### Q1 (a) What is IoT? Compare OT and IT.

- IoT (Internet of Things): It refers to a network of interconnected devices that communicate with

each other to collect, share, and process data. These devices can range from sensors and actuators

to smartphones and smart home appliances.

- Example: A smart thermostat that adjusts room temperature based on user preferences.

Comparison between OT and IT:

| Feature | Operational Technology (OT) | Information Technology (IT) |

|------------------------|------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|

| Focus | Hardware control (e.g., machines, sensors) | Data management and processing

(e.g., servers) |

| Purpose | Monitors and controls physical processes | Analyzes and stores information

| Reliability | Real-time performance critical | May allow slight delays |

| Example | SCADA systems | ERP systems |

### Q1 (b) Types of Sensors Used in IoT Systems:

1. Temperature Sensors: Measure heat; used in weather stations or HVAC systems.

2. Humidity Sensors: Monitor moisture; used in agriculture or food storage.

3. Proximity Sensors: Detect nearby objects; used in parking systems or robotics.

4. Motion Sensors: Identify movement; used in home security or automatic doors.

5. Gas Sensors: Detect harmful gases; used in factories or pollution control.

### Q2 (a) Explain Smart Things: Layer 1 (Sensors and Actuators Layer).

- Layer 1: Sensors and Actuators (also called the Perception Layer) is responsible for interacting

with the physical world.

- Example: A temperature sensor in a smart home collects data to adjust the thermostat.

- Actuators: Perform actions based on commands received from higher layers.

- Example: Turning on a fan or opening a valve.

### Q2 (b) Categories of IoT Protocols and Transport Layer:

- IoT Application Protocols:

1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): Lightweight, best for low-power devices.

2. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): Works well with resource-constrained devices.

3. HTTP: Used for web-based communication.

- Transport Layer Protocols:

1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Reliable but slower.

2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Fast but less reliable.

Factors for Selecting Protocols:

1. Device power consumption.

2. Data size and transmission rate.

3. Scalability for large IoT networks.

### Q3 (a) Discuss the Application of IoT in Cities.

1. Smart Traffic Management: Uses sensors and cameras to monitor traffic and reduce congestion.

- Example: Adaptive traffic signals based on vehicle flow.

2. Smart Waste Management: Sensors in garbage bins notify authorities when full.

- Example: Reduces unnecessary garbage collection trips.

3. Smart Energy Grids: IoT devices monitor and optimize energy usage.

- Example: Reducing peak power demand.

| Feature | Microsoft Azure IoT | Google Cloud IoT |

|------------------------|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|

| Ease of Use | Simple for enterprises already using Azure | Best for users familiar with

Google tools |

| Scalability | High scalability for large organizations | Suitable for all-sized businesses |

| Unique Features | Azure Sphere for added security | BigQuery for advanced analytics

| Support | Strong support for Microsoft products | Best for apps with Google integrations

### Q4 (a) Explain Each Layer of the Seven-Layer IoT Model.

1. Perception Layer: Gathers data via sensors.

2. Network Layer: Transfers data to cloud or servers using Wi-Fi, 4G, etc.

3. Edge Layer: Performs preliminary data filtering or processing near the source.

4. Processing Layer: Performs advanced data analytics in the cloud.

5. Application Layer: Provides user-friendly interfaces and applications.

6. Business Layer: Helps in decision-making and business processes.

7. Security Layer: Ensures device and data security at all levels.

### Q4 (b) Enabling IoT Technologies:

1. Cloud Computing: Provides centralized storage and analysis for IoT data.

2. Big Data: Processes large datasets from IoT devices.

3. AI and ML: Automates decision-making and predictions.

4. 5G: Offers faster and more reliable connectivity.

- Gateways: Connect IoT devices to the network, handling data transfer and protocol conversion.

- Example: A gateway aggregates sensor data before sending it to the cloud.

- Backhaul: The infrastructure connecting gateways to central systems using Ethernet, 4G, or 5G.

- Example: Ensures data is transmitted efficiently to cloud servers.

### Q5 (b) Components of SCADA System:

1. Sensors: Measure variables like temperature or pressure.

2. RTUs/PLCs: Devices that gather data from sensors.

3. Communication System: Transfers data between field devices and the central system.

4. HMI (Human-Machine Interface): Displays the collected data for user monitoring.

### Q6 (a) IoT in Environment:

1. Air Quality Monitoring: Sensors detect pollutants in the air.

- Example: Devices notify authorities during high pollution levels.

2. Water Management: Tracks water quality and levels.

- Example: Detects leaks in pipelines.

3. Disaster Management: Predicts natural calamities using sensors.

- Example: Early flood warnings through real-time monitoring.

### Q6 (b) Compare Particle Photon and ESP32.

| Feature | Particle Photon | ESP32 |

|------------------------|---------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|

| Processor | ARM Cortex M3 | Dual-core Xtensa LX6 |

| Connectivity | Wi-Fi only | Wi-Fi + Bluetooth |

| Power | Less powerful but easy to use | Highly efficient for complex tasks |

| Cost | Higher | Affordable |