line of 10 mm for 5 turns.

14) Draw an involute of a circular arc which subtends an angle of 90° at the centre of the circle
of diameter 120 mm.

15) A wheel rolls over the horizontal straight line path and covers 1980 mm distance in one
rotation. Draw the path traced by the point P which is initially at the point of contact between
the wheel and the horizontal straight line. Name the path traced by the point P.

16) A triangle ABC has sides AB = 75 mm, BC = 60 mm and CA = 75 mm. Draw a parabola passing
through points A, B and C when side BC is horizontal.

17) Draw an epicycloid with rolling circle diameter 50 mm and directing circle diameter 150 mm.
Draw tangent and normal at a point on the curve 110 mm from the centre of the directing
circle

18) A fixed point is 54 mm away from a fixed straight line. Draw the locus of a point P moving in
such a way that the ratio of its distance from the fixed straight line is 5:4. Name the curve.
19) Give the definitions of the following curves: (i) Ellipse (ii) Involute (S-2020)

20) Draw epicycloid of a 40 mm diameter circle, which rolls outside on another circle of 150 mm
diameter for one revolution clockwise. Draw a tangent and normal to it at a point 95 mm
from the center of the directing circle

21) The foci of an ellipse are 110 mm apart. The minor axis is 70 mm long. Determine the length
of major axis and draw half ellipse by rectangular method. (W-21)

22) Construct the involute of circle of 30 mm diameter for one turn. Draw tangent and normal
to the involute at any point on it. (W-21)

23) The foci of an ellipse are 110 mm apart. The minor axis is 70 mm long. Draw half ellipse by
concentric circle method. (W-21)

24) Construct the involute of a hexagon of side 20 mm. Draw tangent and normal to the involute
at any point. (W-21)

25) The foci of an ellipse are 110 mm apart. The minor axis is 70 mm long. Determine the length
of major axis and draw half ellipse by rectangle method and other half by concentric circle
method. (Summer 2022)

26) A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on the circumference of another circle of 150 mm diameter
and outside it. Draw the locus of the point P on the circumference of the rolling circle for one
 complete revolution of it. Take initial position of point P at the contact point between two
circles. Name the curve. (Summer 2022)

27) Draw a cycloid for a rolling circle of 60 mm diameter rolling along a straight line without
slipping. Take initial position of the tracing point at the bottom of the vertical centre line of
the rolling circle. (Summer 2022)

28) Define the following terminology with respect to conics and also show them in a diagram:
(i) Focus, (ii) Directrix, (iii) Axis, (iv) Vertex. (Summer 2022)

29) A point P is 120 mm away from the fixed point pole O. A point P moves towards pole O and
reaches the position P’ in one convolution where OP’ is 22 mm. The point P moves in such a
way that its movement towards fixed point O, being uniform with its movement around fixed
point pole O. Draw the curve traced out by the point P. Name the curve. (Summer 2022)

30) Define eccentricity ratio. Write the values of eccentricity for (i) ellipse, (ii) parabola, and (iii)
hyperbola (Summer 2022)

31) Construct an ellipse when its major axis is 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm by using concentric
circle method. (Summer 2022)

32) Construct a parabola, when the distance of the focus from the directrix is 40 mm. Also draw
a tangent and normal at a point on it 30 mm from F. (Summer 2022)

------- ** --------
 SHEET NO 5: PROJECTIONS OF LINES [CO-2]

Attempt any FIVE problems (each should be of different category type)

A) PROJECTIONS OF LINES

1) The front view of a line AB, 90mm long, measures 65mm. Front view is inclined to XY line by
45°. Point A is 20mm below H.P. and on V.P. Point B is in third quadrant. Draw the projections
and find inclinations of line with H.P. and V.P.

2) The distance between end projectors of a straight line PQ is 80mm point P is 40mm below
H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P. Point Q is 60mm above H.P. and 30 mm behind V.P. Draw the
projection of a line and find out its true length and inclination with H.P. and V.P. Through
which principal plane the straight line will pass and what will be the distance of the point of
intersection of line from the other principal plane?

3) A line PQ 70 mm long has its end P in VP and end Q in HP. Line is inclined to HP by 60° and VP
by 30°. Find lengths of plan and elevation of the line and draw the projections.

4) A line AB is having its end A 10 mm, above H.P. and 30 mm in front of V.P. It is inclined at 45°
to H.P. and 30° to V.P. The end B is below H.P. and behind V.P. Draw the projections of the
line AB if the plan length is 80 mm. Also, find the true length of the line.

5) A line AB has a point P on it such that AP: PB = 1: 2. The end A is in the first quadrant and it is
20 mm above H.P. while the end B is in the V.P. The point P is 35 mm from the H.P. The line is
inclined at 30° to the H.P. and the elevation length of the line is 70 mm. Draw the projections
of the line AB and the point P. Find the true length, the plan length and the inclination of the
line with V.P.

6) A line AB, 60 mm long is inclined at 45° to HP and 30° to VP. Its midpoint C is in VP and 15 mm
above HP. The end A is in the third quadrant and B in the first quadrant. Draw the projections
of the line.

7) A line AB is 100 mm long. It is inclined at 40° to the HP and 30° to the VP. The end A is 10 mm
above HP and 25 mm in front of VP. Assuming the end B in the first quadrant, draw the
projections of the line AB.
8) The distance between the end projectors of a straight line AB is 60 mm. Point A is 5 mm above
HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Point B is 40 mm above HP and 50 mm behind VP. Draw the
projections and find the inclination of straight line AB with HP and VP and the true length of
the line
9) Point P of a straight line PQ is 25mm above H.P. and point Q is 65 mm in-front of V.P. The line
makes an angle of 30⁰ with H.P. and its plan is at 45⁰ to the XY line. Draw the projections of
the line if the plan length is 70mm. Also find the true length of the line and the angle made by
the line with V.P.
10) A line AB, 75mm long, is parallel to VP and inclined to the HP, by an angle 45⁰. Point A is
30mm below HP and 20mm in front of VP. Point B is in the first quadrant. Draw the
projections of the straight line AB.

11) A line PQ, 100 mm long, is inclined at 30⁰ to the HP and 45⁰ to the VP. Its mid-point M is in
the VP and 20mm above the HP. Draw its projections, when its end P is in the first quadrant
and Q is in the third quadrant.

12) The distance between the end projectors of a straight line PQ is 60mm. The line makes 30⁰
and 45⁰ angles with HP and VP, respectively. The end P is 30mm below HP and 50mm in front
of the VP. Draw its projections when end Q is in third quadrant. Find TL of the line

13) The top view of a 75 mm long line AB measures 65 mm, while its front view measures 50
mm. It’s one end ‘A’ is in HP and12 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of AB and
determine its inclination with HP and VP. (S-2020)

14) A line AB 100 mm long is inclined to HP at 45o and inclined to VP at 30o. Draw front and top
views of line and determine their lengths. Also determine the perpendicular distance of end
B from both HP and VP. (S-2020)

15) A line PQ 85 mm long has its end ‘P’ 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The top view
and front view of line PQ are 75 mm and 80 mm respectively. Draw its projections. Also
determine the true and apparent inclinations of the line (S-2020).

16) Draw projection of line CD is 50 mm long, when it is not contained by any plane and parallel
to both planes. A line CD is 20 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P. (W-21)

17) A straight line AB 110 mm long is inclined at 300 to H.P. and 450 to V.P. One of its end A is 40
mm from the V.P. and 20 mm above H.P. Draw the projection of line AB. (W-21)

18) A line PQ 130 mm long is parallel to the V.P. and inclined at 600 to H.P. The end nearest to
the H.P. is 30 mm from it and 40 mm from the V.P. Draw the projection of line PQ. (W-21).

19) A line PQ 100 mm long is inclined at an angle of 45° to H.P. and 30° to V.P. One of its end
point ‘P’ is in H.P. as well as VP. Determine its apparent inclination with V.P. (Summer 2022)

20) A line PQ 70 mm long is parallel to V.P. and 30° inclined to H.P. The end P is 30 mm above
H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections. (Summer 2022)

21) A line AB, 75 mm long is inclined at an angle 35° to the H.P. and 55° to the V.P. Its end point
‘A’ is on the H.P. and 15 mm in front of the V.P. Draw the projections of the line AB assuming
it to be in the first quadrant. (Summer 2022)
B) PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

Draw the projections of the following points on the same X-Y lime (W-21).
(1) Point A 25 mm below H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P.
(2) Point B 35 mm above H.P. and 40 mm in front of V.P.
(3) Point C on V.P. and 30 mm above H.P.

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 SHEET NO 6: PROJECTIONS OF PLANES [CO-3]

Attempt any FOUR problems of different categories:

1) A regular pentagon of 45mm side is resting on one of its corners on the VP. The edge
opposite to that corner makes an angle of 30° to the HP. The surface of the pentagon is
inclined at 45° to the VP. Draw its projections.

2) A circular plane of 60 mm diameter is resting on H.P. on a point A of its circumference. The

plane is inclined at 30° to the H.P. The diameter AB of the plane makes an angle of 45° with
the V.P. Draw the projections of the circular plane.

3) An isosceles triangular plate ABC has its base 45 mm and altitude 60 mm. It is so placed
that the front view is seen as an equilateral triangle of 45 mm side and base is inclined at
45° to HP. Draw its plan when its corner A is on HP.

4) A circular disk 50 mm diameter resting on the HP on one of the points on its circumference
in such a way that it appears as an ellipse having minor axis 30 mm long. Draw the
projections of plate when minor axis inclined at 45° with VP.

5) ABCDE is a regular pentagonal plate of 40 mm sides, has its corner A on the H.P. The plate
is inclined at 30° to the H.P. such that the side CD is parallel to both the reference planes.
Draw the projection of plate.

6) A square plate of side 60mm is held on a corner on H.P. Plate is inclined to the H.P. such
that the plan of it is rhombuses with a diagonal of 30mm. determine the angle it makes
with H.P. The other diagonal is inclined at 45° V.P. Draw the projection of plate.

7) A regular Hexagonal plane resting on the HP on one of its side in such a way that the plane
is making 20° with HP and the diagonal perpendicular to that side is at an 45° with VP. Draw
the projection of plane.

8) A rectangular plate of side 60 X 30 mm is resting on its shorter side on HP and inclined at

30° to VP its surface is inclined at 60° to HP. Draw the projections

9) Draw the projections of a circle of 70 mm diameter resting on the HP on a point P of the

circumference. Plane is inclined to HP at an angle of 60° and the plan of diameter through
point P, is making an angle of 45° with VP.

10) An isosceles triangle plate ABC having its base 50 mm and altitude 90 mm resting on H.P.
on its base. The isosceles triangle is inclined at an angle 50° to the H.P. and the altitude in
the top view is inclined at the angle 70° to the V.P. Draw the projections.

21
11) A regular pentagonal plane having the side 30 mm is resting on H.P. on one of its corners.
The surface of the plane is inclined to the H.P. at 45°. Draw the projections of the plane
when the side opposite to the corner on which it rest on H.P. is inclined at 30° to V.P.

12) ABCD is a rhombus of diagonals AC=100 mm and BD=70 mm. Its corner A is in the H.P. and
the plane is inclined to the H.P. such that its plan appears to be a square and the plan of
the diagonal AC makes an angle of 20° to the V.P. Draw the projections of the plane and
find its inclination with the H. P.

13) Draw the projections of a regular hexagonal plane of 30mm side having one of its sides on
H.P. and inclined at 60 degree to V.P. & its surface making an angle 45 degree with H.P.

14) A pentagon of 40 mm side is resting on one of its corners on the VP. The edge opposite to
that corner makes an angle of 30° to the HP. The surface of the pentagon is inclined at 45°
to the VP. Draw its projections.

15) An isosceles triangular plate ABC has its base 45 mm and altitude 60 mm. It is so placed
that the front view is seen as an equilateral triangle of 45 mm side and (i) base is inclined
at 45° to HP, (ii) side is inclined at 45° to HP. Draw its plan when its corner A is on HP.

16) An isosceles triangular plate of 50 mm base and 75 mm altitude, appears as an equilateral

triangle of 50 mm in top view. Draw the projections of a plate if its 50 mm long edge is on
the HP and inclined at 45° to the VP. What is the inclination of the plate with the HP?
17) ABCDE is a regular pentagonal plate of 40 mm sides, has its corner A on the HP. The plate
is inclined to the HP such that the plan length of the edges AB and AE is each 35 mm. The
side CD is parallel to both the reference planes. Draw the projections of the plate and find
its inclination with the HP.
18) A circular plate, 50 mm diameter is resting on HP on one of the points of its periphery with
surface of the plate perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP by 30°. Draw two projections of
the circular plate.

19) A circular plate, 50 mm diameter is resting on HP on one of the points of its periphery with
surface of the plate perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP by 30°. Draw two projections of
the circular plate.

20) An isosceles triangular plate ABC has its base 45mm and altitude 60mm. It is so placed that
the front view is seen as an equilateral triangle of 45mm side and (i) base is inclined at 45⁰
to HP (ii) side is inclined at 45⁰ to HP. Draw its plan when its corner A is on HP.

21) A square lamina of 40 mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 30 o with HP and
the side on which it rests makes 45o with VP. Draw its projections. (S-2020)

22) A regular pentagon laminate of 30 mm each side is resting on HP on one of its sides with its surface
making 45º with HP. Draw its projection when the side in HP makes an angle 30o with VP.(S-2020)
22
23) A circular plane having 50 mm diameter is resting with point A of its periphery on H.P. The
surface of plane is inclined with 30o H.P. Draw the projection of this circular plane. (W-21)

24) A rectangular plane ABCD having 60 mm × 30 mm size is parallel to H.P. and perpendicular to
V.P. and P.P. Draw the projections of the rectangular when it is 40 mm above H.P. and one of
the longer sides is parallel to V.P. and 20 mm in front of it. (W-21)

25) A square plane ABCD is of 30 mm side. It is kept on V.P. on one of its corner and it is inclined to
V.P. at an angle of 30o. The surface of the plane is perpendicular to H.P. Draw the projection of
plane. (W-21)

26) A rectangular plane ABCD having 60 mm X 30 mm size is parallel to V.P., and perpendicular to
H.P., and P.P. Draw the projections of the rectangle when it is 40 mm in front of V.P., and one of
the smaller sides is parallel to H.P. and 20 mm above it. (Summer 2022)

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23
 SHEET NO 7: PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS AND SECTION OF SOLIDS AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES [CO-3]

A) PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Attempt any TWO problems of different categories from this section-A:

1) A pentagonal prism of 25 mm side length & 55 mm height is resting on one of the corner of its
base on the H.P. The longer edge containing that corner is inclined at 45° to the H.P. Draw the
projections of the solid.

2) Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long rests on one
of its base edges on the HP. The base makes an angle of 30° to the HP and axis of prism is
parallel to the VP.

3) A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm rest in the VP has its inclination to 30° to
the VP and FV of the axis inclined at 30° to the ground line XY. Draw the projections of the
cylinder.

4) A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on one of its triangular
faces with axis parallel to HP. Draw the projections.- Jan_2014

5) A frustum of a cone, having base diameter 50mm, top base diameter 20 mm and axis 40 mm,
is resting on one of its generators on H.P. The axes of the frustum makes and angle of 30° with
V.P. Draw the projections of the solid.

6) A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side and axis 55 mm long has one of its base edges in the
H.P. and axis inclined at 30° to the HP. Draw its projections when (i) the top view of the axis
makes an angle 45° with the V.P. and (ii) the axis makes an angle of 45° with the V.P.

7) A pentagonal pyramid has height 60 mm and the side of a base 30 mm. The pyramid rests on
one of its sides of the base on the H.P. such that the triangular face containing that side is
perpendicular to the H.P. and makes an angle of 45° with the V.P. Draw its projections. –
Dec_2013.

8) A pentagonal prism rests on one of its edges of the base on H.P. with its axis inclined at 45° to
the H.P. The top view of the axis is inclined at 30° to the V.P. Draw the projections of the prism,
assuming the edge of the base to be 30 mm and the axis 70 mm long.

9) Draw the projections of a cone, base 60 mm diameter and axis 90 mm long when it is resting
on the HP on a point on its base circle with the axis making an angle of 30° with the HP and
parallel to the VP.
10) A cone, diameter of base 55mm and height 60mm, is resting on HP on one of its generators
with axis parallel to VP. Draw the projections of cone
11) A hexagonal prism with side of base 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on one of its base
edge on HP such that its axis is inclined at 45o with HP and the side on which it is resting is inclined
at 30o with VP. Draw the projections. (S-2020)

12) A square base pyramid with 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all the
edges of the base are equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the
VP and inclined at 45o to the HP. Further, it is bisecting the axis of the pyramid. Draw its sectional
top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section. (S-2020)

13) A square prism edge of base 35 mm and axis length 50 mm is resting on its base on the H.P.
with an edge of base parallel to V.P. Draw the projection of prism. (W-21)

14) A square pyramid, side of base 35 mm and axis length 50 mm is lying on the H.P. on one of its
triangular faces. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the base edge contained by the
triangular face on H.P. makes an angle of 45° on the V.P. keeping apex of the pyramid towards the
observer. (Summer 2022)

B) SECTION OF SOLIDS

Attempt any TWO problems of different categories from this section-B:

1) A cone, base 40 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, rests on its base on the HP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the VP and parallel to one of its generators and passing through
a point on the axis at a distance of 25 mm from the apex. Draw the front view, sectional top
view, sectional side view and the true shape of the section. Give the name of that True shape.

2) A tetrahedron of 50 mm long edges is lying on HP on one of its faces with one of its edges
perpendicular to VP so that the true shape of its section is an isosceles triangle of base 40 mm
and altitude 28 mm. Find the inclination of the section plane with HP. Draw the front view,
sectional top view and the true shape of the section.

3) A regular Pentagonal Pyramid of base 25 mm and height 55 mm rests with its base on the HP
such that one of its edges is perpendicular to the V.P. A cutting plane parallel to the HP and
perpendicular to the VP cut the pyramid at the 20 mm from the apex. Draw the Front view
and sectional top view.

4) A cone diameter of base 50 mm and height 80 mm is resting on the HP on one of its generators
with axis parallel to the VP. It is cut by horizontal section plane passing through a point on the
axis 55 mm away from the apex. Draw the elevation and section plan.

5) A hexagonal pyramid of side of base 40 mm and height of axis 110 mm is resting on one of its
inclined vertical surface on H.P. such that its axis remains parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a
cutting plane which is inclined at an angle 45° with H.P. and bisecting the axis of the pyramid.
 Draw front view

6) A cylinder is resting on HP on its base. It is cut by AVP perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP

by 45° and cutting it remaining 12 mm away from the axis. Draw the projections with section
and draw also the true shape of the section. Take diameter of cylinder 55 mm and height 60
mm.

7) A cone of 70 mm diameter of the base circle and 60 mm length of axis is resting on its base on
the HP. It is cut by an AIP so that true shape of the section is an isosceles triangle with the
vertex angle of 50°. Set the required cutting plane and find its inclination with the HP. Draw
sectional top view, front view and project the true shape of the section.

8) A square base pyramid with 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges of the base are equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular
to the VP and inclined at 45o to the HP. Further, it is bisecting the axis of the pyramid. Draw
its sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section. (S-2020)

9) Draw the following sketches: Truncated Cylinder, Frustum of a cone and Frustum of a square
pyramid.(W-21)

10) Draw the pictorial view of truncated hexagonal pyramid.(W-21)

11) A square prism side of base 30 mm and its axis is 50 mm is kept on H.P. on its base such that
two side of base are perpendicular to V.P. It is cut by the horizontal cutting plane which cuts
the axis at its midpoint. Draw front view and sectional top view. (W-21)

12) A square pyramid, base 45 mm side and axis 70 mm long has its base in H.P. all edges of the base
are equally inclined to V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 45° to
the H.P. such that it bisects the axis. Draw its sectional top view and front view. (Summer 2022)
 Figure 1

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 SHEET NO 8: ORTHOGRAPHIC AND SECTIONAL ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
[CO-3]

SECTION A: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

1. Write the comparison between first angle projection method and third angle projection method.
(Summer 2022)
2. Differentiate isometric projections and orthographic projections. (W-21)

 A pictorial view of an object is given. Draw its following views, using “FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION METHOD” for ODD No. and THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD” for EVEN No.

(i) Front View shown by X-direction

(ii) Top View &
(iii) Right Hand Side View

Figure 1 Figure:-2

Figure:-3 Figure:-4
Figure:-5 Figure:-6

Figure:-7 Figure:-8

Figure:-9 Figure:-10
Figure:-11 Figure:-12

Figure:-13 Figure:-14

Figure:-15 Figure:-16
Figure:-17 Figure:-18

Figure:-19 Figure:-20
Figure:-21

Figure:-22
Figure:-23 Figure:-24

Figure:-25 Figure:-26
 Figure:-27

Figure:-28
Figure:-29

Figure:-30
Figure:-31

Figure:-32
Figure- 33

Figure -34
Figure- 35

Figure-.36
 Draw front view, top view and right-hand side view of the object given in Figure-37 using first angle
projection. (S-2020)

Figure 37

In Figure No. 38 pictorial view of an object. Draw Front view looking in the direction F and also draw
any one side view. (W-21)

Figure 38 Figure 39

In Figure No. 39 shows pictorial view of an object. Draw Front view looking in the direction F and
also draw any one side view. (W-21)
 SECTION B: SECTIONAL ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

Figure shows pictorial view of objects. Draw the following views using third angle projection
method.
Figure no. 1 & 2
(i) Sectional Front View shown by X-direction
(ii) Top View &
(iii) Sectional Side View

Figure -1

Figure-2
 Figure no. 3
(i) Sectional Front View
(ii) Top View &
(iii) L.H.S.V

Figure-3

Figure no. 4 (i) Front View (ii) Top View & (iii) Sectional R.H.S.V

Figure 4
Figure-5 shows the pictorial view of an object, draw the following views using first angle method of projection. Also giv
important dimensions.
(i) Sectional front view,
along section A-A (ii)
Top View (S-2020)

Figure 5

Draw orthographic views of the figure 6 by using first angle projection

method: (Summer 2022)
(i) Full sectional front iew
(ii) Top view

Figure 6
 SHEET NO.10 USE OF AUTOCAD [CO-4]

1. Explain the following autocad commands: hatch, circle, array, mirror, trim, extend and fillet.
2. Why chamfer is done on work piece. Write the steps to create chamfer in AUTOCAD.
3. List and explain different methods to draw circle in AUTOCAD.
4. What are the benefits of Computer Aided Drawing (S-2020)
5. Explain following commands: (i) Line (ii) Poly Line (iii) Circle (S-2020)
6. List and explain different methods to draw a polygon in AUTOCAD (S-2020)
7. What are the various applications of Auto CAD? (W-21)
8. State some of important command use in auto CAD. (W-21)
9. What are the various advantages of Auto CAD? (W-21)
10. Prepare any one orthographic drawing (three views) from the given figures with first angle or third
angle method by using various AutoCAD commands & take print of it.
11. Write the advantages of CAD. (Summer 2022)
12. Write various commands used in AutoCAD and their usage. (Summer 2022)

Fig. 1

Fig.2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4

Fig. 5 Fig.6
 Fig. 7

Fig. 8

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