DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

Contents 目錄

Compulsory Part 必修部分

C1. Business Environment 營商環境
C2. Management 管理
C3. Accounting 會計
C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

Elective Part – Accounting 選修部分 - 會計

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計
A2. Cost Accounting 成本會計

Elective Part - Business Management 選修部分 - 商業管理

B1. Financial Management 財務管理
B2. Human Resources 人力資源
B3. Marketing 市場營銷

1 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

Contents 目錄

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-1. Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy

C1-2. Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions
C1-3. Hong Kong Business Environment
– Globalization & Multinational corporation
C1-4. Hong Kong Business Environment
– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World bank, IMF
C1-5. Forms of Business Ownership
C1-6. Forms of Business Ownership – Types of partner in partnership
C1-7. Forms of Business Ownership – Joint venture
C1-8. Forms of Business Ownership – Franchise
C1-9. Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders

C1-1. 香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵

C1-2. 香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素
C1-3. 香港的營商環境 – 全球一體化 及 跨國公司
C1-4. 香港的營商環境 – CEPA, WTO, APEC, 世界銀行、國際貨幣基金
C1-5. 企業擁有權類型
C1-6. 企業擁有權類型 – 合夥的不同合夥人
C1-7. 企業擁有權類型 – 合營企業
C1-8. 企業擁有權類型 – 特許經營
C1-9. 商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者

2 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

Contents 目錄

C2. Management 管理

C2-1. Management Functions – Importance of management

C2-2. Management Functions – Planning
C2-3. Management Functions – Organizing
C2-4. Management Functions – Leading
C2-5. Management Functions – Controlling
C2-6. Effective Management – Division of work
C2-7. Effective Management – Unity of command
C2-8. Effective Management – Unity of direction
C2-9. Effective Management – Authority & responsibility
C2-10. Effective Management – Management by objectives (MBO)
C2-11. Key business functions
C2-12. Small and Medium Entreprises (SMEs)
C2-13. Entrepreneur

C2-1. 管理功能 – 管理的重要性

C2-2. 管理功能 – 計劃
C2-3. 管理功能 – 組織
C2-4. 管理功能 – 領導
C2-5. 管理功能 – 控制
C2-6. 有效管理 – 分工
C2-7. 有效管理 – 統一命令
C2-8. 有效管理 – 統一方向
C2-9. 有效管理 – 權力及責任
C2-10. 有效管理 – 目標管理 (MBO)
C2-11. 主要商業功能
C2-12. 中小型企業 (中小企)
C2-13. 企業家

3 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

Contents 目錄

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-1. Purposes and Role of Accounting

C3-2. Accounting equation
C3-3. Accounting cycle
C3-4. Books of original entry
C3-5. Double entry system
C3-6. Cost of goods sold
C3-7. Cash discount & Trade discount
C3-8. Gross profit & Net profit
C3-9. Posting to Ledger
C3-10. Trial balance
C3-11. Income statement
C3-12. Statement of financial position
C3-13. Balance of cash at bank account
C3-14. Capital balance
C3-15. Real, Nominal, Personal accounts
C3-16. Uses of financial statements
C3-17. Limitations of financial statements
C3-18. Accounting principles and conventions
C3-19. Basic ratio analysis

C3-1. 會計的目的及角色
C3-2. 會計等式
C3-3. 會計循環
C3-4. 原始分錄簿
C3-5. 複式記帳法
C3-6. 銷貨成本
C3-7. 現金折扣 及 貿易折扣
C3-8. 毛利 及 淨利
C3-9. 過帳至分類帳
C3-10. 試算表
C3-11. 損益表
C3-12. 財務狀況表/資產負債表
C3-13. 銀行存款結餘
C3-14. 資本結餘
C3-15. 實帳戶、虛帳戶、人名帳戶
C3-16. 財務報表的使用
C3-17. 財務報表的限制
C3-18. 會計原則及慣例
C3-19. 基礎比率分析

4 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

Contents 目錄

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-1. Time Value of Money

C4-2. Consumer Credit
C4-3. Personal Financial Planning and Investment
C4-4. Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF)
C4-5. Stock Trading as an Investment

C4-1. 金錢的時間值
C4-2. 消費者信貸
C4-3. 策畫個人理財及投資
C4-4. 強制性公積金 (MPF)
C4-5. 以證券交易作投資

5 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

Contents 目錄

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-1. Books of Original Entry and Types of Ledgers

A1-2. Cash accounting vs. Accrual accounting
A1-3. Bad debts and allowance for doubtful accounts
A1-4. Capital expenditure and revenue expenditures
A1-5. Depreciation
A1-6. Determine value of inventory
A1-7. Financial statements of sole proprietorship
A1-8. Accounting for partnership
A1-9. Accounting for limited company
A1-10. Control System – Bank reconciliation statement
A1-11. Control System – Correction of errors
A1-12. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
A1-13. Financial Analysis
A1-14. Incomplete Records

A1-1. 原始分錄帳簿及分類帳類別
A1-2. 現金會計與應計會計基礎
A1-3. 壞帳與呆帳準備
A1-4. 資本支出 與 收益支出
A1-5. 折舊
A1-6. 計算存貨值
A1-7. 獨資經營的財務報表
A1-8. 合夥會計
A1-9. 有限公司會計
A1-10. 控制系統 - 銀行往來調節表
A1-11. 控制系統 - 錯誤更正
A1-12. 公認會計原則 (GAAP)
A1-13. 財務報表分析
A1-14. 不完整會計紀錄

6 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

Contents 目錄

A2. Cost Accounting 成本會計

A2-1. Cost Classification, Concepts and Terminology

A2-2. Marginal and Absorption Costing
A2-3. Cost Accounting for Decision-making
A2-4. Cost-volume profit analysis

A2-1. 成本分類、概念及詞彙
A2-2. 邊際成本與吸收成本計算法
A2-3. 成本會計在決策中的功能
A2-4. 本量利分析法

B1. Financial Management 財務管理

B1-1. Financial analysis

B1-2. Budgeting
B1-3. Source of Financing
B1-4. Capital Investment Appraisal
B1-5. Working Capital Management
B1-6. Risk Management

B1-1. 財務分析
B1-2. 預算編製
B1-3. 融資方式
B1-4. 資本投資評估
B1-5. 營運資本管理
B1-6. 風險管理

7 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

Contents 目錄

B2. Human Resources 人力資源

B2-1. Functions of HR Management – Manpower planning

B2-2. Functions of HR Management – Staffing
B2-3. Functions of HR Management – Performance appraisal
B2-4. Functions of HR Management – Reward management
B2-5. Functions of HR Management – Training and development
B2-6. Development of a Quality Workforce

B2-1. 人力資源管理的功能 – 人力規劃

B2-2. 人力資源管理的功能 – 員工編制
B2-3. 人力資源管理的功能 – 員工考績
B2-4. 人力資源管理的功能 – 報酬管理
B2-5. 人力資源管理的功能 – 培訓和發展
B2-6. 發展優質人力

B3. Marketing 市場營銷

B3-1. Role of Marketing

B3-2. Marketing Research
B3-3. Customer Behaviour
B3-4. Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services – Target markets
B3-5. Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services – Marketing mix
B3-6. Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services – Service
B3-7. Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services – e-Marketing Strategies
B3-8. Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services
– Customer relationship management (CRM)

B3-1. 市場營銷的角色
B3-2. 市場研究
B3-3. 顧客行為
B3-4. 產品與服務的市場營銷策略 – 目標市場
B3-5. 產品與服務的市場營銷策略 – 市場營銷組合
B3-6. 產品與服務的市場營銷策略 – 服務
B3-7. 產品與服務的市場營銷策略 – 電子市場營銷策略
B3-8. 產品與服務的市場營銷策略 – 顧客關係管理

8 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-1. Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy

C1-2. Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions
C1-3. Hong Kong Business Environment
– Globalization & Multinational corporation
C1-4. Hong Kong Business Environment
– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World bank, IMF
C1-5. Forms of Business Ownership
C1-6. Forms of Business Ownership – Types of partner in partnership
C1-7. Forms of Business Ownership – Joint venture
C1-8. Forms of Business Ownership – Franchise
C1-9. Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders

C1-1. 香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵

C1-2. 香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素
C1-3. 香港的營商環境 – 全球一體化 及 跨國公司
C1-4. 香港的營商環境 – CEPA, WTO, APEC, 世界銀行、國際貨幣基金
C1-5. 企業擁有權類型
C1-6. 企業擁有權類型 – 合夥的不同合夥人
C1-7. 企業擁有權類型 – 合營企業
C1-8. 企業擁有權類型 – 特許經營
C1-9. 商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者

9 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-1. Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy

香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵

1. Simple taxation
- lower tax rates
- no inheritance tax, no capital gains tax and no GST (General Sales Tax)
or VAT (Value added Tax : is levied on the price of a product or service at each stage of
production)

2a. Concentration on tertiary industry

- In Hong Kong 2019
- 4 Key industries % share of value added in GDP (% share)
Financial service 21.2%
Trading and Logistics 19.8%
Professional Services and Other Producer Services 11.9%
Tourism 3.6%
2b. Reliance on external trade and maintain no trade barriers on imports
- In Hong Kong 2019
- employment of import and export trade : 439,050
- exports of merchanting and trade-related services : US $39.7 billion
2c. The main origin and destination of Hong Kong’s re-exports of goods are Mainland China
2d. Many goods originating in Hong Kong exported to Mainland are tariff-free
2e. Hong Kong is NOT the largest trading partner of the Mainland, while US and EU are the largest
trading partner of the Mainland

3a. HK Government does not control the inflows and outflows of capital
3b. Hong Kong is an offshore Renmibi Business Centre of Mainland China

4. Other Hong Kong’s favourable factors

- well-developed infrastructure
- quality human resources
- well-established legal system to protect investment
- geographical advantages

10 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-1. Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy

香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵

1. 簡單稅制
- 較低稅率
- 沒有遺產稅、資產增值稅、商品及服務稅或增值稅 (其於商品和服務的增值而徵稅)

2a. 集中於第三級產業
- 香港 2019 年
- 四大主要行業 增加價值佔本地生產總值的百分比 (所佔百分比)
金融服務 21.2%
貿易及物流 19.8%
專業服務及其他工商業支援服務 11.9%
旅遊 3.6%
2b. 倚賴對外貿易及沒有對進口設置貿易障礙
- 香港 2019 年
- 進出口貿易的就業人口 : 43 萬 9050
- 商貿服務及貿易相關服務出口 : 397 億美元
2c. 中國內地是香港商品轉口的主要來源地和目的地
2d. 很多以香港為原產地的貨物出口到內地不需繳付關稅
2e. 香港不是內地最大的貿易夥伴，相反，美國和歐盟是中國最大的貿易夥伴

3a. 香港政府不會操控資本進出
3b. 香港是中國內地的離岸人民幣業務中心

4. 其他香港有利因素
- 優良的基建設施
- 人才質素優勢
- 完善法制，保障投資
- 地區優勢

11 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-1. Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy

香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵

Remarks 備註 :
Type of industry 產業的種類
- Primary industry extract natural resources
- Secondary industry manufacture and assemble goods
- Tertiary industry provide services
- 第一級產業 開發天然資源
- 第二級產業 生產及組合商品
- 第三級產業 提供服務

香港是中國內地的離岸人民幣業務中心
- 2003 年以前 人民幣在中國境外流通的都是以非官方形式進行
- 2003 年 11 月 香港提供人民幣清算業務
- 2004 年 2 月 香港銀行正式開辦人民幣業務 :
個人人民幣存款、兌換、匯款及信用卡業務
- 2007 年 開放融資業務，包括特定機構可以在香港發行人民幣計價債券
- 2009 年 開辦人民幣結算業務，香港成為跨境貿易人民幣結算試點
- 2010 年 開放承做財富管理業務，
包括人民幣計價基金、股票、保單、結構型商品
- 2011 年 開放香港企業 (外商) 可用人民幣在境外直接投資及結算
開放人民幣合格境外機構投資人 :
即給予合資格境外機構投資者，如基金公司、券商，
可用人民幣投資大陸股票或債市
- 2012 年 開放香港非居民辦理個人人民幣業務，
及香港銀行可直接放款人民幣至深圳前海特區
- 2013 年 推出人民幣香港銀行同業拆款定價機制
- 2020 年 澳門的行政長官於施政報告中提到，澳門將設立跨境人民幣結算中心
推動金融機構拓展人民幣金融產品；推動人民幣在葡語國家的使用
繼續爭取更多政策措施支持澳門建設葡語國家人民幣清算中心

12 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-2. Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions

香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素

1. economic
- business cycle
- general price level / Consumer Price Index
- market size and potential
- income and consumption power of target customers
- exchange rate
- interest rate level
- employment rate e.g. ease of hiring a particular professionals

2. technological
- higher technological level  lower cost, more reliable
- payment platform, network security, internet coverage

3. physical
- transportation system
- communication infrastructure
- climatic condition
- air quality (good air quality can attract tourist, foreign employees, foreign investment,
lower the employee’s medical costs and enhance labour productivity)

4. social
- demographic structure / population structure : sex / gender, age and race distribution,
- language used
- living habits
- general social concern e.g. better work-life balance

5. cultural
- education level distribution
- cultural difference of target customers
- tastes and preferences of his target customers

6. political
- government policies
e.g. immigration / visa policy : recognition of BNO, SAR passport
government subsidize one particular sector
- political stability
- the relationship between Hong Kong and travellers’ home countries
- war, coup, riot, terrorist attacks
- issue of government travel warning
- cross-strait direct link policy

13 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-2. Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions

香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素

7. legal
- license regulation
e.g. hotel licensing, restaurant licensing, school registration :
Fire Service Ordinance, building ordinance
- regulations related to visa requirement
- increase the minimum wage rate
- the number of people participating in group gatherings in any public places is restricted
because of the spread of COVID-19
- labour law

8. competitive
- operation of other competitors and competition in the industry
- substitutes and degree of substitution
- ease of entry into the industry

14 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-2. Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions

香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素

1. 經濟
- 經濟週期
- 物價水平 / 消費物價指數
- 市場的規模和潛力
- 目標顧客的收入和消費力
- 匯率
- 利率水平
- 就業率 例 : 招聘某一專業的容易度

2. 科技
- 高科技程度  降低成本、可靠
- 付款平台、網絡安全、互聯網覆蓋

3. 自然地理
- 交通系統
- 通訊設施
- 氣候條件
- 空氣質素 (好的空氣質素可吸引旅客、外國員工、外國投資、降低員工醫療開支、
提升員工生產力)

4. 社會
- 人口結構 : 性別、年齡及種族分佈
- 所用的語言
- 生活習慣
- 普遍社會期望 例 : 工作與生活的平衡

5. 文化
- 教育程度分佈
- 目標顧客的文化差異
- 目標顧客的口味和喜好

6. 政治
- 政府政策
例 : 入境/簽證政策 : 英國公民 (海外)、特區護照的承認
政府津貼某一行業
- 政治穩定
- 香港與旅客國家的關係
- 戰爭、政變、暴亂、恐佈襲擊
- 政府發出旅遊警告
- 海峽兩岸直航政策

15 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-2. Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions

香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素

7. 法律
- 發牌制度
例 : 酒店牌照規例、餐廳牌照規例、學校註冊 : 消防條例、建築條例
- 有關簽證要求的規例
- 最低工資水平上調
- 因 2019 冠狀病毒擴散，公眾地方羣組聚集的人數受到限制
- 勞工法例

8. 競爭
- 其他對手的營運情況及行業競爭
- 替代品及替代程度
- 加入行業的難度

16 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-3. Hong Kong Business Environment

– Globalization & Multinational corporation
香港的營商環境 – 全球一體化 及 跨國公司

1. Globalization 全球一體化

More option on factor of production (labour, land, capital)  lower the cost
More buyers and more sellers  intensifies competition
多左生產要素 (勞工、土地、資本) 的選擇  降低成本
多左買家、多左賣家  競爭加劇

a. promotes free trade and international trade

b. facilitates specialization / outsourcing the production process
 lower the production cost
c. enables people to enjoy a wider variety of goods and services
 enable global sourcing  lower the production cost
 intensifies global competition
d. reduce information cost  intensifies global competition
e. facilitate transfer of technology between different countries
 enhance the production process  lower the production cost
 intensifies global competition
f. more sources of capital

a. 增進自由貿易及國際貿易
b. 促進專門化 / 外判生產工序
 降低生產成本
c. 讓人們享用更多種類的產品及服務
 可以全球採購  降低生產成本
 令環球競爭加劇
d. 降低資訊成本  令環球競爭加劇
e. 促進國與國之間的科技轉移
 優化生產程序  降低生產成本
 令環球競爭加劇
f. 更多資金來源

17 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-3. Hong Kong Business Environment

– Globalization & Multinational corporation
香港的營商環境 – 全球一體化 及 跨國公司

2. Multinational corporation 跨國公司

a. operate in more than one countries [“operate” : not just raising capital in other countries]
b. may NOT listed on the stock market, may be just a sole proprietorship
c. may NOT have many employees
[micro-multinational : New Newton International Trading (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.
Export to 38 countries or regions, annual export amount : 50 million dollar, only 21 staff]

a. 在多於一個國家營運 [“營運” : 不只是在其他國家集資]

b. 未必於證券交易所上市，可能只是獨資公司
c. 未必會有很多僱員
[微型跨國企業 : 新牛頓國際貿易(天津)有限公司
出口 38 國家和地區、年出口 5000 萬元、只有 21 位員工]

3. Reason of domestic company  multinational corporation 由本地公司  跨國公司的理由

a. domestic market is saturated
b. domestic market is too competitive
c. to achieve cost advantage through economies of scale
d. to expand market and increase sales revenue / increase the market base
e. to diversify markets / risks
f. to extend product life cycle
g. to build up brand name awareness

a. 本地市場已飽和
b. 本地市場競爭激烈
c. 透過規模經濟達致成本優勢
d. 擴展市場，增加銷售收益 / 擴大市場
e. 分散市場/風險
f. 延長產品生命周期
g. 建立品牌認知

4. Why managing a multinational corporation is more challenging

管理一家跨國公司會較挑戰性
a. require varying management practices to cope with different environments, e.g. cultural,
social, political etc.
b. more difficult to coordinate and control various business functions, e.g. production,
marketing, finance, purchasing, human resource, etc
c. different government regulations and restrictions on trade and investment, etc.
d. difficulties in managing money flows of different currencies

a. 需要不同的管理措施以應付不同的環境，例如文化、社會、政治等
b. 較難協調和控制各種企業功能，例如生產、營銷、財務、採購、人力資源等
c. 各地政府對貿易和投資等有不同的條例和限制
d/ 對於管理不同貨幣的資金流動

18 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-4. Hong Kong Business Environment

– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World Bank, IMF
香港的營商環境
– CEPA, WTO, APEC、世界銀行、國際貨幣基金組織

CEPA (Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement 內地與香港關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排)

a. Trade in goods
All goods of Hong Kong origin can enjoy zero tariff preference upon importation into the
Mainland is accompanied by a Certificate of Origin.

b. Trade in services
Hong Kong service suppliers enjoy preferential treatment in entering into the Mainland market in
various service areas.
Professional bodies of Hong Kong and regulatory authorities in the Mainland have also signed a
number of agreements or arrangements on mutual recognition of professional qualification.

c. Investment
Hong Kong investors enjoy preferential treatment in non-services sectors in the Mainland.

d. Economic and Technical Cooperation

Both sides agreed to enhance cooperation in 22 areas to cater for the trend and support the
development and cooperation, as well as to facilitate and promote trade and investment between
the two places.

a. 貨物貿易
符合原產地標準並附有原產地證書的香港原產貨物，進口內地時均可享有零關稅優惠

b. 服務貿易
香港服務提供者在多個服務領域可享有優惠待遇進入內地市場。
香港的專業團體和內地規管機構亦已簽署了多項專業資格互認的協議或安排。

c. 投資
香港投資者在內地的非服務業享有優惠待遇

d. 經濟技術合作
雙方同意在 22 個範疇加強合作，配合和支持兩地業界發展和合作，以及便利和促進兩地
貿易和投資。

19 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-4. Hong Kong Business Environment

– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World Bank, IMF
香港的營商環境
– CEPA, WTO, APEC、世界銀行、國際貨幣基金組織

WTO (World Trade Organization 世界貿易組織)

a. 164 members (including China; Hong Kong, China; Macao, China)
b. regulates and facilitates international trade between nations
c. provide a forum for negotiation aimed at reducing obstacles to international trade
d. settle disputes among its members regarding the interpretation of trade agreements
e. monitor and review the trade policies of its members
f. provide technical assistance and support to the less developed member countries
g. help developing countries develop the infrastructure needed to expand their trade
h. decisions made by WTO are binding on all members

a. 164 位成員 (包括中國、中國香港、中國澳門)

b. 負責監督成員經濟體之間的各種貿易協議得到執行
c. 為減少國際貿易障礙提供討論平台
d. 排解成員之間因詮釋貿易協議而引致的糾紛
e. 監察及審視成員的貿易政策
f. 為較落後的會員國提供技術協助及支援
g. 協助發展中國家建設基建以拓展貿易
h. 世界貿易組織的決定對所有會員均具有約束性

20 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-4. Hong Kong Business Environment

– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World Bank, IMF
香港的營商環境
– CEPA, WTO, APEC、世界銀行、國際貨幣基金組織

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亞太經濟合作組織)

a 21 members : Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; Chinese Taipei;
Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand;
Papua New Guinea; People’s Republic of China, Peru, Republic of Korea,
Russia, Singapore, Thailand, The Philippines, The United State, Viet Nam
b. Primary goal is to support sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region
c. APEC encourages cooperation on trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region through high-
level government-to-government dialogues

a. 21 位成員 :
澳大利亞、汶萊、加拿大、智利、台北、中國香港、印尼、日本、
馬來西亞、墨西哥、新西蘭、巴布亞新畿內亞、中華人民共和國、
秘魯、大韓民國、俄羅斯、新加坡、泰國、菲律賓、美國、越南
b. 首要目標是支持亞太地區可持續的經濟成長及繁榮
c. 亞太經濟合作組織透過政府與政府之間的高層對話，
鼓勵亞太地區的貿易和投資方面的合作

World Bank 世界銀行

- to provide financial assistance (loans and subsidies) and technical assistance to developing
countries for trade development
- 為發展中國家提供財政上的援助 (貸款及津貼) 及技術上的援助，以助發展貿易

IMF (International Monetary Fund 國際貨幣基金組織)

- 190 members (including China; Hong Kong, China; Macao, China)
- primary mission is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system – the system of
exchange rates and international payments that enables countries and their citizens to transact
with each other
- 190 位成員 (包括中國、中國香港、中國澳門)
- 首要任務是確保國際金融系統穩定 – 匯率及國際支付系統，
使各國及其人民可以互相交易

21 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-5. Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型

 Sole proprietorship (1 owner) 獨資 (1 個擁有者)

 Partnership (2 ~ 20 owners) 合夥 (2 ~ 20 個擁有者)
(professional partnership can have more than 20 partners)
(專業合夥可以有超過 20 名合夥人)
 Private limited company (1 ~ 50 owners) 私人有限公司 (1 ~ 50 個擁有者)
 Public limited company (1 ~  owners) 公眾有限公司 (1 ~  個擁有者)

Setup cost 成立成本 : =<<

Legal entity 法律地位 : ✓: 及  ✗: 及 

Limited liability 有限債務 : ✓: 及  ✗: 及 

Disclose financial status 公開財政狀況 : ✓: ✗:, 及

Tax 稅率 -  及  : 7.5% on assessable profits up to $2 million;

and 15% on any part of assessable profits over $2 million
不超過$200 萬的應評稅利潤 – 7.5%；及
應評稅利潤中超過$200 萬的部分 – 15%

-  及  : 8.25% on assessable profits up to $2 million;

and 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over $2 million
不超過$200 萬的應評稅利潤 – 8.25%；及
應評稅利潤中超過$200 萬的部分 – 16.5%

Ownership transfer 擁有權轉讓 :  impossible 不可能

 all partners agree 所有合夥人同意
 board of directors agree 董事會同意
 transfer freely in the secondary market
於次級市場自由轉讓

Ease of fund-raising 集資容易度 : >>>

Separation of ownership and management 擁有權和管理分開 : , 

22 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-5. Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型

 Public enterprise 公營企業

a. Government Department 政府部門
(Water supplies department 水務局、Fire services department 消防處)
- Civil servant 公務員
b. Public corporation 公營機構 (Ocean Park, Post office 海洋公園、郵政局)
i. owned by the government but run as a private enterprise
ii. set up and bound by legislation
iii. self-financing, the government is only responsible for the set-up cost
iv. usually provides public services, e.g. public utilities
v. the government will not be involved in the daily operations, although it retains the
power of governance
vi. managed by board of directors appointed by government
i. 政府擁有，但以私營企業方式經營
ii. 由法例成立及規管
iii. 自負盈虧，政府只負責開創成本
iv. 通常提供公眾服務，如公用事業
v. 政府不干預日常運作，但擁有管治權
vi. 政府任命的董事會管理

23 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-5. Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型

When a limited company have profit, who get the return first
當一間有限公司有盈利，誰先得到回報

1. Debenture owner (creditor) 債券持有人 (債權人)

- fixed interest rate - 固定利率
- has redemption obligation - 有贖回的義務
- no voting right - 沒有投票權
power of control will not be diluted 控制權沒有被攤薄
- market price is fluctuate - 市價是波動的
- interest expense is tax-deductible - 利息支出是可扣稅

2. Preference shareholder 優先股股東

- no return when loss in company - 當公司虧損時沒有回報
- receive fixed rate of return - 當公司盈利時收取固定回報率
when gain in company
- no voting right - 沒有投票權
power of control will not be diluted 控制權沒有被攤薄

3. Ordinary shareholder 普通股股東

When a limited company go bankruptcy, who claim first? 當一間有限公司破產，誰可先得到錢？

1. Liquidator
2. Employee & government
3. Debenture owner
4. Preferred shareholders
5. Ordinary shareholders

1. 清盤人
2. 員工及政府
3. 債券持有人
4. 優先股股東
5. 普通股股東

24 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-5. Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型

Partnership > Sole proprietorship 合夥 > 獨資

1. share of risk / workload 分散風險/工作量
2. more sources of capital 更多資本來源
3. more expertise / innovative ideas 更多專業知識/創新的意念

Sole proprietorship > Partnership 獨資 > 合夥

1. has more flexibility in decision making 決策較具彈性
2. enjoys all profits: no need to share with partners 獨享利潤 : 不須與合夥人分攤
3. easier to set up 更容易成立

Sole proprietorship or partnership > Limited company 獨資或合夥 > 有限公司

1. lower setup cost 較低成立成本
2. lower profit tax rate 較低利得稅稅率
3. no need to separate the ownership and management 擁有權和管理無需分開

Private limited company > Public limited company 私人有限公司 > 公眾有限公司
1. lower setup cost 較低成立成本
2. no need to disclose financial status 無需公開財務狀況
3. no risk to be taken over 沒有被收購的風險

Limited company > Sole proprietorship or partnership 有限公司 > 獨資或合夥

1. limited liability 有限負債
2. wider source of capital 資金來源較廣泛
3. separate legal entity 獨立法人
4. continuity 延續性
5. can issue debentures 可以發行債券
(only government and limited company can issue debentures 只有政府和有限公司可發行債券)

25 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-5. Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型

課外資料 :
Setup cost 成立成本:
Sole proprietorship & Partnership 獨資 和 合夥 :
- Business registration Certificate 商業登記證
Fee 登記費 : HK$2000 per year 每年
Levy 徵費 : HK$250 per year 每年
Total 總數 : HK$2250 per year 每年
(However, in many fiscal year, the fee is waived, so the total is only $250)
(但有不少財政年度會免登記費，所以不少財政年度的總數只是$250)

Private limited company 私人有限公司

- Business registration Certificate 商業登記證
Fee 登記費 : HK$2000 per year 每年
Levy 徵費 : HK$250 per year 每年
Total 總數 : HK$2250 per year 每年
(However, in many fiscal year, the fee is waived, so the total is only $250)
(但有不少財政年度會免登記費，所以不少財政年度的總數只是$250)
- And also go to Company Registry to register the company,
fee : HK$1545 (the first time) + HK$105 per year
另外還要到 公司註冊處申請 註冊成立公司，
費用: HK$1545 (首次) + 每年 HK$105

26 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-6. Forms of Business Ownership – Types of partner in partnership

企業擁有權類型 – 合夥的不同合夥人

General partnership only have general partners

Limited partnership have general partner(s) and limited partner(s) at the same time

a. General partners
- unlimited liability
- must have at least 1 general partner in a partnership
- may or may not take part in management of partnership
- can have different ratio in profit sharing
- decisions made by a partner are legally binding for all partners

b. Limited partner
- limited liability
- does not take part in the management of partnership

c. Nominal partner
- no investment and ownership
- does not take part in the management of partnership
- no need to bear liabilities
- contributions:
1. Provide professional advice
2. Enhance reputation of the business
3. Strengthen business linkage

Ownership transfer:
Case 1: general partner withdraw / transfer, all partners agree, partnership dissolve
Case 2: general partner die, partnership dissolve
Case 3: limited partner withdraw  impossible
Case 4: limited partner die, partnership is still carry forward

27 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-6. Forms of Business Ownership – Types of partner in partnership

企業擁有權類型 – 合夥的不同合夥人

普通合夥只有普通合夥人
有限合夥則同時擁有普通合夥人及有限合夥人

a. 普通合夥人
- 無限債務
- 於合夥中，至少有一位普通合夥人
- 可以參與 及 可以不參與 合夥的管理
- 利潤分享可以以不同的比例
- 個別合夥人的決定對所有合夥人均在法律上具約束力

b. 有限合夥人
- 有限債務
- 不會參與合夥的管理

c. 名義合夥人
- 沒有投資及擁有權
- 不會參與合夥的管理
- 沒有必要承擔債務責任
- 貢獻:
1. 提供專業意見
2. 增加生意的聲譽
3. 增強商業上的連繫

所有權轉讓 :
個案 1 : 普通合夥人退股/轉讓，所有合夥人同意，合夥解散
個案 2 : 普通合夥人死亡，合夥解散
個案 3 : 有限合夥人退股  不可能
個案 4 : 有限合夥人死亡，合夥繼續

28 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-7. Forms of Business Ownership – Joint venture

企業擁有權類型 – 合營企業
(…. In January 2021, the Company (MTR) awarded the tender for The Southside Package 5 to a consortium formed by
New World Development Company Limited, Empire Development Hong Kong (BVI) Limited, CSI Properties Limited and
Lai Sun Development Company Limited...)
(… 於 2021 年 1 月，公司(港鐵)批出「港島南岸」第五期物業發展項目，由新世界發展有限公司、Empire
Development Hong Kong (BVI) Limited、CSI Properties Limited 及麗新發展有限公司合組之財團成功投得。 …)

Joint ventures 合營企業

a. 2 or more businesses form a new business entity to carry out joint project(s)
b. no need to share profit equally
c. is an entity independent from all its partners
a. 兩個或多個企業，為一(些)合作項目建立的一個新企業個體
b. 無需平分利潤
c. 是一家獨立於其所有夥伴之外的個體

Difference from partnership 與合夥的分別

- joint venture will normally be dissolved when the joint project is completed
while partnership operation has no definite time limit
- 合營企業在合作項目完成後，通常便解散
而合夥營運沒有確切的時限

Advantages 好處:
a. more capital / resources can be contributed by joint venture partners
b. business risks and liabilities can be shared among joint venture partners
c. easier entry into new market: joint venture partners know local market well / have local
connections
d. can bring in expertise and technology / goodwill of different joint venture partners
e. can enjoy economies of scale
a. 合營者可提供更多資金/資源
b. 企業風險和債務可由合營者分擔
c. 較易進入新市場 : 合營者熟悉本地市場 / 有本地人脈關係
d. 可引入不同合營者的專業知識及技術 / 信譽
e. 可享規模經濟

Disadvantages 壞處:
a. less autonomy in operation and management
b. has to share profit with partner
c. no control over proprietary technology; higher risk of leaking
d. conflict with partners
a. 在營運和管理上較少自主
b. 需與夥伴攤分利潤
c. 不能掌管獨有的技術，泄露的風險較高
d. 與夥伴的衝突

29 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-8. Forms of Business Ownership – Franchise

企業擁有權類型 – 特許經營

Roles: franchisor vs. franchisee (franchised shop)

1. franchisor allows the franchisee to sell its goods or services.
2. franchisee pays a franchise fee to the franchisor.
3. franchisee operates under the authorization of franchisor
4. example : 7-11, HAZUKIDO, happy lemon, Ilsa Laundry, …
角色: 特許權擁有人 vs. 特許權使用人 (特許經營商店)
1. 特許權擁有人受權特許權使用人出售其貨品及服務
2. 特許權擁有人收取特許權使用人特許經營費。
3. 特許權使用人在特許權擁有人的授權下運作
4. 例子 : 7-11、八月堂、快樂檸檬、伊莎洗衣、…

franchisor 特許權擁有人
1. Advantages:
a. expansion of the chain at a lower cost
b. easy to set up branches in a short period of time
c. stable income: receive franchise fees regularly and share franchisees’ profits
d. for foreign franchisor: easy access to the Hong Kong market: franchisees are more familiar
with the local business environment
2. Disadvantages
a. Franchisee may set up his own business to become a competitor.
b. It is difficult to wholly control the operation style of franchisee(s).
c. If a franchisee manages his business poorly, the reputation of the whole franchise business
will be affected.

1. 好處:
a. 以較低成本擴展業務
b. 容易在短時間內設立分店
c. 固定收入 : 定期收到特許權使用費及分攤特許權使用人的利潤
d. 對於海外特許權擁有人 : 容易進入香港市場 : 特許權使用人較熟悉本港的營商環境

2. 壞處:
a. 特許權使用人可能會自立門戶，成為競爭者。
b. 難以完全控制特許權使用人的經營方式。
c. 如一特許權使用人經營不善，會影響特許權企業整體的聲譽。

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-8. Forms of Business Ownership – Franchise

企業擁有權類型 – 特許經營

franchisee (franchised shop) 特許權使用人 (特許經營商店)

1. criteria to assess the franchisor
a. franchisor’s reputation
b. restrictions and obligations
c. initial joining fee and royalty
d. support and assistance offered, e.g. promotion and training
e. franchisor’s positioning and strategies match own expectation and desire

2. Advantages:
a. benefit from the goodwill of the franchisor’s brand name
b. obtain management and operations support
c. receiving training and advise from the franchisor
d. set up a new business more quickly
e. shared advertising and promotion efforts
f. steady supply of inventory

3. Disadvantages:
a. limited autonomy : e.g. need to follow the standards and guidelines stipulated in
the franchise agreement
b. need to pay royalties to the franchisor even when making a loss
c. subject to the success and failure / reputation of the franchisor
d. business will be affected by any adverse performance of other members of the group

1. 評核特許經營權擁有人的準則
a. 特許經營權擁有人的商譽
b. 限制及責任
c. 加盟費及特許經營權使用費
d. 支援和協助，例如推廣及培訓
e. 特許經營權擁有人的定位及策略是否切合自己的期望和要求

2. 好處:
a. 從特許權擁有人的品牌商譽中獲益
b. 獲得業務管理及經營上的支援
c. 得到特許權擁有人的培訓和意見
d. 更快開設新企業
e. 共享分擔廣告和推廣的功效
f. 貨源的穩定供應

3. 壞處:
a. 有限自主 : 例如需要遵守特許經營協議訂立的準則和指引
b. 即使經營虧損也須支付特許權使用費予特許權擁有人
c. 受到特許權擁有人的成敗 / 聲譽影響
d. 業務會受其他成員表現欠佳而受到影響

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-9. Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders

商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者

Stakeholder 持份者 :
- a party which would be affected by the decisions made by the company
- e.g. employees, suppliers, distributors, government, public, customers, creditor, competitor,
investor
- 會受公司決策所影響的一方
- 例︰僱員、供應商、經銷商、政府、公眾、顧客、債主、競爭者、投資者

Business ethics 商業道德 :

- are a set of principles, values and beliefs, which govern business behaviour, decisions or actions
that conforms to generally accepted norms.
- will enhance the public image of a business
- not follow business ethics is still legal
- company MAY compile a code of ethics to provides rules and standards for employees

- 是一套原則，價值及理念以規範商業操守、決策或活動，使之符合一般公認的標準。
- 可提升企業的公眾形象
- 不跟隨商業道德仍然是合法的
- 公司 可以 編製道德守則 為僱員提供規則和標準

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-9. Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders

商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者

Social responsibility 社會責任

employees 僱員
a. improve the working environment of its employees
b. allow staff to work from home when there are adverse weather conditions
c. provide training and development opportunities for its employees
d. provide a fair and reasonable remuneration to the staff

a. 改善員工工作環境
b. 允許員工在惡劣天氣情況下在家工作
c. 為僱員提供培訓和發展的機會
d. 向員工提供公平合理的報酬

distributors (Producer) / supplier 供應商 (直接是生產者) / 經銷商

- make the payment to suppliers timely
- 準時付款給供應商

Government 政府
- pay taxes to the government on time
- 準時向政府繳稅

public 公眾
a. encourage employees to participate in voluntary work to serve the community.
b. use recycled materials to produce toys
c. donate toys to orphanages
d. a publisher allows the public to read its books online free of charge during the spread of
COVID-19
e. sponsor community activities
f. develop new technology to help reduce gas emissions.
g. concern for environmental protection, e.g. use environmentally friendly packing

a. 鼓勵員工參與義務工作以服務社會。
b. 使用回收材料製造玩具。
c. 損贈玩具予孤兒院
d. 一家出版社於 2019 冠狀病毒病擴散下讓公眾經互聯網免費閱讀其書本
e. 贊助社區活動
f. 發展新科技以助減少氣體排放。
g. 關注環保，選用環保的包裝

33 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-9. Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders

商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者

Social responsibility 社會責任

customers 顧客
a. assure the quality of product
b. fair or ethnical pricing, e.g. discounted prices for seniors
c. set the price in line with current social or economic condition
d. concern for customers’ health when developing product
e.g. provide low-fat, low-salt, low-sugar or high-fibre food

a. 確保產品的質素
b. 公平或合乎道德的定價，例如長者優惠價格
c. 訂價時合乎當時社會及經濟情況
d. 產品發展時關注顧客健康，例如提供低脂、低鹽、低糖或高纖的食物

creditor 債主
- pay interest and principal to creditors on time
- 準持向債權人繳付利息及清還本金

competitor 競爭者
- promote a healthy competition atmosphere by emphasizing the major advantages of the
products / services that are unique to each other.
- 促進健康的競爭氣氛，各自強調產品/服務有的主要優勢

investor 投資者
a. provide detailed and accurate financial information
b. enhance transparency of company strategies

a. 提供詳盡而準確的財務資料
b. 提高公司策略的透明度

34 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C1. Business Environment 營商環境

C1-9. Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders

商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者

Arguments for social responsibility

1. Meet public expectation
2. Improve company image
3. Attract the customers who are also concerned about social responsibility

支持社會責任的論據
1. 符合公眾期望
2. 改善公司形象
3. 吸引同樣關注社會責任的顧客

Arguments against social responsibility

1. the company has already contributed the society of providing jobs and products/services which
are beneficial to the society
2. the company has already paid tax on their profits which could be allocated by the government to
provide / support various social services
3. the company does not have expertise in providing social services
4. the company thinks it is enough to comply with the law.
5. objections from stakeholders, e.g. shareholders of the company may object spending extra
resources on CSR (corporate social responsibility) which might lower their returns on investment

反對社會責任的論據
1. 公司已透過提供職位和產品/服務來貢獻社會，為社會帶來利益
2. 公司已為盈利繳稅，政府可把該稅項收益用作提供/支援各項社會服務
3. 公司在提供社會服務方面沒有專才
4. 公司認為遵守法律已經足夠
5. 其他持份者的反對，例如公司股東可能會反對在企業社會責任上使用額外資源，減低他們
的投資回報

35 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-1. Management Functions – Importance of management

C2-2. Management Functions – Planning
C2-3. Management Functions – Organizing
C2-4. Management Functions – Leading
C2-5. Management Functions – Controlling
C2-6. Effective Management – Division of work
C2-7. Effective Management – Unity of command
C2-8. Effective Management – Unity of direction
C2-9. Effective Management – Authority & responsibility
C2-10. Effective Management – Management by objectives (MBO)
C2-11. Key business functions
C2-12. Small and Medium Entreprises (SMEs)
C2-13. Entrepreneur

C2-1. 管理功能 – 管理的重要性

C2-2. 管理功能 – 計劃
C2-3. 管理功能 – 組織
C2-4. 管理功能 – 領導
C2-5. 管理功能 – 控制
C2-6. 有效管理 – 分工
C2-7. 有效管理 – 統一命令
C2-8. 有效管理 – 統一方向
C2-9. 有效管理 – 權力及責任
C2-10. 有效管理 – 目標管理 (MBO)
C2-11. 主要商業功能
C2-12. 中小型企業 (中小企)
C2-13. 企業家

36 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-1. Management Functions – Importance of management

管理功能 – 管理的重要性

Importance of effective management

- establish sound organizational structure
- help staff achieve the goal of the business effectively
- improve staff morale
- enhance operational efficiency
- enhance the efficient use of resources of the business

有效管理重要性
- 建立健全的組織架構
- 協助員工有效達到企業目標
- 提升員工士氣
- 促進營運效率
- 促使企業有效率地運用資源

- Process : Planning  Organizing  Leading / Directing  Controlling

1. set the goal (Planning)
- establish a platform to provide a low price and sufficient materials for DSE student to
learn over half of subjects in 10 years
2. SWOT analysis (Planning)
- strength: many years of teaching experiences;
- weakness: lack of capital;
- opportunity : online teaching is not popular;
- threat : the competitor will attack us
3. evaluating alternatives (Planning)
- through YouTube, recording DVD
4. formulate the action plan (Planning)
- recording teaching material of 8 subjects in YouTube
5. arrange working schedule (Planning)
- attack maths in the first year, and at the first months of first year, we will prepare …
6. deploy the resources and manpower (Organizing)
- purchase the recording and teaching tools,
- Herman is responsible for teaching and cow cow is responsible for designing
7. implement the action plan (Leading / Directing)
- start to prepare and design teaching materials,
and record and release the videos
8. Controlling the results and providing feedback (Controlling)
- evaluate which series of videos meet the expected number of views,
fine-tune the focus of work

- 過程 : 計劃  組織  領導 / 指導  控制
1. 設定目標 (計) (10 年內，製造一個價格低廉、內容足以協助 DSE 學生學習一半以上學科的學習平台)

2. 強弱機危分析 (計) (強:多年教學經驗、弱:缺乏資本、機:網上教學未普及、危:子姪會黎攪事)

3. 評估可行方案 (計) (通過 YouTube、錄製 DVD)
4. 制訂行動方案 (計) (於 YouTube 拍攝 8 科的教學內容)
5. 安排工作日程 (計) (第一年會攻數學，第一年的第一個月先做….)
6. 調配資源和人手 (組) (購買拍攝和教學的工員，Herman 負責教學、牛牛負責設計)
7. 執行行動方案 (領) (開始預備及設計教材、拍攝及發布影片)
8. 控制成果及給予反饋 (控) (哪些影片系列會到達期望的觀看次數，微調工作的重心)

37 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-2. Management Functions – Planning 管理功能 – 計劃

Planning
- decide the objectives of the enterprise

- characteristics of target / SMART goal

1. measurable
- the goal should specify a quantified amount
2. time-bound
- the goal should specify the targeted timeframe
- counter examples: as soon as possible
3. specific
- more specific definition on some terms
e.g. the most successful education platform
successful means highest number of subscribers OR highest number of views
OR highest watching time OR highest number of video released?
4. realistic / challenging but attainable
- counter examples: new company capture 50% market share in short time period

- reasons of setting target / SMART goal

1. to help capture opportunities and deal with challenges
2. to provide direction to his staff
3. to provide standards for monitoring work progress

計畫
- 決定企業目標

- 目標 / (SMART)目標 的特徵
1. 可量度
- 目標應有具體指定的數量
2. 時限
- 目標應指定完成時限
- 反例子 : 盡快
3. 具體/明確
- 對某些字眼應有明確的定義
e.g. 最成功的教學平台
成功是指 最多訂閱人數 還是 最多觀看次數
還是 最多觀看時數 還是 最多影片發佈?
4. 可行/有挑戰性但可達到的
- 反例子 : 新公司短時間內佔據一半市場份額

- 訂立目標 / (SMART)目標 的原因

1. 有助摘取機遇和應對挑戰
2. 為員工提供工作方向
3. 為監察工作進度提供標準

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-3. Management Functions – Organizing 管理功能 – 組織

Departmentalization 劃分不同部門 –
(a) by function 按功能
- marketing department, accounting and finance department, logistic department,
human resources department
市場部、會計及財務部、物流部、人力資源部
- advantages 好處:
1. increase efficiency through specialization
2. allow centralized control in the company
3. enhance learning and development of functional skills
4. reduce resource duplications
5. reduce administrative costs
6. ensure consistency in decision-making
1. 專職分工可提升效率
2. 公司可作中央控制
3. 加強學習和發展功能的技能
4. 減少資源重疊
5. 減低行政成本
6. 確保決策一致

(b) by product 按產品

- home appliances department, digital product department, office equipment department,
家電部、數碼產品部、辦公室設備部
- advantages 好處
1. ensure better customer service
2. determine the unprofitable products more easily
3. assist in development of all around managerial talent
4. is more flexible to add a new product line
1. 確保更好的顧客服務
2. 更容易發現沒有盈利能力的產品
3. 可幫助發展全能型的管理人才
4. 加產品線時會更加彈性

(c) by location 按地區

- Hong Kong, China department, Macau, China department, Mainland China department
中國香港部門、中國澳門部門、中國內地部門
- advantages 好處
1. ensure the strategies are fit for the culture of different locations
2. determine the unprofitable geographical segment more easily
3. assist in development of all around managerial talent
4. is more flexible to enter a new geographical segment
1. 確保策略是切合不同地區的文化
2. 更容易發現沒有盈利能力的地區分部
3. 可幫助發展全能型的管理人才
4. 加地區分部時會更加彈性

39 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

 DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-3. Management Functions – Organizing 管理功能 – 組織

Organization 架構
Tall 高架式 Flat 扁平式
1. narrower span of control 1. wider span of control
2. more levels of management / more layers 2. fewer levels of management / fewer layers
3. longer decision-making process 3. shorter decision-making process
4. less responsive to market changes 4. more responsive to market changes
5. increase management flexibility
6. improve communication

1. 控制幅度較窄 1. 控制幅度較闊
2. 管理階層層數較多 / 較多階層 2. 管理階層層數較少 / 較少階層
3. 決策過程較長 3. 決策過程較短
4. 較緩慢回應市場轉變 4. 較迅速回應市場轉變
5. 提高管理彈性
6. 改善溝通

Fall organization 扁平式架構

General Manager
總經理

Sales Officer Finance Officer Human Resources

Marketing Officer Accounting Officer Logistics Officer Public relations
Officer 人力資源
市場主任 銷售主任 會計主任 財務主任 物流主任 Officer公關主任
主任

- Span of control of the General Manager is 7.

總經理的控制幅度是 7
- 1 level of management / 2 layers
1 層管理層 / 2 個階層

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-3. Management Functions – Organizing 管理功能 – 組織

Tall organization 高架式架構

General Manager
總經理

Deputy Manager Deputy Manager Deputy Manager

副經理A 副經理B 副經理C

Human resource
Marketing Accounting
officer人力資源
Officer市場主任 officer會計主任
主任

Sales Officer銷售 Finance officer財 Logistics officer

主任 務主任 物流主任

Public relations
officer公關主任

- Span of control of the General Manager is 3.

總經理的控制幅度是 3
- Span of control of the Deputy Manager A is 2.
副經理 A 的控制幅度是 2
- General Manager has line authority over the Deputy Manager A,
but has no line authority over Accounting officer
總經理對副經理 A 有直線職權，但對會計主任沒有直線職權
- 2 levels of management / 3 layers
2 層管理層 / 3 個階層

Factors affecting the span of control

1. cost
2. abilities of the managers
3. uniformity and clarity of company plans
4. existence of sound and objective performance standards
5. pace of change of the business environment

決定控制幅度的因素
1. 成本
2. 經理的能力
3. 公司計劃的一致性和清晰度
4. 表現標準是否客觀穩當
5. 營商環境轉變的速度

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-4. Management Functions – Leading 管理功能 – 領導

Leadership styles 領導風格

(a) Autocratic 獨裁
i. centralizes power and decision-making in manager himself
ii. gives orders, assigns tasks and duties without consulting the employees
iii. takes full authority and assumes full responsibility
iv. advantage:
- enhance operational efficiency
v. disadvantages:
1. employees’ job satisfaction and commitment would be lowered
2. quality of decision-making depends on manager’s capabilities
i. 中央集權，經理自行決策
ii. 在沒有徵詢員工意見下，發指令、安排工作及任務
iii. 取得全部權力亦假設負上全部責任
iv. 好處:
- 提高營運效率
v. 壞處:
1. 員工的工作滿足感和承擔較低
2. 決策質素取決於經理的能力

(b) Laissez faire 自由放任

i. passes on the responsibility for decision-making to his subordinates and takes a minimum
of initiative in administration
ii. gives no direction and allows the group to establish its own goals and work out its own
problems
iii. is suitable for the work requires a high level of creativity
i. 將決策的責任下放給屬下，在管理上採取最小的主動性
ii. 沒有給予方向，容許團隊訂下自己的目標及處理自己的問題
iii. 適合工作要求高階的創意

(c) Participative / democratic 參與 / 民主

i. is characterized by consultation with the subordinates and their participation in the
formulation of plans and policies
ii. encourages subordinates’ participation in decision-making
iii. advantages:
1. widen managers’ exposure
2. strengthen staff support for business policies
3. improve mutual understanding between management and staff
iv. disadvantage:
- longer decision-making process
i. 特色是與下屬協商及在下屬的參與下制定計劃和政策
ii. 鼓勵下屬參與決策
iii. 好處:
1. 擴闊管理人員的視野
2. 加強員工對企業政策的支持
3. 促進管理層和員工的相互了解
iv. 壞處:
- 更長的決策過程

42 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-5. Management Functions – Controlling 管理功能 – 控制

Controlling: 控制:
- ensures the activities are in line with the plan - 確保行動與計劃一致

Control process: 控制過程

- Steps: - 步驟 :
1. set performance standards 1. 制定表現標準
2. measure actual performance 2. 量度實際表現
3. compare actual performance with the standards 3. 比較實際表現與標準
4. take corrective actions 4. 採取改善措施

43 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-6 ~ C2-10

Effective Management 有效管理

- Division of work - 分工
- Unity of command - 統一命令
- Unity of direction - 統一方向
- Authority & responsibility - 權力及責任
- Management by objectives (MBO) - 目標管理 (MBO)

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-6. Effective Management – Division of work 有效管理 – 分工

Advantages 優點 :
1. higher productivity and efficiency / practice makes perfect:
e.g. work faster and make fewer mistakes
2. facilitates automation: e.g. use of machines and equipment
3. time-saving: e.g. simplified training, saves time in switching from task to task
4. facilitate supervision: e.g. each worker only concentrates on a specialized task
1. 生產力和效率更高 / 熟能生巧 : 例如可使工序更快完成和減少錯誤
2. 促進自動化 : 例如使用機器和設備
3. 節省時間 : 例如簡化培訓、節省切換工序所需的時間
4. 有助監督 : 例如每名員工專注一專門工作

C2-7. Effective Management – Unity of command 有效管理 – 統一命令

- each subordinate receives orders from and directly reports to one supervisor only
每名下屬只 聽命於及直接報告 同一名上司

Advantages 優點 :
1. less confusions in work 減少工作混亂
2. problems arise if the principle is violated 若違反原則會出現的問題
a. contradictory instructions will cause confusion to the subordinates
b. unclear chain-of-command / line of authority will cause conflicts between the managers
a. 矛盾的指示會令下屬混亂
b. 不清晰的命令鏈 / 權力線會引致經理之間的衝突

C2-8. Effective Management – Unity of direction 有效管理 – 統一方向

- employees working on the same project have the same goal

為同一項目工作的員工都有相同目標

Advantages 優點 :
1. create coherence among employees to achieve the same objectives
2. avoid management confusions / conflicts among different departments
3. help to build up team spirit
1. 凝聚員工達成相同目標
2. 避免部門之間的管理產生混亂/衝突
3. 有助建立團隊精神

45 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-9. Effective Management – Authority & responsibility

有效管理 – 權力及責任

Authority and responsibility 權力及責任

- Authority is the right to direct and make decisions
- For a job position, responsibility should be balanced with authority
- Authority and responsibility of managers increase progressively from low-level to top-level
- 職權是指揮及決策的權力
- 工作崗位的責任應與權力平衡
- 管理人員的權力和責任由低層至高層遞增

Delegation 授權
- is the assigning of authority and responsibility of work from the superior to the subordinates
授權是指上司把與工作有關的權力和責任交予下屬
- advantages 好處 :
a. increase subordinates’ job satisfaction
b. provides training opportunities for subordinates
c. allows superiors to focus on important task
a. 提高下屬的工作滿足感
b. 為下屬提供培訓機會
c. 讓上司專注於重要的工作

Line authority vs. Staff authority 直線職權 vs. 幕僚職權

- Line authority 直線職權
- reflects superior-subordinate relationships characterized by the power of decision-making
於主管-部屬反影出的關係，是擁有決策的權力
- Staff authority 幕僚職權
- is the provision of advice and other services to line managers but do not have any authority
over them
為直線管理者提供意見和其他服務，但沒有任何高於他們的權力

46 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-9. Effective Management – Authority & responsibility

有效管理 – 權力及責任

Conceptual skill vs. Interpersonal skill vs. Technical skill

概念能力 vs. 人際技巧 vs. 專門技術

Senior management 高層管理

- to think creatively and to analyze and understand complicated and abstract ideas in order to
perform management functions such as planning and organizing
- to formulate company strategies and policies and hence mainly concerned with the business
environment, etc.
- conceptual skill and decision-making skill are relatively more important
- 具創意思考，並能分析及理解複雜和抽象意念，從而執行計劃及組織等管理功能
- 製訂公司策略和政策，主要涉及營商環境等，
- 概念能力和決策技巧較為重要

Middle management 中層管理

- to oversee implementation of policies, rules and regulations and hence mainly concerned with
motivating staff
- interpersonal skill is relatively more important
- 監察政策與規章的推行，主要涉及員工激勵等，
- 人際關係技巧較為重要

First level management / Front-line management 前線管理

- to meet day-to-day operational needs and hence mainly concerned with the training and coaching
of staff
- technical skills are relatively more important
- 處理日常營運需要，主要涉及員工培訓和指導等
- 專業技巧較為重要

47 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-10. Effective Management – Management by objectives (MBO)

有效管理 – 目標管理 (MBO)

- the superiors and the subordinates set the firm’s objectives together
主管與下屬共同制定企業的目標

Procedures 步驟
1. set objectives for the action plan
2. formulate the action plan
3. implement the action plan
4. evaluate the result of the action plan
1. 訂定行動計劃目標
2. 編定行動計劃
3. 執行行動計劃
4. 評估行動計劃成效

Advantages 好處
1. subordinates are more committed as they have better understanding of the firm’s objectives
2. enhance the subordinates’ job satisfaction / staff morale
3. improve communication between management and staff
4. help to enhance coordination between different levels
5. enhance monitoring of staff performance to reduce work delays
1. 下屬更了解企業的目標，工作更投入
2. 增強下屬的工作滿足感 / 員工士氣
3. 改善管理層與員工之間的溝通
4. 有助加強不同職級之間的協調
5. 有助監察員工表現，使減少工作延誤

Disadvantages 壞處
1. time-consuming
2. increased workloads of superiors and subordinates
3. relatively more paper work and administrative work
4. higher demand on superior’s interpersonal skills
1. 費時
2. 主管與下屬的工作量增加
3. 較多文書及行政工作
4. 上司須具備較佳的人際技巧

48 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-11. Key business functions 主要商業功能

 human resources management 人力資源管理

a. design a performance appraisal system
b. develop the skills and talents of staff
c. pay bonus to salespersons
d. set up staff’s compensation system
a. 設計工作評核系統
b. 發展員工技能與天賦
c. 支付花紅予售貨員
d. 設立員工報酬制度

 financial management 財務管理

a. make investment decisions
b. formulate debt collection policy
c. prepare the budget
d. seek the source of fund
a. 作投資決定
b. 制定收帳政策
c. 編製預算
d. 尋求資金來源

 operations management 營運管理

a. assign jobs to the factory workers
b. set up the assembly lines for the plant
c. control product quality / reduce the number of defective items
i. inventory management
ensure a reasonable stock level to avoid wear and tear from over-storage
ii. revision of design of the production process
locate and correct the problem that leads to the defect
iii. quality control
set standards to ensure goods provided are of high quality
a. 指派工廠工人的工作
b. 建立廠房的生產線
c. 控制貨物品質 / 減低次貨的數量
i. 存貨管理
確保存貨量適中，以免存貨過多，導致損耗及毀壞
ii. 修訂生產過程規劃
找出並修正引致次貨的問題
iii. 品質控制
訂下標準，以確保所提供的產品皆屬高品質

49 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-11. Key business functions 主要商業功能

 marketing management 市場營銷管理

a. conduct surveys on customer needs
b. decide the price of the product
c. project the demand for the products
d. identify and create market opportunities
e. determine market position
f. select target market
g. execute marketing strategies (4Ps)
h. manage customer relationship
a. 調查顧客需要
b. 訂定產品價格
c. 預測產品的需求
d. 判斷及製造市場機會
e. 定立市場定位
f. 選擇目標市場
g. 執行市場策略 (4P)
h. 管理客戶關係

 information management 資訊管理

a. design a file storage system for the training records of the HR department
b. assist HR department to store personal data, handle payroll, take attendance and facilitate
staff placement
c. assist the marketing department to process market research data
a. 為人力資源部門的培訓紀錄，設計檔案儲存系統
b. 協助人力資源部門貯存人事資料、處理工資、收集出勤記錄及促進員工的崗位安置
c. 協助市場營銷部門處理市場研究數據

 risk management 風險管理

a. identify the possible risks the business is exposed to
b. formulate risk management strategies to manage the risks
c. help businesses to transfer risks through insurance
d. provide source of capital for businesses through insurance
a. 找出企業可能面對的風險
b. 制訂風險管理策略以管理風險
c. 通過保險來為企業轉移風險
d. 通過保險為企業提供資金來源

50 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-12. Small and Medium Entreprises (SMEs) 中小型企業 (中小企)

- manufacturing enterprises which employ fewer than 100 persons &

non-manufacturing enterprises which employ fewer than 50 persons
- 340 000 SMEs in HK (98% of the total number of enterprises) provided 1.2 million job
opportunities (45% of total employment excluding civil service)
- 聘用少於 100 名員工的製造業公司 及
聘用少於 50 名員工的非製造業公司
- 香港有超過 34 萬家中小企，提供 120 萬就業機會 (佔總就業人數 (公務員除外) 的 45%)

1. create employment : contribute a majority of employment opportunity in HK

2. widen the variety of products offered
/ provide innovative products and services
/ provide specialized products and services to cater for customers’ needs
3. promote competition
4. often provide products and services that complement large companies
5. cover market segments which are not served by large companies
6. characteristics:
a. managed by owner
b. limited capital
c. mainly local operations
d. responsive to market changes
1. 創造就業 : 為香港提供大量的就業機會
2. 拓闊產品種類 / 提供創新的產品和服務 / 提供專門的產品和服務以迎合顧客需要
3. 促進競爭
4. 為大公司補充地提供貨物及服務
5. 涵蓋大型企業未能服務的市場區隔
6. 特性:
a. 由東主管理
b. 資金有限
c. 主要在本地經營
d. 迅速回應市場轉變

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-12. Small and Medium Entreprises (SMEs) 中小型企業 (中小企)

Factors critical to the success of SMEs

1. a promising business opportunity, e.g. appropriate sector, favorable industry environment
2. an appropriate ownership structure, e.g. avoid fragmented ownership
3. a good business plan, especially contingency plan
4. adequate financing, especially liquidity
5. effective management, e.g. sensitive to environmental change, able to retain good employees

中小企成功的關鍵因素 :
1. 良好的商機，例如適切的界別、有利的行業環境
2. 適切的擁有權結構，例如避免割裂的擁有權
3. 良好的企業計劃，尤其是應變計劃
4. 足夠的資金，特別是變現能力
5. 有效的管理，例如對環境轉變敏銳、留住優秀員工

Reasons of failure of SME

1. lack of management experience and skills
2. lack of capital / insufficient fund to sustain
3. limited/narrow customer base / business scope / product line
4. lack of specialization
5. failure to control operating expenses
6. failure to identify and respond to changing social, economic, and other environmental conditions
7. lack of experience in marketing product/service
8. cannot enjoy economies of scale
9. keen competition among the large number of SMEs

中小企失敗的原因 :
1. 欠缺管理經驗和技巧
2. 欠缺資本 / 資金作持續發展
3. 有限 / 狹窄的顧客網絡 / 業務範圍 / 產品線
4. 欠缺專職分工
5. 未能控制營運開支
6. 未能界定和回應社會、經濟及其他環境條件的轉變
7. 欠缺營銷產品 / 服務的經驗
8. 未能享有規模經濟
9. 中小企眾多，競爭激烈

52 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C2. Management 管理

C2-13. Entrepreneur 企業家

Characteristics 特性
1. ready to receive innovative ideas
2. persist in order to actualize goals
3. ambitious to initiate change
4. willing to accept challenges
5. strong desire to achieve
6. earn profits by taking business risk
7. accept failures as an integral part of business success
8. help to promote economic growth
9. promote innovations (new products / new markets)
10. promote market competition by introducing new products and services to customers

1. 樂於接受創新意念
2. 堅持實踐目標
3. 勇於推動改革
4. 勇於接受挑戰
5. 渴望獲取成就
6. 要承擔風險以賺取利潤
7. 接受失敗是企業成功不可或缺的部分
8. 協助促進經濟增長
9. 推動創新 (新產品/新市場)
10. 為消費者引入新產品和服務，從而促進市場競爭

53 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-1. Purposes and Role of Accounting

C3-2. Accounting equation
C3-3. Accounting cycle
C3-4. Books of original entry
C3-5. Double entries system
C3-6. Cost of goods sold
C3-7. Cash discount & Trade discount
C3-8. Gross profit & Net profit
C3-9. Posting to Ledger
C3-10. Trial balance
C3-11. Income statement
C3-12. Statement of financial position
C3-13. Balance of cash at bank account
C3-14. Capital balance
C3-15. Real, Nominal, Personal accounts
C3-16. Uses of financial statements
C3-17. Limitations of financial statements
C3-18. Accounting principles and conventions
C3-19. Basic ratio analysis

C3-1. 會計的目的及角色
C3-2. 會計等式
C3-3. 會計循環
C3-4. 原始分錄簿
C3-5. 複式記帳法
C3-6. 銷貨成本
C3-7. 現金折扣 及 貿易折扣
C3-8. 毛利 及 淨利
C3-9. 過帳至分類帳
C3-10. 試算表
C3-11. 損益表
C3-12. 財務狀況表/資產負債表
C3-13. 銀行存款結餘
C3-14. 資本結餘
C3-15. 實帳戶、虛帳戶、人名帳戶
C3-16. 財務報表的使用
C3-17. 財務報表的限制
C3-18. 會計原則及慣例
C3-19. 基礎比率分析

54 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-1. Purposes and Role of Accounting 會計的目的及角色

Accounting functions 會計的功能

1. recording - recording business transactions
2. classifying - classifying business transactions
3. summarizing - summarizing business transactions
4. communicating - communicating the performance of the business to different stakeholders

1. 記錄 - 記錄企業的交易
2. 分類 - 把企業交易分類
3. 歸納 - 歸納企業交易
4. 溝通 - 向不同持分者傳遞企業表現資訊

55 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-2. Accounting equation 會計等式

Assets = Capital + Liabilities

資產 = 資本 + 負債 ……(1)

Current Assets + Non-current Asset = Capital + Current Liabilities + Non-current Liabilities

流動資產 + 非流動資產 = 資本 + 流動負債 + 非流動負債 ……(2)

Working capital = Current Asset – Current Liabilities

營運資金 = 流動資產 – 流動負債 ……(3)

(2)
Current Assets + Non-current Asset = Capital + Current liabilities + Non-current liabilities
流動資產 + 非流動資產 = 資本 + 流動負債 + 非流動負債

[Current Assets – Current Liabilities] + Non-current Asset = Capital + Non-current liabilities

[流動資產 – 流動負債] + 非流動資產 = 資本 + 非流動負債

Working capital + Non-current Asset = Capital + Non-current liabilities

營運資金 + 非流動資產 = 資本 + 非流動負債 ……(4)

Assets = Capital + Liabilities + Revenues – Expenses

資產 = 資本 + 負債 + 收益 – 費用 ……(5)

Debit 借 Credit 貸
Assets + Expenses = Capital + Liabilities + Revenues
資產 + 費用 = 資本 + 負債 + 收益

* Current asset = asset is to be sold within 12 months

Current liabilities = debts or obligations that are due to be paid to creditors within 12 months

流動資產 = 將會在 12 個月內出售的資產

流動負債 = 將會在 12 個月內償還的債務

56 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-2. Accounting equation 會計等式

Non-current assets Machinery 機器
非流動資產 Office equipment 辦公室設備
Furniture and fixtures 傢具及裝置
Motor vehicles 汽車
Current assets Inventory 存貨
流動資產 Fixed deposit (6-month) 定期存款 (6 個月)
Trade receivables 應收貨款
Rental deposit 租金按金
Accounts receivables / Debtor
應收帳款 / 債務人
Cash at bank
銀行存款
Non-current liabilities Bank loan (> 12 months) 銀行貸款 (> 12 個月)
非流動負債 Loan from XX Company 來自 XX 公司的貸款
Current liabilities Trade payable 應付貨款
流動負債 Account payable / Creditor 應付帳款 / 債權人
Bank overdraft 銀行透支
Bank loan (< 12 months) 銀行貸款 (< 12 個月)
Financed by Capital as at [Date] 資本，[日期]
資金來源 Net profit 純利
Drawing 提用
Expenses Salaries 薪金
費用 Depreciation 折舊
Sundry expenses 雜費
Utilities expenses 水電費
Rent and rates
租金及差餉
Loss on disposal
Carriage outwards 變賣損失
Discounts allowed 銷貨運費
Other operating expenses 銷貨折扣
其他營業費用
Income Interest on loan 貸款利息
收益 Discounts received 購貨折扣
Net Sales Sales 銷貨
銷貨淨額 Returns inwards 銷貨退回
Cost of goods sold Purchase 購貨
銷貨成本 Carriage inwards 購貨運費
Returns outwards 購貨退出
Donations to charities 慈善捐贈
Stock loss
存貨損失

Debit 借方 Credit 貸方
Assets 資產 Liabilities 負債
Capital 資本
Expenses 費用 Income 收益
Returns inwards 銷貨退回 Sales 銷貨
Purchase 購貨 Returns outwards 購貨退出
Carriage inwards 購貨運費
Donations to charities 慈善捐贈
Stock loss
存貨損失

57 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-3. Accounting cycle 會計循環

(1) record transactions in journal / day books / original entry (recording)

(2) post entries to the ledger accounts (classifying)
(3) prepare a trial balance (summarizing)
(4) make balance day adjustments / period-end adjustments (summarizing)
(5) prepare an adjusted trial balance (summarizing)
(6) prepare closing entries (expense, revenue  Net profit) (summarizing)
(7) prepare financial statement (communicating)

(1) 在 日記簿 / 原始分錄帳 記錄交易 (記錄)

(2) 過帳至分類帳戶 (分類)
(3) 編製試算表 (歸納)
(4) 期末調整 (歸納)
(5) 編製週整後試算表 (歸納)
(6) 編製結帳分錄 (費用、收益  淨利) (歸納)
(7) 編製財務報表 (溝通)

58 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-4. Books of original entry 原始分錄簿

Cash book 現金簿

- transaction by using cash at bank / cash - 用銀行存款/現金完成的交易
- cash drawings for personal use by proprietor - 東主提用現金作私人用途

Purchase day book / Purchase journal 購貨簿 / 購貨帳戶

- purchase of goods on credit - 賒購貨品

Sales day book / Sales journal 銷貨簿 / 銷貨帳戶

- sales on credit - 賒銷

Return outwards day book 購貨退出簿

- received a credit note for goods returned - 收到有關貨品退貨的貸項通知書

Returns inwards day book 銷貨退回簿

- received a debit note for goods returned - 收到有關貨品退貨的借項通知書

The General Journal / The Journal 普通日記簿 / 日記簿

- introduction of office premises as capital - 注入辦公室物業作為資本
- purchase of non-current assets on credit - 賒購非流動資產

* Credit note : reduce account payables * 貸項通知書 : 應付帳款減少

Debit note: reduce account receivables 借項通知書 : 應收帳款減少

59 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-5. Double entry system 複式記帳法

Journal 日記簿
Transactions 交易內容 Dr Cr
借 貸
Office equipment ($10) introduced by Office equipment $10
the owner into the business Capital $10

東主向企業注入辦公室設備 辦公室設備 $10

($10)。 資本 $10
A firm acquired a set of office Office equipment $2
equipment ($2) by paying owner’s Capital $2
personal cheques.
東主以個人支票支付商號所購買的 辦公室設備 $2
辦公室設備 ($2)。 資本 $2
Owner introduce his motor van of $4 Motor car $4
into the firm. Capital $4
東主將他的汽車 ($4) 注入商號。 汽車 $4
資本 $4
The owner introduced cash ($30) into Cash $30
the business. Capital $30
東主為商號注入現金 ($30)。 現金 $30
資本 $30
Goods purchased in cash $6. Purchases $6
Cash $6
以現金$6 購入貨品。 購貨 $6
現金 $6
Receive a cheque of $7 from a Bank $7
customer. Trade receivables $7
收到客戶支票 $7。 銀行存款 $7
應收貨款 $7
Cash ($4) deposited into the bank Bank $4
account. Cash $4
將現金 ($4) 存入銀行戶口。 銀行存款 $4
現金 $4
Cash ($2) withdraw from the bank Cash $2
account. Bank $2
將現金 ($2) 從銀行戶口提出。 現金 $2
銀行存款 $2
Receiving a loan of $6 in cash. Cash $6
Bank loan $6
收到貸款$6 現金。 現金 $6
銀行貸款 $6
A debtor paid his debts by cheque Bank $5
($5) Account receivables $5
債務以支票償還債務 ($5)。 銀行存款 $5
應收帳款 $5

60 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-5. Double entry system 複式記帳法

Journal 日記簿
Transactions 交易內容 Dr Cr
借 貸
Received cash ($7) from a customer Cash $7
as settlement of his account. Account receivables $7
收取客戶現金 ($7)，結清其帳戶。 現金 $7
應收帳款 $7
Paying office expenses of $3 in cash. Office expense $3
Cash $3
以現金支付辧公室費用 $3。 辦公室費用 $3
現金 $3
Buying office equipment for $4 and Office equipment $4
paying vendor 3 months later Account payables $4
購入辧公室設備 $4，並於 3 個月 辦公室設備 $4
後償付賣家。 應付帳款 $4
Purchase an office equipment ($8) for Office equipment $8
office use in cash. Cash $8
以現金購置辦公室設備 ($8)。 辦公室設備 $8
現金 $8
Machinery bought with price ($2) Machinery $2
settled two months later. Account payables $2
購入機器並於兩個月後支付機價。 機器 $2
應付帳款 $2
The proprietor draws cash $2 from Accounts Payable $2
his private savings account to settle Capital $2
the amount owed to a creditor of the
business.
東主從私人儲蓄戶口提取現金 應付帳款 $2
$2，以償付企業某債權人的欠款 資本 $2
Inventories (Cost = $2, Selling price Drawing $2
= $5) withdrawn for owner’s private Purchases $2
use.
提取存貨 (成本 = $2、售價 = $5) 提用 $2
供東主作私人用途。 購貨 $2
Settled a trade debt ($5) by cheque. Trade payables $5
Bank $5
以支票 ($5) 結貨欠 應付貨款 $5
銀行存款 $5
Purchased stationery for office use on Stationery expenses $2
credit ($2). Accounts payables $2
賒購辦公室用的文具 ($2)。 文具費用 $2
應付帳款 $2
Paid sundry expenses $5 in cash. Sundry expenses $5
Cash $5
以現金支付雜費 $5。 雜費 $5
現金 $5

61 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-5. Double entry system 複式記帳法

Journal 日記簿
Transactions 交易內容 Dr Cr
借 貸
Received interest ($1) on bank Bank $1
deposit. Interest income $1
收到銀行存款利息 ($1)。 銀行存款 $1
利息收益 $1
Received commission ($3) by cheque Bank $3
from client. Commission income $3
從顧客收取佣金支票 ($3)。 銀行存款 $3
佣金收益 $3
A cash refund for the overpayment of Cash $3
motor expenses ($3) was received. Motor expenses $3
收到多付汽車費用的現金退款 現金 $3
($3)。 汽車費用 $3
Received a bank loan of $10 via the Bank $10
bank account. Bank loan $10
經銀行戶口收取銀行貸款$10。 銀行存款 $10
銀行貸款 $10
Owner drew a personal cheque to pay Electricity expenses $8
an electricity bill ($8) for her Capital $8
business.
東主以個人支票支付企業的電費 電費 $8
($8)。 資本 $8
Owner repaid a bank loan ($5) for the Bank loan $5
firm by his personal cheque, Capital $5
東主以其私人支票為商號償還銀行 銀行貨款 $5
貸款 ($5)。 資本 $5
Trade payables ($3) are repaid using Trade payables $3
a bank overdraft facility. Bank overdraft $3
使用銀行透支服務以償還應付貨款 應付帳款 $3
($3)。 銀行透支 $3
Sales ($7) proceed deposited into the Bank $7
business’s bank account. Sales $7
把銷貨款項 ($7) 入企業的的銀行 銀行存款 $7
戶口 銷貨 $7
Goods ($3) sold to customers on Trade receivables $3
credit. Sales $3
向顧客賒銷 ($3)。 應收貨款 $3
銷貨 $3
Returned goods to suppliers ($3) Account payables $3
Returns outwards $3
退貨予供應商 ($3) 應付帳款 $3
購貨退出 $3

62 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-5. Double entry system 複式記帳法

Journal 日記簿
Transactions 交易內容 Dr Cr
借 貸
Goods ($3) returned by a customer. Returns Inwards $3
Account receivables $3
接收顧客退還 ($3) 的貨品。 銷貨退回 $3
應收帳款 $3
Paid carriage expenses ($2) for Carriage outwards $2
delivering goods to customers in Cash $2
cash.
以現金支付送貨予客戶的運費 銷貨運費 $2
($2)。 現金 $2
Sold the office furniture of the firm Account receivables $8
on credit (Cost:$10, selling price:$8) Loss on disposal of asset $2
Office furniture $10
賒銷商號的辦公室傢具 (成本: 應收帳款 $8
$10、售價$8) 資產處理損失 $2
辦公室傢具 $10
Goods ($2) donated to a non-profit Donation to charities $2
making organization Purchases $2
捐贈貨物($2)予非牟利機構。 慈善捐贈 $2
購貨 $2

63 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-6. Cost of goods sold 銷貨成本

C3-7. Cash discount & Trade discount 現金折扣 及 貿易折扣
C3-8. Gross profit & Net profit 毛利 及 淨利

HY Company 靴文公司
Income statement for the year ended 31 March, 2046 損益表 截至 2046 年 3 月 31 日止年度
$ $
Sales 銷貨 1100
Less : Return inwards 銷貨退回 100
Net sales 淨銷貨 1000
Less 減: Cost of goods sold 銷貨成本
Opening inventory 期初存貨 50
Add 加: Purchases 購貨 150
Carriage inwards 購貨運費 100
300
Less 減: Returns outwards 購貨退出 50
Closing inventory 期末存貨 100 150
Gross profit 毛利 850
Add 加: Other revenues 其他收入
Discount received 購貨折扣 80
Less 減: Expense 費用
Discount allowed 銷貨折扣 80
Carriage outwards 銷貨運費 50
Rental expenses 租金費用 85
Electricity expenses 電力費用 15
Sundry expenses 雜費 30
Salaries 薪金 170 350
Net Profit 淨利 500

64 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3-7. Cash discount & Trade discount 現金折扣 及 貿易折扣

買得多而平 – Trade discount 貿易折扣

早還錢而平 – Cash discount 現金折扣
 Discount received / allowed 購貨折扣 / 銷貨折扣

e.g. On 1 January, 2047, Company A buy 100 units of goods from Company B at $10 each, less 20%
trade discount.
Cash discount of 10% would be allowed for settlement within 15 days.
Finally, Company A pay the payment on 14 January, 2047.
2047 年 1 月 1 日，甲公司向乙公司購買 100 件貨品，每件$10，扣減 20%貿易折扣。
若 15 日內還款，可獲 10%現金折扣。
最後，甲公司於 2047 年 1 月 14 日繳清貨款。

A Company
1 Jan, 2047 Purchase 800
Trade payable 800

14 Jan, 2047 Trade payable 800

Bank 720
Discount received 80

甲公司
2017 年 1 月 1 日 購貨 800
應付貨款 800

2017 年 1 月 14 日 應付貨款 800

銀行存款 720
購貨折扣 80

Company B
1 Jan, 2047 Trade receivable 800
Sales 800

14 Jan, 2047 Bank 720

Discount allowed 80
Trade receivable 800

乙公司
2017 年 1 月 1 日 應收貨款 800
銷貨 800

2017 年 1 月 14 日 銀行存款 720

銷貨折扣 80
應收貨款 80

65 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-9. Posting to Ledger 過帳至分類帳

2047
Jan 1 Office equipment ($10) introduced by the owner into the business
東主向企業注入辦公室設備 ($10)。

2047 Dr 借 Cr 貸
$ $
Jan 1 Office equipment 10
Capital 10
1月1日 辦公室設備 10
資本 10

Office equipment
2047 $ 2047 $
Jan 1 Capital 10

Capital
2047 $ 2047 $
Jan 1 Office equipment 10

辦公室設備
2047 $ 2047 $
1月1日 資本 10

資本
2047 $ 2047 $
1月1日 辦公室設備 10

66 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-9. Posting to Ledger 過帳至分類帳

2047
Jan 2 Sell office equipment ($3) on credit.
將辦公室設備 ($3) 賒銷。

2047 Dr 借 Cr 貸
$ $
Jan 2 Account receivables 3
Office equipment 3
1月2日 應收帳款 3
辦公室設備 3

Office equipment
2047 $ 2047 $
Jan 1 Capital 10 Jan 2 Account receviables 3

Account receivables
2047 $ 2047 $
Jan 2 Office equipment 3

Capital
2047 $ 2047 $
Jan 1 Office equipment 10

辦公室設備
2047 $ 2047 $
1月1日 資本 10 1 月 2 日 應收帳款 3

應收帳款
2047 $ 2047 $
1月2日 辦公室設備 3

資本
2047 $ 2047 $
1月1日 辦公室設備 10

67 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-9. Posting to Ledger 過帳至分類帳

Office equipment
2047 $ 2047 $
Jan 1 Capital 10 Jan 2 Account receviables 3

辦公室設備
2047 $ 2047 $
1月1日 資本 10 1 月 2 日 應收帳款 3

Balance off the account as at 31 December 2047.

為此帳戶作 2047 年 12 月 31 日的結平。

Office equipment
2047 $ 2047 $
Jan 1 Capital 10 Jan 2 Account receviables 3
Dec 31 Balance c/d 7

辦公室設備
2047 $ 2047 $
1月1日 資本 10 1 月 2 日 應收帳款 3
12 月 31 日 結餘轉下 7

Office equipment
2048 $ 2048 $
Jan 1 Balance b/d 7

辦公室設備
2048 $ 2048 $
1月1日 承上結餘 7

* b/d = brought down = brought forwards = b/f

c/d = carried down = carried forwards = c/f

68 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-10. Trial balance 試算表

Main purpose of preparing a trial balance : check the arithmetical accuracy of bookkeeping entries
編製試算表的主要目的是 : 檢視簿記記帳的算術準確度

Demo
The following balances were obtained from his books of BCD Company as at 31 December 2046:

$
Capital, 1 January 2046 120 000
Net profit, 1 January 2046 40 000
Bank overdraft 173 400
Furniture 204 000
Sales 396 200
Purchases 20 400
Returns inwards 1 800
Returns outwards 1 500
Discounts received 2 100
Operating expenses 507 000

BCD Company
Trial balance as at 31 December 2016
Dr Cr
$ $
Capital, 1 January 2046 120 000
Net profit, 1 January 2046 40 000
Bank overdraft 173 400
Furniture 204 000
Sales 396 200
Purchases 20 400
Returns inwards 1 800
Returns outwards 1 500
Discounts received 2 100
Operating expenses 507 000
733 200 733 200

69 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-10. Trial balance 試算表

示範
2046 年 12 月 31 日，商號 BCD 公司的帳冊有以下結餘 :

$
資本，2046 年 1 月 1 日 120 000
淨利，2046 年 1 月 1 日 40 000
銀行透支 173 400
傢具 204 000
銷貨 396 200
購貨 20 400
銷貨退回 1 800
購貨退出 1 500
購貨折扣 2 100
營業費用 507 000

BCD 公司
試算表
2046 年 12 月 31 日
借方 貸方
$ $
資本，2046 年 1 月 1 日 120 000
淨利，2046 年 1 月 1 日 40 000
銀行透支 173 400
傢具 204 000
銷貨 396 200
購貨 20 400
銷貨退回 1 800
購貨退出 1 500
購貨折扣 2 100
營業費用 507 000
733 200 733 200

The reasons of “total of debit balances is not equal to total of credit balances of the trial balance”
“試算表中，借方結餘總和與貸方結餘總和不相等” 的理由
1. one or more account balance(s) is missing from a trial balance
2. one or more ledger balance(s) in the trial balance is/are wrong
1. 試算表內遺漏了一項或多項帳戶結餘
2. 試算表內一項或多項帳戶結餘出錯

70 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-10. Trial balance 試算表

Errors not revealed by a trial balance 不會在試算表中顯露出來的錯誤:

1. error of (complete) omission [完全]遺漏錯誤

e.g. Goods ($3 000) sold to customers Peter on credit.

向顧客 彼得 賒購 $3000 貨品。

NO ENTRY 沒有記帳

2. error of complete reversal (of the entries) 分錄完全倒轉錯誤

e.g. Goods ($3 000) sold to customers Peter on credit.

向顧客 彼得 賒購 $3000 貨品。

Sales $3 000
Trade receivables – Peter $3 000
銷貨 $3 000
應收貨款 – 彼得 $3 000

3. error of commission 帳名調亂錯誤

e.g. Goods ($3 000) sold to customers Peter on credit.

向顧客 彼得 賒購 $3000 貨品。

Trade receivables – Mary $3 000

Sales $3 000
應收貨款 – 瑪麗 $3 000
銷貨 $3 000

4. error of principle 原則性錯誤

e.g. Company paid $3 000 for the tenancy deposit by cheque.

公司以 $3 000 支票支付租金按金

Rental expense $3 000

Bank $3 000
租金支出 $3 000
銀行存款 $3 000

71 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-10. Trial balance 試算表

Errors not revealed by a trial balance 不會在試算表中顯露出來的錯誤:

5. compensating errors 抵銷性錯誤

e.g. bank interest revenue $100, electricity expenses $250.
銀行利息收入 $100、電力費用 $250。
Cash $100
Bank interest revenue $200
Electricity expenses $350
Cash $250
現金 $100
銀行利息收入 $200
電費 $350
現金 $250

6. error of original entry 原始分錄錯誤

e.g. bank interest revenue $123.
銀行利息收入 $123。

Cash $132
Bank interest revenue $132
現金 $132
銀行利息收入 $132

72 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-11. Income statement 損益表

Sample 1:
ABC Company
Income statement for the year ended 31 December 2046
$ $
Sales 188 000
Less: Returns inwards 5 500
Net Sales 182 500
Less: Cost of goods sold
Opening inventory 45 000
Add: Purchases 90 000
Carriage inwards 2 100
137 100
Less: Returns outwards 4 400
132 700
Less: Closing inventory 3 800 128 900
Gross Profit 53 600

Add: Other revenues

Discount received 3 000
Bank interest revenue 1 000 4 000
57 600
Less: Expense
Salaries 21 000
Rent and rates 20 000
Sundry expenses 2 000
Carriage outwards 1 900
Discount allowed 2 700 47 600
Net Profit 10 000

73 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-11. Income statement 損益表

樣本一:
ABC 公司
損益表
截至 2046 年 12 月 31 日止年度
$ $
銷貨 188 000
減 : 銷貨退回 5 500
銷貨淨額 182 500
減 : 銷貨成本
期初存貨 45 000
加 : 購貨 90 000
購貨運費 2 100
137 100
減 : 購貨退出 4 400
132 700
減 : 期末存貨 3 800 128 900
毛利 53 600

加: 其他收入
購貨折扣 3 000
銀行利息收入 1 000 4 000
57 600
減 : 費用
薪金 21 000
租金及差餉 20 000
雜費 2 000
銷貨運費 1 900
銷貨折扣 2 700 47 600
淨利 10 000

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C3. Accounting 會計

C3-11. Income statement 損益表

Sample 2 (No Opening inventory & Net loss):

XYZ Company
Income statement for the year ended 31 December 2047
$ $
Sales 88 000
Less: Returns inwards 5 500
Net Sales 82 500
Less: Cost of goods sold
Purchases 45 000
Add: Carriage inwards 2 100
47 100
Less: Returns outwards 4 400
42 700
Less: Closing inventory 3 800 38 900
Gross Profit 43 600

Add: Other revenues

Discount received 3 000
Bank interest revenue 1 000 4 000
47 600
Less: Expense
Salaries 31 000
Rent and rates 20 000
Sundry expenses 2 000
Carriage outwards 1 900
Discount allowed 2 700 57 600
Net loss (10 000)

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C3. Accounting 會計

C3-11. Income statement 損益表

樣本二 (沒有期初存貨 及 淨損失):

XYZ 公司
損益表
截至 2047 年 12 月 31 日止年度
$ $
銷貨 88 000
減 : 銷貨退回 5 500
銷貨淨額 82 500
減 : 銷貨成本
購貨 45 000
加 : 購貨運費 2 100
47 100
減 : 購貨退出 4 400
42 700
減 : 期末存貨 3 800 38 900
毛利 43 600

加: 其他收入
購貨折扣 3 000
銀行利息收入 1 000 4 000
47 600
減 : 費用
薪金 31 000
租金及差餉 20 000
雜費 2 000
銷貨運費 1 900
銷貨折扣 2 700 57 600
淨損失 (10 000)

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表

A statement of financial position is a statement of the outstanding balances after the preparation of the
profit and loss account.

The non-current assets (fixed assets) / current assets show in the statement of financial position
are arranged in order of liquidity,
with the least liquid assets coming first and the most liquid assets coming last.

Characteristics of non-current assets (fixed assets)

- they are long-term in nature and can benefit the business for more than one year
- they are material in amount
- they have physical substance
- they are acquired for use in the operations of the business and not for resale

財務狀況表/資產負債表是一份列表，顯示損益帳結平後的各項結餘

財務狀況表中 非流動資產 (固定資產) / 流動資產 的排序是根據其流動性

流動性最低的資產放在首位，流動性最高的資產放在最後

非流動資產 (固定資產) 的主要特性 :

- 可長期使用並能令企業獲益多過一年
- 價值高昂 / 金額巨大
- 有實物本體
- 購置的目的是為企業營運自用而非為轉售

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C3. Accounting 會計

C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表

Sample 1:
FGH Company
Statement of financial position as at 31 December 2047

Non-current assets $ $
Furniture and fixtures 3 000
Equipment 4 000
Machinery 5 000
Motor vehicles 6 000 18 000

Current assets
Inventory 7 000
Rental deposit 8 000
Fixed deposit (6-month) 9 000
Accounts receivable 10 000
Cash at bank 11 000 45 000
TOTAL ASSETS 63 000

Capital, 1 January 2047 (balancing figure) 12 000

Add: Net profit 13 000
25 000
Non-current liabilities
Bank loan 14 000

Current liabilities
Accounts payable 15 000
Bank overdraft 9 000 24 000
TOTAL CAPITAL AND LIABILITIES 63 000

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C3. Accounting 會計

C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表

樣本一:
FGH 公司
2047 年 12 月 31 日財務狀況表

非流動資產 $ $
家具及裝置 3 000
設備 4 000
機器 5 000
汽車 6 000 18 000

流動資產
存貨 7 000
租金按金 8 000
定期存款 (6 個月) 9 000
應收帳款 10 000
銀行存款 11 000 45 000
總資產 63 000

資本，2047 年 1 月 1 日 (結平數目) 12 000

加 : 淨利 13 000
25 000
非流動負債
銀行貸款 14 000

流動負債
應付帳款 15 000
銀行透支 9 000 24 000
資本及負債總額 63 000

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C3. Accounting 會計

C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表

Sample 2:
FGH Company
Statement of financial position as at 31 December 2047
$ $
Non-current assets
Furniture and fixtures 3 000
Equipment 4 000
Machinery 5 000
Motor vehicles 6 000
18 000
Current assets
Inventory 7 000
Rental deposit 8 000
Fixed deposit (6-month) 9 000
Account receivable 10 000
Cash at bank 11 000
45 000
Less: Current liabilities
Account payable (15 000)
Bank overdraft (9 000)
Working capital 21 000

Less: Non-current liabilities

Bank loan (14 000)
25 000
Financed by
Capital as at 1 January 2047 12 000
Add: Net profit 13 000
25 000

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表

樣本二:
FGH 公司
2047 年 12 月 31 日財務狀況表
$ $
非流動資產
家具及裝置 3 000
設備 4 000
機器 5 000
汽車 6 000
18 000
流動資產
存貨 7 000
租金按金 8 000
定期存款 (6 個月) 9 000
應收帳款 10 000
銀行存款 11 000
45 000
減 : 流動負債
應付帳款 (15 000)
銀行透支 (9 000)
營運資金 21 000

減 : 非流動負債
銀行貸款 (14 000)
25 000
資金來源
資本，2047 年 1 月 1 日 12 000
加 : 純利 13 000
25 000

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C3. Accounting 會計

C3-13. Balance of cash at bank account 銀行存款結餘

C3-14. Capital balance 資本結餘

Sample 1 樣本一:
$
Sales 銷貨 A
Purchases 購貨 B
Discounts allowed 銷貨折扣 C
Discounts received 購貨折扣 D
Rental income 租金收入 E
Electricity expenses 電費 F
Cash and bank 現金及銀行存款 G
Accounts receivables 應收帳款 H
Accounts payables 應付帳款 I
Office equipment 辦公室設備 J
Inventory (1 January 2046) 存貨 (2046 年 1 月 1 日) K
Inventory (31 December 2046) 存貨 (2046 年 12 月 31 日) L
Capital (1 January 2046) 資本 (2046 年 1 月 1 日) ?
Capital (31 December 2046) 資本 (2046 年 12 月 31 日) ??

Net Profit 淨利 = A – (K + B – L) – C + D + E – F

31 December 2046
Asset = Liability + Capital
資產 = 負債 + 資本
G + H + J + L = I + ??
?? = G + H + J + L – I

? + Net Profit 淨利 = ??
? + A – (K + B – L) – C + D + E – F = G + H + J + L – I
? + A – (K + B) – C + D + E – F = G + H + J – I

Sample 2 樣本二:

Ending capital = Beginning capital + introduction of capital + net profit – drawing

期末資本 = 期初資本 + 注資 + 淨利 – 提用

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-15. Real, Nominal, Personal accounts 實帳戶、虛帳戶、人名帳戶

Real account 實帳戶

- record of the amount of asset, liability, or owner’s equity at a precise moment in time.
- e.g.: cash, cash at bank, inventory, trade receivables, office premises, equipment, trade payables,
bank loan
- 於一特定時刻，記錄資產、負債或東主產權的金額
- 例 : 現金、銀行存款、存貨、應收貨款、辦公室物業、設備、應付貨款、銀行貸款

Nominal account 虛帳戶

- summarize a business’s revenue and expenses over a period of time
- e.g. sales, purchases, salaries, return outwards, return inwards, discounts received,
discount alllowed
- 於一特定時段內，總結業務的收益和支出
- 例 : 銷貨、購貨、薪金、購貨退出、銷貨退回、購貨折扣、銷貨折扣

Personal account 人名帳

- a person is someone that can hold assets in its name, borrow in its name
- e.g. creditors, debtors, shareholders
- personal account is also belongs to real account
- 人名是利用名字持有資產、利用名字借入的人
- 例: 債權人、債務人、股東
- 人名帳亦是屬於實帳戶

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-16. Uses of financial statements 財務報表的使用

1. Investors: evaluate business performance

decide whether the firm is worth investing in
2. Creditors: understand the liquidity and solvency of the firm
assess the repayment ability of the firm
3. Trade Creditors: decide whether to sell goods to the company on credit
4. Managers: facilitate business planning
reallocate the resources of the firm
5. Employees: assess their remuneration level and job security
assess the prospects of the company
6. Government: compute the profit tax payable to the company

1. 投資者: 評估企業業績
幫助決定公司是否值得投資
2. 債權人: 理解公司的變現能力和償債能力
幫助評估公司還款能力
3. 購貨債權人: 決定是否賒銷貨物予公司
4. 管理人員: 協助企業制定計劃
幫助重新調配公司資源
5. 僱員: 評估薪金水平和職業保障
評估公司的前景
6. 政府: 計算公司的應繳利得稅額

C3-17. Limitations of financial statements 財務報表的限制

1. information is mostly quantitative

2. data relate to past events only
3. different use of accounting methods and policies makes intra-company comparison difficult
4. neglect of time value of money hinders users to do inter-period comparison of the company

1. 資料大都是量化的
2. 數據只與過往事件有關
3. 不同的會計方法及政策增加跨公司對比的難度
4. 忽視金錢的時間值，令用家難以為公司作跨年度的對比

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C3. Accounting 會計

C3-18. Accounting principles and conventions 會計原則及慣例

 business entity 企業個體

a. a business is considered as a separate entity distinguishable from its owner and from all
other entities.
b. a separate set of accounting records is maintained for the business and the financial
statements represent the financial position and results of operations of the business only.
a. 企業應視作一個獨立個體並與其東主或其他企業個體分開。
b. 每家公司應設立一套獨立的會計記錄，而財務表亦只表達該公司的財政狀況和經營
成果。

e.g. owner take stock for his own uses 東主取貨自用 ($100)

Drawing 提用 $100
Purchases 購貨 $100

i. Drawings account so as to decrease the capital amount

提用帳，以減少其資本
ii. Purchases account so as to avoid overstating the cost of goods sold
購貨帳，以避免誇大銷貨成本

 going concern 繼續經營

a. when preparing accounts, a firm is assumed to continue operational existence for the
foreseeable future and has no intention to liquidate or reduce significantly the scale of
operation.
b. all assets are valued at cost in the financial statement
c. if company decided to close, assets are valued at liquidation value / net realizable value.
d. liquidation value is the likely price of an asset when it is allowed insufficient time to sell on
the open market, thereby reducing its exposure to potential buyers. Liquidation value is
typically lower than fair market value.
a. 在編製會計帳目時，假設公司在可見的未來會繼續營運，並沒有清盤的意圖，亦不
會熕著縮小運作規模。
b. 在財務報表中，所有資產都按成本計值。
c. 若公司決定結業，資產就按清算值計值 / 變現淨值計值。
d. 清算值是指在沒有足夠時間於公開市場售賣時，即不能在潛在買家有足夠曝光下，
資產的可能價格。 清算值一般較市價為低。

 historical cost 歷史成本

a. assets should be recorded at their cost of acquisition or production
subsequent changes in their market values are to be ignored
a. 資產應以購置或生產成本入帳
毋需理會隨後的市價轉變

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C3. Accounting 會計

C3-18. Accounting principles and conventions 會計原則及慣例

 consistency 一貫性
- the accounting treatment of similar items should be the same in an accounting period and
from one period to another
- the accounting treatment should not be changed unless a change in accounting treatment is
necessary or will give a more accurate view of a business
- example of accounting treatment : depreciation method
- 在同一會計年度內及年度與年度間，相同項目的會計處理方法應相同
- 會計處理方法不能改變，除非改變會計處理方法是必須或更能反映企業的實況
- 會計處理方法例子 : 折舊方法

 accrual 應計觀念
- revenues and expenses are recognized when they are earned or incurred and are included in
the financial statements of that year
- 收益及費用應在賺得及產生時確認，並計入該年度的財務報表內

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C3. Accounting 會計

C3-19. Basic ratio analysis 基礎比率分析

Liquidity ratios 流動資產比率

 Current ratio (Working capital ratio)  流動比率 (營運資金比率)

Currentasset 流動資產
 :1  :1
Currentliabilities 流動負債
(working capital = current asset – current liabilities)
(營運資金 = 流動資產 – 流動負債)

 Quick test ratio (Liquid test ratio / Acid test ratio)  速動測驗比率 (酸性測驗比率)
Current asset  inventory 流動資產  存貨
 :1  :1
Current liabilities 流動負債

Profitability ratios 盈利能力比率

 Gross profit ratio (Gross profit margin)  毛利率

Gross profit 毛利
  100%   100%
Sales 銷貨

 Net profit ratio (Net profit margin)  淨利率

Net profit 淨利
  100%   100 %
Sales 銷貨

 Return on capital employed  運用資金報酬率

Net Profit 淨利
  100 %   100%
Average capital employed 平均運用資金

Reference 備註:
1. Current ratio : ability to meet short-term obligations
流動比率 : 短期內清還欠款的能力
2. if current ratio is too high, it might imply its inability of using available resources to grasp
investment opportunity
若流動比率太高，或許意味該公司未能善用其已有資源，捕捉投資機會
3. Quick ratio : ability to pay immediate debt
速動比率 : 即時清償欠款的能力
4. Liquid asset = cash on hand or an asset that can be readily converted to cash
速動資產 = 手上持有的現金 或 可迅速轉換現金的資產
5. if current ratio = a : 1, where a < 1, then there are not sufficient liquid assets to meet its
immediate debts.
若流動比率 = a : 1，其中 a < 1，則公司沒有足夠的速動資產應付即時債務
6. if the difference between quick test ratio and current ratio is too high, then it is too much capital
is tied up in stock / inventory.
若速動比率與流動比率的差距太大，則存貨太多，令大量資金積壓。

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-1. Time Value of Money

C4-2. Consumer Credit
C4-3. Personal Financial Planning and Investment
C4-4. Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF)
C4-5. Stock Trading as an Investment

C4-1. 金錢的時間值
C4-2. 消費者信貸
C4-3. 策畫個人理財及投資
C4-4. 強制性公積金 (MPF)
C4-5. 以證券交易作投資

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C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-1. Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值

Deposit (Compounded interest) 存款 (複利息)

1. Example
a. $100, 4% per annum compounded annually, 3 year
$100，年息 4 厘，每年一結，3 年
The Amount 本利和 = $100(1+4%)3 = $112.5
Interest 利息 = $112.5 – $100 = $12.5

b. $200, 12% per annum compounded monthly, 2 year

$200，年息 12 厘，每月一結，2 年
The Amount 本利和 = $200(1+1%)24 = $253.9
Interest 利息 = $253.9 – $200 = $53.9

2. Effective rate of return is the rate of interest on an investment annually

實際回報率是指每年投資所帶來的利率
e.g. 12% per annum / annual interest rate of 12%, compounded monthly
年利率 12 厘，每月一結
Nominal rate of return 名義回報率 = 12%
Effective rate of return 實際回報率 = (1+1%)12 – 1 = 12.68%

e.g. 12% per annum / annual interest rate of 12%, compounded quarterly
年利率 12 厘，每季一結
Nominal rate of return 名義回報率 = 12%
Effective rate of return 實際回報率 = (1+3%)4 – 1 = 12.55%

Bonds 債券 (e.g. 5 years bonds)

1. par value 面值 : $100
2. purchase price < par value : subscribe at a discount
purchase price > par value : subsribe at a premium
e.g. at a premium of 9%  purchase price = $109 (interest rate = 5%)
at a discount of 4%  purchase price = $96 (interest rate = 2%)
認購價 < 面值: 以折扣價認購
認購價 > 面值: 以溢價認購
e.g. 以 9%溢價  認購價 = $109 (利率 = 5%)
以 6%折扣價  認購價 = $94 (利率 = 2%)
3. market value = trading price of bonds in secondary market
市值 = 於第二市場，債券的價格
4. rate of return = return / cost of investment x 100%
回報率 = 回報 / 投資成本 x 100%
e.g. at a premium of 9%  purchase price = $109 (interest rate = 5%)
以 9%溢價  認購價 = $109 (利率 = 5%)
Rate of return in the first year = $5/$109  100% = 4.59%
首年的回報率= $5/$109  100% = 4.59%

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C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-1. Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值

Annual flat rate of Instalment loan 私人分期貸款的每年平息

e.g. Personal instalment loan plan : $12 000
私人分期貸款計劃 : $12 000

End of Year Repayment Amount

年終 還款金額
$
1 3 000
2 3 000
3 3 000
4 3 000
5 3 000
Total 總額 15 000

15000  12000
 100%
Annual flat rate 每年平息  12000  5%
5

e.g. $100 000, flat rate = 10%, 8 years, instalment each year
$100,000, 平息 = 10 厘，8 年，每年供款
Interest 利息 = $100 000 x 10% x 8 = $80 000
Instalment each year 每年供款 = ($100 000 + $80 000) / 8 = $22 500

Present value & future value 現值 與 未來值

Discount rate = 8% OR Cost of capital is 8% per annum.

貼現率 = 8% 或 資金成本為每年 8%。

$100 in 2041 $100 in 2042 $100 in 2043 $100 in 2044

Value in 2041
$100 $100 / 1.08 $100 / 1.082 $100 / 1.083
於 2041 年時的價值
Value in 2042
$100  1.08 $100 $100 / 1.08 $100 / 1.082
於 2042 年時的價值
Value in 2043
$100  1.082 $100  1.08 $100 $100 / 1.08
於 2043 年時的價值
Value in 2044
$100  1.083 $100  1.082 $100  1.08 $100
於 2044 年時的價值

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-1. Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值

Net present value & discount rate 淨現值 與 貼現率

e.g. Let discount rate = 6%
設貼現率 = 6%

$
Year 0 第 0 年 –100
Year 1 第 1 年 20
Year 2 第 2 年 25
Year 3 第 3 年 30
Year 4 第 4 年 40

Net present value 淨現值

$20 $25 $30 $40
 $100      $2.01
1.06 1.06 2 1.06 3 1.06 4

e.g. Buy $120 000 machine,

Useful life = 6 year
Return $25 000 each year
6 years later, the scrap value of the machine is $5 000
Discount rate = 5%
買 $120 000 機器，
使用年期 = 6 年
每年 $25 000 回報
6 年後，機器殘值為 $5 000
貼現率 = 5%

Net present value 淨現值

$25000 $25000 $25000 $25000 $25000 $30000
 $120000      
1.05 1.05 2 1.05 3 1.05 4 1.05 5 1.05 6
 $10623

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-1. Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值

Present value & time-weighted cost 現值 與 折現後成本

- Mortgage plan 按揭計劃
Plan A: Deposit, payable on 1 January 2047 $10 000
Instalments, payable at the end of 2047 $10 000
end of 2048 $10 000
end of 2049 $10 000

Plan B: Instalments, payable at the end of 2047 $7 000

end of 2048 $12 000
end of 2049 $12 000
end of 2050 $12 000

計劃 A 首期，2047 年 1 月 1 日繳付 $10 000

分期， 2047 年底繳付 $10 000
2048 年底繳付 $10 000
2049 年底繳付 $10 000

計劃 B 分期， 2047 年底繳付 $7 000

2048 年底繳付 $12 000
2049 年底繳付 $12 000
2050 年底繳付 $12 000

Cost of capital is 8% per annum.

資金成本為每年 8%。

- Present value at 1 January 2047

2047 年 1 月 1 日的現值
$10000 $10000 $10000
Plan A 計劃 A :  $10000     $35771
1.08 1.08 2 1.083
$7000 $12000 $12000 $12000
Plan B 計劃 B :      $35116
1.08 1.08 2 1.083 1.08 4

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-1. Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值

Present value of an annuity of $1 for 12 periods 以 12 期計每$1 年金的現值

- Interest of 1% per month on the outstanding principal payable at the end of each month,
present value of an annuity of $1 for 12 periods is 11.255
利息按尚欠本金每月計算 1%，以 12 期計每$1 年金的現值為 11.255。
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
            11.255
1.01 1.012 1.013 1.014 1.015 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.019 1.0110 1.0111 1.0112
- meaning 意義
Monthly interest = 1%, 月息 = 1%
Loan = $11.255, 貸款 = $11.255
Monthly instalment = $1, 月供 = $1

Date 日期 Interest 利息 Instalment 供款 Outstanding 餘額

1 Jan $11.255
1 Feb $0.11255 $1 $10.36755
1 Mar $0.1036755 $1 $9.4712255
1 Apr $0.0947123 $1 $8.5659378
1 May $0.0856594 $1 $7.6515971
1 June $0.0765160 $1 $6.7281131
1 July $0.0672811 $1 $5.7953942
1 August $0.0579539 $1 $4.8533482
1 Sept $0.0485335 $1 $3.9018817
1 October $0.0390188 $1 $2.9409005
1 November $0.0294090 $1 $1.9703095
1 December $0.0197031 $1 $0.9900126
31 December $0.0099001 $1 $0

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-1. Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值

Future value 未來值

- Mortgage plan 按揭計劃
Plan A: Deposit, payable on 1 January 2047 $10 000
Instalments, payable at the end of 2047 $10 000
end of 2048 $10 000
end of 2049 $10 000

Plan B: Instalments, payable at the end of 2047 $7 000

end of 2048 $12 000
end of 2049 $12 000
end of 2050 $12 000

計劃 A 首期，2047 年 1 月 1 日繳付 $10 000

分期， 2047 年底繳付 $10 000
2048 年底繳付 $10 000
2049 年底繳付 $10 000

計劃 B 分期， 2047 年底繳付 $7 000

2048 年底繳付 $12 000
2049 年底繳付 $12 000
2050 年底繳付 $12 000

Cost of capital is 8% per annum.

資金成本為每年 8%。

- Future value at 31 December 2050

2050 年 12 月 31 日的未來值
Plan A 計劃 A :  $10000  1.084  $10000  1.083  $10000  1.082  $10000  1.08  $48666
Plan B 計劃 B :  $7000  1.083  $12000  1.082  $12000  1.08  $12000  $47775

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-2. Consumer Credit 消費者信貸

Bank overdraft 銀行透支

- a kind of short-term loan, the amount withdrawn from bank account is higher than the account
balance
- properties:
a. no fixed repayment schedule
b. its interest is usually charged on a daily basis,
so it can save interest relative to personal loans
c. collateral is usually not required
d. if you haven’t use bank overdraft, no interest will be charged (but have administrative fee)
- comparison
a. bank overdraft : credit limit = $100 000, 12% per annum
use $100 000 credit at 1 May, 2046, and repay the outstanding at 31 May 2046
Interest expense = $100 000  1% = $1 000
b. personal instalment loan : $60 000, 1 year, flat rate = 4%
monthly instalment = $60 000  1.04/12 = $5 200
Interest expense = $60 000  0.04 = $2 400
c. personal loan : $60 000, 1 year, annual interest rate = 6%, compounded monthly
Annual nominal interest rate = 6%
Annual effective interest rate = (1.00512 – 1)  100% = 6.17%
Interest expense = $60 000 (1.00512 – 1) = $3700.7
- 是一種短期貸款，從銀行戶口提取的金額較戶口結餘為高
- 特性:
a. 沒有固定還款期
b. 利息通常按日計算，所以相對私人貸款可節省利息
c. 通常毋須抵押
d. 若您沒有使用銀行透支，無需支付利息 (但需行政費)
- 比較:
a. 銀行貨款 : 信用額度 = $100 000，年息 12%
於 2046 年 5 月 1 日使用 $100 000 的信用，及於 2046 年 5 月 31 日償還結欠
利息支出 = $100 000  1% = $1 000
b. 私人分期貸款 : $60 000，一年期，平息 = 4%
月供 = $60 000  1.04/12 = $5 200
利息支出 = $60 000  0.04 = $2 400
c. 私人貸款 : $60 000，一年期，年利率 = 6%，每月複息計算
名義年利率 = 6%
實際年利率 = (1.00512 – 1)  100% = 6.17%
利息支出 = $60 000 (1.00512 – 1) = $3700.7

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-2. Consumer Credit 消費者信貸

Mortgage loans 按揭貸款

a. raise funds to buy real estate
b. example
- down payment : 30% of the value of property
mortgage loan : 70% of the value of property
interest rate : prime rate  ? % , HIBOR rate  ? %
(HIBOR = Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate)
(Both are floating rate)
mortgage period : 20 years
c. minimum down payment is setted by law
d. maximum mortgage period is 30 years or lower
depends on the age of applicants, age of property, type of property and use of property
a. 為購買房地產而籌集資金
b. 例子
- 首期 : 物業價值的 30%
按揭 : 物業價值的 70%
利率 : 最優惠利率  ? % 、香港銀行同業拆息  ? %
(兩者皆是浮動利率)
按揭年期 : 20 年
c. 最高按揭成數是由法律規定
d. 最高按揭年期是 30 年或更低
要視乎申請人的年齡、物業樓齡、物業種類及物業的用途

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-2. Consumer Credit 消費者信貸

Importance of maintaining a good personal credit record

維持良好個人信貸紀錄的重要性
a. lower the cost of loans
b. increase the chance of getting loans
c. higher credit limit
a. 減低貸款成本
b. 增加獲批貨款的機會
c. 更高的信貸額

Factors to approve client’s application for a credit card

批核客戶申請信用卡的因素
a. record of repayment
b. level of outstanding debts
c. record of bankruptcy
d. employment status
a. 還款記錄
b. 尚欠債務水平
c. 破產記錄
d. 就業狀況

Reasons of bank prefer issue credit card to applicants with good personal credit records
銀行傾向發卡給個人信貸紀錄良好的申請人 之原因
a. higher chance of collecting debt on time
b. lower default risk
a. 準時收取欠款機會較高
b. 較低違約風險

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-2. Consumer Credit 消費者信貸

Credit Card 信用咭

信用卡戶口月結單 STATEMENT OF CREDIT CARD ACCOUNT

客戶名稱 Customer Name : 陳大文 Chan Tai Man

客戶郵寄地址 Customer Address : Rm XXX, XX House, XX Estate, KLN

戶口號碼 Account Number 1234-5678-9012-3456

信用卡類別 Card Type 信用限額 Credit Limit
白金咭 Platinum HKD 100,000
結單日 Statement Date 總結欠 Statement Balance
31/3/2047 HKD 37,400
到期還款日 Payment Due Date 最低還款額 Minimum Payment
27/4/2047 HKD 1,496

1. 2047 年 3 月的簽帳會於要於 27/4/2047 前償還，則不會收取任何利息。

2. 即 3 月 1 日簽的帳可享有 58 天免息還款期。
3. 27/4/2047 前，最少要償還 HKD 1,496，但餘額會即時計算利息(年息超過 30 厘)。
4. 銀行如何賺錢？
陳大文 於 3 月 1 日 在 ABC 金行 簽帳 HKD 37,400
ABC 金行 2 日後收到當中的 97% (HKD 36,278)
銀行收取差價 HKD 1,122 作為
提供給陳大文 (HKD 37,400) 58 日免息還款期的利益 及 信用咭積分的好處
如果陳大文於 27/4/2047 無法全數償還，
銀行會再賺取手續費及逾期還款的利息
5. 陳大文有何得益？
- defer payment
- safety (no need to carry large amount of cash)
- convenience (worldwide acceptance)
- privileges (enjoy discounts, special gift, cash dollar)
- 延遲付款
- 安全 (無需攜帶大量現金)
- 方便 (世界通行)
- 優惠 (可享折扣、特別禮品、信用咭積分)
6. ABC 金行如何得益？
金行可以得到一些 沒有現金但有信用咭 的客戶
從而賺取一些本來賺不到的生意

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-3. Personal Financial Planning and Investment 策畫個人理財及投資

Current deposit vs. saving deposit vs. fixed deposit 往來存款 vs. 儲蓄存款 vs. 定期存款
Type of Account 戶口類型 Interest rate ($1 million deposit) 利率 ($100 萬存款)
Current deposit 往來存款 0.0000 %
Saving deposit 儲蓄存款 0.0010 %
Time deposit (1 month) 定期存款 (1 個月) 0.0100 %

Bondholders vs. shareholders 債券持有人 vs. 股東

Bondholder 債券持有人 Ordinary Shareholder 普通股股東 Preferred Shareholder 優先股股東
- No voting rights - Have voting rights - No voting rights
- Creditor of company - Owner of company - Owner of company
- if company liquidated : - if company liquidated : - if company liquidated :
Bondholder > Preferred Bondholder > Preferred Bondholder > Preferred
shareholder > Ordinary shareholder > Ordinary shareholder > Ordinary
shareholder shareholder shareholder
- Receive fixed amount of - May receive variable - May receive fixed amount of
interest at regular intervals dividend when company have dividend if company have
- Guarantee receipt of principal profit profit which is prior to
upon maturity ordinary shareholder
- 沒有投票權 - 有投票權 - 沒有投票權
- 公司的債權人 - 公司的擁有人 - 公司的擁有人
- 若公司倒閉，債券持有人 > - 若公司倒閉，債券持有人 > - 若公司倒閉，債券持有人 >
優先股股東 > 普通股股東 優先股股東 > 普通股股東 優先股股東 > 普通股股東
- 定期收取定額的利息 - 當公司有利潤，有可能收取 - 當公司有利潤，有可能收取
- 肯定可以到期日取回本金 不定額股息 定額股息，比普通股更先收
到股息

Warrants 認股證 (窩輪)

- The conversion price per share of this warrant is $12.00 and the conversion ratio is 1 : 1.
The market prices on a certain day before the conversion deadline are as follows:
Case 1: Market price per share : $15.00
Market price per warrant : $3.50

Case 2: Market price per share : $11.00

Market price per warrant : $0.10

認股權的每股認購價為$12.00，而認購股票比率則為 1:1。
在行使認股權期限前某一天的收市價資料如下 :
個案 1 每股股票市價 : $15.00
每張認股權證市價 : $3.50

個案 2 每股股票市價 : $11.00
每張認股權證市價 : $0.10

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-3. Personal Financial Planning and Investment 策畫個人理財及投資

Risk and Return 風險與回報

- Risk = standard deviation 風險 = 標準差
Return = expected value 回報 = 期望值

Stock number Company name Stock price Expected Return (1 year) Standard deviation
股票編號 公司名稱 股價 期望回報 (1 年) 標準差
HKGB IBOND* 2311
04239 $103 2% 0.1%
政府債券 2311
Tencent Holding Ltd
00700 $470 15% 30%
騰訊控股
CLP Holding Ltd
00002 $75 5% 5%
中電控股
MTR Corporation
00066 $42 10% 10%
港鐵公司
Cathay Pacific Company
00293 $7 1% 30%
國泰航空
* iBond = 通脹掛鈎債券

- high risk high return 高風險高回報

Case study 個案研究 : 00293
- risks can be diversified by using investment portfolio
可以通過利用投資組合來分散風險
- Risk (descending order) 風險 (由高至低)
1. Derivatives: e.g. warrants, futures and options
2. ‘Third-liners’ listed on the Growth Enterprise Market
3. Blue chips (constituent stocks of the Hang Seng Index)
4. Mutal Funds
5. Public utilities
6. commercial papers
7. Bonds
8. iBonds
9. Fixed deposit
10. Saving deposit
1. 衍生工具 : 例如 認股證、期貨、期權 (可以輸到負數)
2. 創業板上市的「三線股」
3. 藍籌 (恆生指數成分股)
4. 互惠基金
5. 公用股
6. 商業票據
7. 債券
8. 通脹掛鈎債券
9. 定期存款
10. 儲蓄存款

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-3. Personal Financial Planning and Investment 策畫個人理財及投資

The importance of personal financial planning at different life stages.

人生不同階段作個人理財計畫的重要性
- Young people : create and accumulated wealth
- Parents : arrange for children’s education fees
- 40 to 60 years old : insure on earning ability
- Retired people : plan for medical expenses
pay daily expenses to maintain living
meet contingencies, e.g. urgent medical expenses
estate planning, e.g. funeral expenses
- 年輕人 : 創造及累積財富
- 家長 : 安排子女教育費用
- 40 至 60 歲 : 為賺錢能力投保
- 退休人士 : 計劃醫療開支
支付日常開支，以維持她的生活
應付突發需要，例如緊急醫療費用
遺產分配，例如殮葬費用

Rights and responsibilities of individual investors and consumers of financial services

作為個人投資者和金融服務消費者的權利和責任
1. right to ask for rationale behind an investment recommendation made by a broker or bank
2. right to file a complaint in Securities and Futures Commission
3. duty to understand the terms of a contract before signing it
4. duty to monitor activities on own account by checking account statements, transaction documents
5. duty to understand the characteristics and the risks of the investment instruments involved
1. 查詢經紀或銀行所提出投資建議背後理念的權利
2. 向證券及期貨事務監察委員會提出投訴的權利
3. 於簽訂合約前瞭解合約條款的責任
4. 檢查帳戶報表及交易文件，以監察個人戶口活動的責任
5. 了解投資工具所涉及的特性和風險之責任

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-4. Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) 強制性公積金 (MPF)

- Coverage : employees and self-employed persons aged 18 to 64

- Working period is more than 60 days (except catering and construction)
- Employees in catering and construction are required to join MPF even the working period is less
than 60 days
- Employees can choose to make extra voluntary contributions in addition to the regular mandatory
contributions
- When changing jobs, MPF scheme members can transfer their accrued benefits to another MPF
trustee
- Employee Choice Arrangement (ECA) allows employees to transfer the MPF derived from the
employees’ mandatory contributions in their contribution accounts to an MPF scheme of their
own choice once a year.
Employees cannot transfer the MPF derived from the employer’s mandatory contributions under
current employment. Such MPF must be retained in the original scheme until cessation of
employment.
Employers must continue to make contributions (both the employer’s and the employee’s
portions) to the employer’s original scheme, instead of the employee’s newly chosen scheme,
even after the employees had exercised the right of transfer under ECA
- 涵蓋範圍 : 年滿 18 歳至 64 歲的僱員或自僱人士
- 工作期要多於 60 天 (飲食和建造業除外)
- 飲食和建造業的員工即使工作期少於 60 天，仍須參加 MPF
- 除了定期強制性供款外，僱員還可選擇額外自願性供款
- 當轉職時，強積金計劃成員可轉移其累算權益往另一強積金受託人
- 「強積金半自由行」，讓僱員可每年一次，選擇將供款帳戶內的僱員強制性供款所累積的
強積金，轉移至自選的強積金計劃
現職期間，僱主強制性供款所累積的強積金是不可轉移的。須待僱員離職後才可轉移
即使行使了「僱員自選安排」的轉移權，僱主仍須繼續將隨後的新供款 (包括僱主及僱員
部分) 存入原計劃內，而不是僱員所揀選的新計劃

Monthly Relevant Income Employer’s Mandatory Contribution Employee’s Mandatory Contribution

< $7 100 Relevant income  5% No contribution is required
$7 100 to $30 000 Relevant income  5% Relevant income  5%
> $30 000 $1 500 $1 500

每月有關入息 僱主強制性供款 僱員強制性供款

< $7 100 有關入息  5% 無須供款
$7 100 至 $30 000 有關入息  5% 有關入息  5%
> $30 000 $1 500 $1 500

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-4. Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) 強制性公積金 (MPF)

- Exempt Persons
1. employees and self-employed persons who are under 18 or over 65 years of age
2. domestic employees
3. self-employed hawkers
4. people covered by statutory pension or provident fund schemes (welfare for civil servant
before Year 2000)
5. members of occupational retirement schemes (ORSO) which have been granted MPF
exemption certificates
6. overseas persons who enter Hong Kong under section 11 of the immigration Ordinance for
the purpose of employment for not more than 13 months, or who are covered by overseas
retirement schemes
7. employees of the European Union Office of the European Commission in Hong Kong

獲豁免人士
1. 未滿 18 歲或年屆 65 歲的僱員及自僱人士
2. 家務僱員
3. 自僱小販
4. 受法定退休計劃或公積金 (2000 年前公務員的福利) 計劃保障的人士
5. 獲發強積金豁免證明書的職業退休計劃 (ORSO) 的成員
6. 獲准按照《入境條例》第 11 條來港工作不超過 13 個月或受海外退休計劃保障的海
外人士
7. 駐港區洲聯盟屬下歐洲委員會辦事處的僱員

- Accrued benefits will be paid 可提取累算權益

1. reach the age of 65;
2. early retirement at age 60 or above;
3. permanent departure from Hong Kong;
4. total incapacity;
5. terminal illness;
6. a small balance of $5,000 or less, and as at the date of the claim, at least 12 months have
elapsed since the latest contribution day in respect of the member; or
7. death (the accrued benefits will be regarded as part of the member's estate to be claimed by
the personal representative of the estate)
1. 年滿 65 歲
2. 年滿 60 歲並提早退休
3. 永久離開香港
4. 完全喪失行為能力
5. 罹患末期疾病
6. 帳戶結餘不超過$5,000，而提出申索的日期與該成員最近的供款日相距至少 12 個月
7. 死亡（累算權益將成為成員遺產的一部分，可由遺產代理人申索） 。

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-5. Stock Trading as an Investment 以證券交易作投資

Money market vs. Capital market vs. Equity market vs. Bond market vs. Futures market
貨幣市場 vs. 資本市場 vs. 股票市場 vs. 債券市場 vs. 期貨市場
- money market is the trade in short-term debt (< 1 year)
- capital market includes the trade in both stocks and bonds
- equity market is the trade of stocks
- bond market is the trade of bonds
- futures market is the trade of futures e.g. hang seng index futures
- 貨幣市場是短期貸款的交易 (< 1 年)
- 資本市場包括股票和債券的交易
- 股票市場是股票交易
- 債券市場是債券交易
- 期貨市場是期貨交易，例 恆指期貨 (期指)

Factors affecting share prices 影響股票價格的因素

1. general economic condition 整體經濟情況
2. political factors 政治因素
3. interest rate 利率
4. industry prospects 行業前景
5. company performance 公司表現
6. dividend policy 派息政策
7. speculation 投機活動

‘Blue chips’ vs. ‘Third-liners’ 藍籌 vs. 三線股

Third liners Blue Chips

- Volatility of stock prices Larger Smaller
- Turnover of stock trading Smaller Larger
- Risk associated Higher Lower

三線股 藍籌股
- 股價波幅 較大 較小
- 股票成交額 較小 較大
- 涉及風險 較高 較低

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-5. Stock Trading as an Investment 以證券交易作投資

The platforms of stock trading in HK 香港的證券交易平台

1. Main Board 主板 (17953 stocks in Year 2021)
Financial requirement (satisfy one of the following tests)
a. Profit test
Three-year aggregate profit  HK$50m, of which
Year 1 + Year 2  HK$30m
Year 3  HK$20m
Market capitalization  HK$500m
b. Market capitalization / revenue test
Latest year’s revenue  HK$500m
Market capitalization  HK$4000m
c. Market capitalization / revenue / cash flow test
Latest year’s revenue  HK$500m
Market capitalization  HK$2000m
Positive 3-year aggregate operating cash flow  HK$100m
Minimum 25% public float (can be reduced to 15% if market capitalization at the time of listing
> HK$10,000 m)
3-year management continuity
1-year ownership continuity
Minimum 300 shareholders
財務要求 (符合以下其中一項測試)
a. 盈利測試
三年累計盈利  HK$5000 萬
首兩年盈利  HK$3000 萬
上市前 1 年盈利  HK$2000 萬
市值  HK$5 億
b. 市值/收入測試
最近一年收入  HK$5 億
市值  HK$40 億
c. 市值/收入/現金流量測試
最近一年收入  HK$5 億
市值  HK$20 億
經營業務有現金流入，前三年營業現金流合計  HK$1 億
最低公眾持股量為 25% (如上市時市值> HK$100 億可減至 15%)
管理層最近 3 年不變
擁有權和控制權最近 1 年不變
至少 300 名股東

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

C4. Personal Finance 個人理財

C4-5. Stock Trading as an Investment 以證券交易作投資

The platforms of stock trading in HK 香港的證券交易平台

2. Growth Enterprise Market (GEM) 創業板 (359 stocks in Year 2021)
Financial requirement 財務要求
- Positive 2-year aggregate operating cash flow  HK$30m
- Market capitalization  HK$150m
- 經營業務有現金流入，前兩年營業現金流合計  HK$3000 萬
- 市值  HK$1.5 億
Minimum 25% public float (can be reduced to 15% if market capitalization at the time of listing
>HK$10,000m)
2-Year management continuity
1-Year ownership continuity
Minimum 100 shareholders
最低公眾持股量為 25% (如上市時市值> HK$100 億可減至 15%)
管理層最近 2 年不變
擁有權和控制權最近 1 年不變
至少 100 名股東

Index in stock market 股票市場的指數

1. Hang Seng Index (HSI) 恆生指數 (80 stocks in Yr 2022)
- it measures the performance of the largest and most liquid companies listed in HK
- it serves as a benchmark of the general performance of the Hong Kong stock market
- it can use to compare performance of the Hong Kong stock market over time
- it can use to compare performance among different stock markets
- 它量度香港市值最大和成交最活躍的上市公司的表現
- 它是香港股票市場整體表現的指標
- 它可以用來比較香港股票市場不同時段的表現
- 它可以用來比較不同股票市場的表現
- sub index 分類指數
a. Hang Seng Finance Index 恆生金融分類指數
b. Hang Seng Utilities Index 恆生公用事業分類指數
c. Hang Seng Properties Index 恆生地產分類指數
d.. Hang Seng Commerce and Industry Index 恆生工商業分類指數
2. Hang Seng China Enterprises Index 恆生國企指數
3. Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index 恆生紅籌指數
4. Hang Seng TECH Index 恆生科技指數
5. Growth enterprise Index 創業板指數

106 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-1. Books of Original Entry and Types of Ledgers

A1-2. Cash accounting vs. Accrual accounting
A1-3. Bad debts and allowance for doubtful accounts
A1-4. Capital expenditure and revenue expenditures
A1-5. Depreciation
A1-6. Determine value of inventory
A1-7. Financial statements of sole proprietorship
A1-8. Accounting for partnership
A1-9. Accounting for limited company
A1-10. Control System – Bank reconciliation statement
A1-11. Control System – Correction of errors
A1-12. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
A1-13. Financial Analysis
A1-14. Incomplete Records

A1-1. 原始分錄帳簿及分類帳類別
A1-2. 現金會計與應計會計基礎
A1-3. 壞帳與呆帳準備
A1-4. 資本支出 與 收益支出
A1-5. 折舊
A1-6. 計算存貨值
A1-7. 獨資經營的財務報表
A1-8. 合夥會計
A1-9. 有限公司會計
A1-10. 控制系統 - 銀行往來調節表
A1-11. 控制系統 - 錯誤更正
A1-12. 公認會計原則 (GAAP)
A1-13. 財務報表分析
A1-14. 不完整會計紀錄

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-1. Books of Original Entry and Types of Ledgers

原始分錄帳簿及分類帳類別

Books of Original Entry 原始分錄帳

Cash book 現金簿
- transaction by using cash at bank / cash - 用銀行存款/現金完成的交易
- cash drawings for personal use by proprietor - 東主提用現金作私人用途

Purchase day book / Purchase journal 購貨簿 / 購貨帳戶

- purchase of goods on credit - 賒購貨品

Sales day book / Sales journal 銷貨簿 / 銷貨帳戶

- sales of goods on credit - 賒銷貨品

Return outwards day book 購貨退出簿

- received a credit note for goods returned - 收到有關貨品退貨的貸項通知書

Returns inwards day book 銷貨退回簿

- received a debit note for goods returned - 收到有關貨品退貨的借項通知書

The General Journal / The Journal 普通日記簿 / 日記簿

- introduction of office premises as capital - 注入辦公室物業作為資本
- purchase of non-current assets on credit - 賒購非流動資產

* Credit note : reduce account payables * 貸項通知書 : 應付帳款減少

Debit note: reduce account receivables 借項通知書 : 應收帳款減少

Function of keeping books of original entry 開立原始分錄帳簿的功能

1. segregation of duties which could reduce frauds
2. classification of the transactions so as to facilitate the postings to the ledger accounts
1. 職責劃分，可減少舞弊
2. 將交易分類，方便過帳至分類帳帳戶

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-1. Books of Original Entry and Types of Ledgers

原始分錄帳簿及分類帳類別

Accounts Payable vs. Accrued Expenses 應付帳款 vs. 應付費用

1. Accounts payable : is the amount that the company has to pay in the short term to the creditors.
Accrued expenses: is a term used in accounting where the expense is recorded in the books
before it is paid for.
應付帳款 : 是一筆公司要於短期內支付給債權人的款項
應付費用 : 是會計中的名詞指出費用已於帳簿中記錄但未支付的項目
2. Account payables : only has records that are due to the creditors
Accrued expenses: rent, wages, bank loan’s interest – basically where payments are made
monthly
應付帳款 : 債權人才會引起的記錄
應付費用 : 租金、工資、銀行貸款利息 – 基本上每月會支付的款項

Ledger 分類帳
Cash book 現金簿
- Cash - 現金
- Bank - 銀行存款

Purchase Ledger 應付帳款分類帳

- Trade payables – A company - 應付貨款 – 甲公司
- Trade payables – B company - 應付貨款 – 乙公司

Sales Ledger 應收帳款分類帳

- Trade receivables – C company - 應收貨款 – 丙公司
- Trade receivables – D company - 應收貨款 – 丁公司

General Ledger 總分類帳

- Returns inwards - 銷貨退回
- Returns outwards - 購貨退出
- Purchase - 購貨
- Sales - 銷貨
- Interest receivable - 應收利息
- … (not include cash, bank) - … (不包括 現金、銀行存款)

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-2. Cash accounting vs. Accrual accounting

現金會計 與 應計會計 基礎

Summary of the receipts and payments of ABC Company for the year ended 31 December 2046:
ABC 公司截至 2046 年 12 月 31 日止年度的收支彙總列示如下:

$ $
Subscriptions A Bar creditors B
Bar debtors C Wages and salaries D
Bar operating expenses E

$ $
會費 A 應付酒吧帳款 B
應收酒吧帳款 C 工資與薪金 D
酒吧營業費用 E

Some of the company’s balances as 31 December were as follows:

12 月 31 日該公司部分帳戶的餘額如下:

2045 2046
$ $
Subscriptions in arrears F G
Subscriptions in advance H I
Bar debtors J K
Bar creditors L M
Wages and salaries prepaid N P
Bar operating expenses owing Q R

2045 2046
$ $
應收會費 F G
預收會費 H I
應收酒吧帳款 J K
應付酒吧帳款 L M
預付工資與薪金 N P
應付酒吧營業費用 Q R

Bar sales 酒吧銷售 ($C – $J + $K)

Purchases 購貨 ($B – $L + $M)
Wages and salaries 工資和薪金 ($D + $N – $P)
Subscriptions 會費 ($A + $H + $G – $F – $I)
Bar operating expenses 酒吧營業費用 ($E – $Q + $R)

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-3. Bad debts and allowance for doubtful accounts 壞帳 與 呆帳準備

Workings for doubtful accounts:

Balance b/d (figure in last year)
Balance c/d (*) (figure in this year)
Increase / decrease in allowance (Cr./Dr.) (difference)

(*)
Age of accounts receivable Estimated doubtful debts
1 – 30 days 1%
31 – 60 days 3%
Over 60 days 10%

Increase in allowance for doubtful debts recorded

Bad debts / Profit and loss / Income summary
Allowance for doubtful debts

Decrease in allowance for doubtful debts recorded

Allowance for doubtful debts
Bad debts / Profit and loss / Income summary

Write off the bad debt

Bad debts / Profit and loss / Income summary
Account receivable

呆帳準備的草算:
承上結餘 (上年的數字)
結餘轉下 (*) (今年的數字)
呆帳準備增加/減少 (貸記/借記) (差額)

(*)
應收帳款帳齡 預計呆帳
1 – 30 日 1%
31 – 60 日 3%
60 日以上 10%

記錄呆帳準備增加
壞帳/損益帳
呆帳準備

記錄呆帳準備減少
呆帳準備
壞帳/損益帳

撇銷呆帳
壞帳/損益帳
應收帳款

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-3. Bad debts and allowance for doubtful accounts 壞帳 與 呆帳準備

Income statement - Decrease in allowance for doubtful debts recorded

…
Gross profit $100 000
Add: Bad debts / Reduction in bad debts $10 000
$110 000

Income statement - Increase in allowance for doubtful debts recorded

…
Gross profit $100 000
Deduct: Bad debts / Increase in bad debts $10 000
$90 000

損益表 - 記錄呆帳準備減少
…
毛利 $100 000
加 : 壞帳 / 壞帳減少 $10 000
$110 000

損益表 - 記錄呆帳準備增加
…
毛利 $100 000
減 : 壞帳 / 壞帳增加 $10 000
$90 000

Statement of financial position 財務狀況表

Trade receivables = $100 000
Allowance for doubtful debts = $1 000

…
Current assets
Trade receivables, net ($100 000 – $1 000) $99 000

應收貨款 = $100 000

呆帳準備 = $1 000

…
流動資產
應收貨款，淨值 ($100 000 – $1 000) $99 000

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-4. Capital expenditure & revenue expenditure 資本支出 與 收益支出

If the work brings improvement to business efficiency, therefore it should be capitalized.

若工作可以改善商業效率，這開支就要資本化。

Purchasing price of the machine Capitalized

Trade-in value of the old equipment Capitalized
Legal fees related to the purchase Capitalized
Machine installation and adaptation Capitalized
Testing of new machine Capitalized
Delivery charge Capitalized
Insurance fee on transportation Capitalized
Installation of anti-theft systems Capitalized
Painting of company logo on newly purchased vehicles Capitalized

Maintenance fee Expense

Initial training for operators Expense
Repair cost for accidental damage during installation Expense
Replacement of worn out tyres Expense
Annual premium on motor insurance policies Expense
Cost for the lubricants to be used with the machine Expense
Annual licence fee Expense

機器的購入價 資本化
舊機器的易新價值 資本化
有關購買交易的法律費用 資本化
安裝及調校機器 資本化
新機器的測試 資本化
運費 資本化
運送途中保險費 資本化
安裝防盜系統 資本化
為新購入的車輛髹上公司標誌 資本化

保養費 開支
操作員的基礎訓練 開支
安裝期間意外損毀的修理成本 開支
更換舊輪胎 開支
汽車保險年費 開支
機器所用到的機油成本 開支
牌照年費 開支

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-5. Depreciation 折舊

Causes 成因:
1. physical wear and tear 破爛 / 損耗 / 磨損
2. obsolescence 陳廢、過時
3. inadequacy 不敷用
4. passage of time 陳舊
5. depletion 耗減

Methods 方法:
1. Straight line method 直線法
30% per annum on cost 按成本每年計算 30%折舊
OR 3 years 或 3 年期

Cost 31 Dec 2046 31 Dec 2047 31 Dec 2048 31 Dec 2049

成本 Depreciation expense 折舊費用
Machinery $240*30%*9/12 $240*30% $240*30% $240 – $198
(purchased in 1st = $54 = $72 = $72 = $42
Apr, 2046) $240 Accumulative depreciation 設備累積折舊
機器 (2046 年 4 $240*30%*9/12 $54 + $72 $126 + $72
月 1 日購買) $240
= $54 = $126 = $198
Machinery $(240 – 30)*9/12
$(240 – 30) / 3 $(240 – 30) / 3 $(210 – 192.5)
(purchased in 1st /3
$240 = $70 = $70 = $17.5
Apr, 2046) = $52.5
(residual
機器 (2046 年 4 Accumulative depreciation 設備累積折舊
value 殘
月 1 日購買) $(240 – 30)*9/12
值=$30) $52.5 + $70 $122.5 + $70
/3 $210
= $122.5 = $192.5
= $52.5
* 即使有 residual value 殘值，計算 depreciation 折舊費用 時，都是用 cost 成本。

Double entries 複式記帳法 (31 Dec 2047)

Depreciation expense $72
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment $72
折舊費用 $72
設備累積折舊 $72

Statement of financial position 財務狀況表 (31 Dec 2047)

Non-current assets
Machinery $240
Less: Accumulated depreciation $126
$114
非流動資產
機器 $240
減: 累積折舊 $126
$114

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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-5. Depreciation 折舊

Methods 方法:
2. Reducing balance method 餘額遞減法
20% per annum 每年計算 20%

Cost 成 31 Dec 2046 31 Dec 2047 31 Dec 2048 31 Dec 2049

本 Depreciation expense 折舊費用
Machinery $(300 – $(300 –
$300*20% $(300 – 108)*20%
(purchased in 1st 60)*20% 146.4)*20%
= $60 = $38.4
Jan, 2046) = $48 = $30.72
機器 (2046 年 1 $300
Accumulative depreciation 設備累積折舊
月 1 日購買) $300*20% $60 + $48 $108 + $38.4 $146.4 + $30.72
= $60 = $108 = $146.4 =$177.12
Machinery $(300 –
$300 $300*20%*10/12 $(300 – 100)*20%
(purchased in 1st 50)*20% $10
(residual = $50 = $40
Mar, 2046) = $50
value 殘
機器 (2046 年 3 Accumulative depreciation 設備累積折舊
值
月 1 日購買) $300*20% $50 + $50 $100 + $40
=$150) $150
= $50 = $100 = $140

Advantage 優點:
a. even allocation of total fixed asset usage costs (depreciation and maintenance)
b. appropriate matching of cost with benefits derived
a. 固定資產的使用成本總額 (折舊費用及維修支出) 可平均攤銷
b. 成本與相關收益的恰當配銷

3. Based on the usage 根據使用量計算

Expected total production hours = 4000 hours 預期總生產時間= 4000 小時
Cost = $20 000, no residual value 成本 = $20 000，沒有殘值
Date of purchase = 1st Jan, 2046 購買日期 = 2046 年 1 月 1 日

Year Actual production hours Annual depreciation expenses

年度 實際生產時數 年度折舊費用
2046 1000 $5 000
2047 1500 $7 500
2048 3000 $7 500*

** residual value = scrap value = salvage value 殘值

115 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)

A1. Financial Accounting 財務會計

A1-5. Depreciation 折舊

Sales of non-current assets 非流動資產的售賣

Cost 成本 = $140, residual value 殘值 = $20
Straight line method, 4 years 直線法 (4 年期)
Date of purchase 購買日期 : 1 Jan 2046
Date of sales 售賣日期 : 30 Apr 2047
Selling price (on credit) 售價 (賒銷) (a) $112 (b) $76

31 Dec 2046
Depreciation expense $30
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment $30
折舊費用 $30
設備累積折舊 $30

30 Apr 2047
Depreciation expense ($30*4/12) $10
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment $10
折舊費用 ($30*4/12) $10
設備累積折舊 $10
(a) part
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment $40
Account receivable / Debtors $112
Equipment $140
Gain on disposal $12
設備累積折舊 $40
應收帳款 $112
設備 $140
變賣收益 $12

(b) part
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment $40
Account receivable / Debtors $76
Loss on disposal $24
Equipment $140
設備累積折舊 $40
應收帳款 $76
變賣損失 $24
設備 $140

116 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung